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A Volume in the

Embedded Technology™ Series

Embedded Controller Hardware Design

by Ken Arnold

www.LLH-Publishing.com www.EmbeddedControllerHardwareDesign.com

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means whatsoever, without permission in writing from the publisher. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

ISBN: 1-878707-52-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 00-135391

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Project management and developmental

editing: Harry Helms, LLH Technology Publishing

Interior design and production services: Greg Calvert, Model, CO

Cover design: Sergio Villareal, Vista, CA

www.LLH-Publishing.com www.EmbeddedControllerHardwareDesign.com

iii

Dedication

This book is dedicated in memory of my father, Kenneth Owen Arnold, who always encouraged me to follow my dreams. When other adults discouraged me from entering the engineering field, he told me, “If you really like what you’re doing and you’re good at it, you will be successful.” Nowadays I get paid to have fun doing things I’d do for free anyway, so that meets my definition of success! Thanks, Dad.

Acknowledgment

This book is a direct result of contributions from many of the students I have been fortunate enough to have in my embedded computer engineering courses at the University of California—San Diego extension. They have provided a valuable form of feedback by sharing their notes and pointing out weaknesses in the text and in-class presentations. Some sections of this text were also provided by David Fern and Steven Tietsworth.

I would also like to thank my family for supporting me and, Mary, Nikki, Kenny, Daniel, Amy, and Annie for being patient and helping out when I needed it!

1 Review of Electronics Fundamentals ..............................	1
Objectives ...........................................................................................	2
Embedded Microcomputer Applications ..............................................	2
Microcomputer and Microcontroller Architectures ...............................	4
Digital Hardware Concepts .................................................................	6
Voltage, Current, and Resistance ............................................................	7
Diodes ......................................................................................................	9
Transistors ...............................................................................................	9
Mechanical Switches ...............................................................................	10
Transistor Switch ON ...............................................................................	11
Transistor Switch OFF .............................................................................	12
The FET as a Logic Switch ......................................................................	12
NMOS Logic .............................................................................................	13
CMOS Logic .............................................................................................	14
Mixed MOS ..............................................................................................	16
Real Transistors Don t Eat Q! ..................................................................	16
Logic Symbols .....................................................................................	17
Tri-State Logic..........................................................................................	18
Timing Diagrams .................................................................................	19
Multiplexed Bus ...................................................................................	20
Loading and Noise Margin Analysis ....................................................	21
The Design and Development Process...............................................	21
Chapter One Problems .......................................................................	22
2 Microcontroller Concepts .................................................	23
Organization: von Neumann vs. Harvard ............................................	24
Microprocessor/Microcontroller Basics ...............................................	24
Microcontroller CPU, Memory, and I/O ....................................................	25
Design Methodology ................................................................................	26
The 8051 Family Microcontroller Processor Architecture ...................	27
Introduction to the 8051 Architecture .......................................................	28
Memory Organization ...............................................................................	30
CPU Hardware .........................................................................................	32
Oscillator and Timing Circuitry .................................................................	41
The 8051 Microcontroller Instruction Set Summary ............................	42
Direct and Register Addressing ...............................................................	43
Indirect Addressing ..................................................................................	46
Immediate Addressing .............................................................................	50
Generic Address Modes and Instruction Formats....................................	51
Address Modes ........................................................................................	52
The Software Development Cycle ...........................................................	55
Software Development Tools ...................................................................	55
Hardware Development Tools .................................................................	56
Chapter Two Problems .......................................................................	56
3 WorstCase Timing, Loading, Analysis, and Design ....	57
Timing Diagram Notation Conventions ...............................................	58
Rise and Fall Times .................................................................................	59
Propagation Delays..................................................................................	59
Setup and Hold Time ...............................................................................	60
Tri-State Bus Interfacing ..........................................................................	61

