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Microcontroller

Programming

The Microchip PIC®

Microcontroller

Programming

The Microchip PIC®

Julio Sanchez

Minnesota State University, Mankato

Maria P. Canton

South Central College, North Mankato, Minnesota

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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Boca Raton, FL 33487 2742

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Preface xv

Chapter 1 - Basic Electronics			1
1.0	The Atom		1
1.1	Isotopes and Ions		2
1.2	Static Electricity		3
1.3	Electrical Charge		4
	1.3.1	Voltage	4
	1.3.2	Current	4
	1.3.3	Power	5
	1.3.4	Ohm's Law	5
1.4	Electrical Circuits		6
	1.4.1	Types of Circuits	6
1.5	Circuit Elements		8
	1.5.1	Resistors	9
	1.5.2	Revisiting Ohm's Law	9
	1.5.3	Resistors in Series and Parallel	10
	1.5.4	Capacitors	12
	1.5.5	Capacitors in Series and in Parallel	13
	1.5.6	Inductors	14
	1.5.7	Transformers	15
1.6	Semiconductors		15
	1.6.1	Integrated Circuits	16
	1.6.2	Semiconductor Electronics	16
	1.6.3	P-Type and N-Type Silicon	17
	1.6.4	The Diode	17

Chapter 2 - Number Systems			19
2.0	Counting		19
	2.0.1	The Tally System	19
	2.0.2 Roman Numerals		20
2.1	The Origins of the Decimal System		20
	2.1.1	Number Systems for Digital-Electronics	22
	2.1.2	Positional Characteristics	22
	2.1.3	Radix or Base of a Number System	23

vi		Microcontroller Programming
2.2	Types of Numbers		23
	2.2.1 Whole Numbers		24
	2.2.2	Signed Numbers	24
	2.2.3	Rational, Irrational, and Imaginary Numbers	24
2.3	Radix Representations		25
	2.3.1	Decimal versus Binary Numbers	25
	2.3.2	Hexadecimal and Octal	26
2.4	Number System Conversions		27
	2.4.1 Binary-to-ASCII-Decimal		28
	2.4.2	Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion	29
	2.4.3	Decimal-to-Binary Conversion	29
Chapter 3 - Data Types and Data Storage			33
3.0	Electronic-Digital Machines		33
3.1	Character Representations		33
	3.1.1	ASCII	34
	3.1.2 EBCDIC and IBM		36
	3.1.3	Unicode	36
3.2	Storage and Encoding of Integers		37
	3.2.1	Signed and Unsigned Representations	37
	3.2.2	Word Size	38
	3.2.3	Byte Ordering	39
	3.2.4	Sign-Magnitude Representation	40
	3.2.5	Radix Complement Representation	41
3.3	Encoding of Fractional Numbers		44
	3.3.1	Fixed-Point Representations	45
	3.3.2	Floating-Point Representations	46
	3.3.3	Standardized Floating-Point Representations	47
	3.3.4	IEEE 754 Single Format	48
	3.3.5	Encoding and Decoding Floating-Point Numbers	50
3.4	Binary-Coded Decimals (BCD)		51
	3.4.1	Floating-Point BCD	52
Chapter 4 - Digital Logic, Arithmetic, and Conversions			55
4.0	Microcontroller Logic and Arithmetic		55
	4.0.1	CPU Flags	55
	4.0.2	Word Size	56
4.1	Logical Instructions		56
	4.1.1	Logical AND	57
	4.1.2	Logical OR	57
	4.1.3	Logical XOR	57
	4.1.4	Logical NOT	58
4.2	Microcontroller Arithmetic		58
	4.2.1	Unsigned and Two’s Complement Arithmetic	58
	4.2.2	Operations on Decimal Numbers	60
4.3	Bit Manipulations and Auxiliary Operations		62

4.3.1	Bit Shift and Rotate	62
4.3.2	Comparison Operations	63
4.3.3	Other Support Operations	63

Contents			vii
4.4	Unsigned Binary Arithmetic		64
	4.4.1	Multi-byte Unsigned Addition	64
	4.4.2	Unsigned Multiplication	65
	4.4.3	Unsigned Division	67
4.5	Signed Binary Arithmetic		67
	4.5.1	Overflow Detection in Signed Arithmetic	69
	4.5.2	Sign Extension Operations	70
	4.5.3	Multi-byte Signed Operations	71
4.6	Data Format Conversions		72
	4.6.1	BCD Digits to ASCII Decimal	72
	4.6.2	Unsigned Binary to ASCII Decimal Digits	73
	4.6.3	ASCII Decimal String to Unsigned Binary	73
	4.6.4	Unsigned Binary to ASCII Hexadecimal Digits	75
	4.6.6	Signed Numerical Conversions	76
Chapter 5 - Circuits and Logic Gates			77
5.0	Digital Circuits		77
5.1	The Diode Revisited		78
	5.1.1	The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)	79
5.2	The Transistor		81
	5.2.1	Bipolar Transistor	81
	5.2.2	MOS Transistor	83
5.3	Logic Gates		84
5.4	Transistor-Transistor Logic		85
	5.4.1	Inverter Gates	86
	5.4.2 The AND Gate		87
	5.4.3 The NAND Gate		87
	5.4.4 The OR Gate		88
	5.4.5 The NOR Gate		88
	5.4.6	Positive and Negative Logic	89
	5.4.7 The XOR Gate		90
	5.4.8	Schmitt Trigger Inverter	91
5.5	Other TTL Logic Families		93
5.6	CMOS Logic Gates		93
Chapter 6 - Circuit Components			95
6.0	Power Supplies		95
6.