Pulse Width and Clock Frequency ...........................................................	62
Fan-Out and Loading Analysis DC and AC .........................................	63
Calculating Wiring Capacitance ...............................................................	66
Fan-Out When CMOS Drives LSTTL .......................................................	68
Transmission Line Effects ........................................................................	70
Ground Bounce ........................................................................................	72
Logic Family IC Characteristics and Interfacing ..................................	75
Interfacing TTL Compatible Signals to 5 Volt CMOS ...............................	78
Design Example: Noise Margin Analysis Spreadsheet ............................	82
Worst-Case Timing Analysis Example .....................................................	90
Chapter Three Review Problems ........................................................	92
4 Memory Technologies and Interfacing............................	95
Memory Taxonomy .............................................................................	96
Secondary Memory ..................................................................................	97
Volatility....................................................................................................	98
Random Access Memory .........................................................................	98
Sequential Access Memory .....................................................................	99
Direct Access Memory .............................................................................	99
Read/Write Memories .........................................................................	100
Read-Only Memory .............................................................................	101
Other Memory Types ..........................................................................	104
JEDEC Memory Pin-Outs ...................................................................	105
Device Programmers ..........................................................................	106
Memory Organization Considerations .................................................	107
Parametric Considerations ..................................................................	109
Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Memory ............................................	110
Error Detection and Correction ...........................................................	111
Error Sources ...........................................................................................	111
Confidence Checks ..................................................................................	111
Memory Management .........................................................................	113
Cache Memory .........................................................................................	114
Virtual Memory .........................................................................................	114
CPU Control Lines for Memory Interfacing ..............................................	115
Chapter Four Problems .......................................................................	115
Read and Write Operations.................................................................	117
5 CPU Bus Interface and Timing .........................................	117
Address, Data, and Control Buses......................................................	118
Address Spaces and Decoding...........................................................	120
Address Map .......................................................................................	122
Chapter Five Problems .......................................................................	124
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) ....................................................	125
6 A Detailed Design Example ..............................................	125
External Data Memory Cycles.............................................................	134
External Memory Data Memory Read......................................................	134
External Data Memory Write ....................................................................	136

Design Problem 1................................................................................	138
Design Problem 2................................................................................	139
Design Problem 3................................................................................	140

Completing the Analysis ..........................................................................	142
Chapter Six Problems .........................................................................	143
Memory Selection and Interfacing ......................................	126
Preliminary Timing Analysis ...............................................	127
7 Programmable Logic Devices ..........................................	145
Introduction to Programmable Logic ...................................................	147
Technologies: Fuse-Link, EPROM, EEPROM, and RAM Storage ..........	147
PROM as PLD .........................................................................................	150
Programmable Logic Arrays ....................................................................	151
PAL-Style PLDs .......................................................................................	151
Design Examples ................................................................................	153
PLD Development Tools ..........................................................................	155
Simple I/O Decoding and Interfacing Using PLDs ..............................	157
IC Design Using PCs ..........................................................................	157
Chapter Seven Problems ....................................................................	159
Direct CPU I/O Interfacing...................................................................	161
8 Basic I/ O Interfaces ..........................................................	161
Port I/O for the 8051 Family ................................................................	162
Output Current Limitations ..................................................................	166
Simple Input/Output Devices...............................................................	169
Matrix Keyboard Input ..............................................................................	170
Matrix Display Devices .............................................................................	171
Program-Controlled I/O Bus Interfacing ..............................................	173
Real-Time Processing..............................................................................	175
Direct Memory Access (DMA) .............................................................	175
Burst vs. Single Cycle DMA .....................................................................	176
Cycle Stealing ..........................................................................................	177
Elementary I/O Devices and Applications ...........................................	178
Timing and Level Conversion Considerations .........................................	180
Level Conversion .....................................................................................	180
Power Relays ...........................................................................................	180
Chapter Eight Problems ......................................................................	181
9 Other Interfaces and Bus Cycles .....................................	183
Interrupt Cycles ...................................................................................	184
Software Interrupts ..............................................................................	184
Hardware Interrupts ............................................................................	184
Interrupt Driven Program Elements .........................................................	186
Critical Code Segments ...........................................................................	187
Semaphores .............................................................................................	188
Interrupt Processing Options ...................................................................	189
Level and Edge Triggered Interrupts .......................................................	190
Vectored Interrupts ..................................................................................	192
Non-Vectored Interrupts ...........................................................................	193
Serial Interrupt Prioritization .....................................................................	194
Parallel Interrupt Prioritization ..................................................................	194

Construction Methods .........................................................................	197
10 Other Useful Stuff............................................................	197
Electromagnetic Compatibility .............................................................	199
Electrostatic Discharge Effects ...........................................................	199
Fault Tolerance ...................................................................................	200
Hardware Development Tools.............................................................	201
Instrumentation Issues .............................................................................	202
Software Development Tools ..............................................................	203
Other Specialized Design Considerations...........................................	203
Thermal Analysis and Design ..................................................................	204
Battery Powered System Design Considerations ....................................	205
Processor Performance Metrics ..........................................................	206
Device Selection Process ...................................................................	207
Power and Ground Planes...................................................	198
Ground Problems .................................................................	198
11 Other Interfaces ...............................................................	209
Analog Signal Conversion ...................................................................	210
Special Proprietary Synchronous Serial Interfaces .............................	211
Unconventional Use of DRAM for Low Cost Data Storage .................	211
Digital Signal Processing / Digital Audio Recording ............................	212
Detailed Checklist ...............................................................................	215
A Hardware Design Checklist .............................................	215
Define Power Supply Requirements ...................................................	216
Verify Voltage Level Compatibility .......................................................	217
Check DC Fan-Out: Output Current Drive vs. Loading .......................	218
AC (Capacitive) Output Drive vs. Capacitive Load and Derating......	218
Verify Worst Case Timing Conditions .................................................	219
Determine if Transmission Line Termination is Required ...................	219
Clock Distribution ................................................................................	220
Power and Ground Distribution ...........................................................	220
Asynchronous Inputs...........................................................................	222
Guarantee Power-On Reset State ......................................................	222
Programmable Logic Devices .............................................................	222
Deactivate Interrupt and Other Requests on Power-Up......................	223
Electromagnetic Compatibility Issues .................................................	223
Manufacturing and Test Issues ...........................................................	223
Books ..................................................................................................	225
B References, Web Links, and Other Sources ..................	225
Web and FTP Sites .............................................................................	226
Periodicals: Subscription .....................................................................	227
Periodicals: Advertiser Supported Trade Magazines ..........................	228

Programming Microcontrollers in C, Second Edition ...............................

233

Embedded Controller Hardware Design	..................................................	233
Controlling the World with Your PC .........................................................		233
The Forrest Mims Engineers Notebook ...................................................		233
The Forrest Mims Circuit Scrapbook, Volumes ...........................I and II		233
The Integrated Circuit Hobbyist s ...........................................	Handbook	233
Simple, Low-Cost Electronics Projects ....................................................		233

viii

Preface

During the early years of microprocessors, there were few engineers with education and experience in the applications of microprocessor technology. Now that microprocessors and microcontrollers have become pervasive in so many devices, the ability to use them has become almost a requirement for many technical people.

Today the microprocessor and the microcontroller have become two of the most powerful tools available to the scientist and engineer. Microcontrollers have been embedded in so many products that it is easy to overlook the fact that they greatly outnumber personal computers. Millions of PCs are shipped each year, but billions of microcontrollers ship annually. While a great deal of attention is given to personal computers, the vast majority of new designs are for embedded applications. For every PC designer, there are thousands of designers using microcontrollers in embedded applications. The number of embedded designs is growing quickly. The purpose of this book is to give the reader the basic design and analysis skills to design reliable microcontroller or microprocessor based systems. The emphasis in this book is on the practical aspects of interfacing the processor to memory and I/O devices, and the basics of interfacing such a device to the outside world.

A major goal of this book is to show how to make devices that are inherently reliable by design. While a lot of attention has been given to “quality improve ment,” the majority of the emphasis has been placed on the processes that occur after the design of a product is complete. Design deficiencies are a sig nificant problem, and can be exceedingly difficult to identify in the field. These types of quality problems can be addressed in the design phase with relatively little effort, and with far less expense than will be incurred later in the process. Unfortunately, there are many hardware designers and organiza tions that, for various reasons, do not understand the significance and ex pense of an unreliable design. The design methodology presented in this text is intended to address this problem.

ix Preface

Learning to design and develop a microcontroller system without any practical hands-on experience is a bit like trying to learn to ride a bike from reading book. Thus, another goal is to provide a practical example of a complete working product. What appears easy on paper may prove extremely difficult without some real world experience and some potentially painful crashes.

In order to do it right, it’s best to examine and use a real design. On the other hand, the current state of the technology (surface mounted packaging, etc.) can make the practical side problematic. In order to address this problem, a special educational System Development Kit is available to accompany this book (8031SDK). All the documentation to construct an SDK is available on the companion CD-ROM. This info, along with updated information and application examples, is also available on the web site for this book: http://www.hte.com/echdbook. All the information needed to build the SDK is available there, as well as information on how to order the SDK assembled and tested.

While searching for an appropriate text for one of the courses I teach in embedded computer engineering, I was unable to locate a book that covered the topic adequately. An earlier version of this book was written to accom pany that course and has since evolved into what you see here. The course is offered at the University of California, San Diego Extended Studies, and is titled “Embedded Controller Hardware Design.” The same courses may also be taken in an on-line format using the Internet, and can be found at http://www.hte.com/uconline/ecd The goals of the course and the book are very much the same: to describe the right way to design embedded systems.

While no prior knowledge of microcontrollers or microprocessors is required, the reader should already be familiar with basic electronics, logic, and basic computer organization. Chapter one is intended as a review of those basic concepts. Next there is a general overview of microcontroller architecture, and a specific microcontroller chip architecture, the 8051 family, is introduced

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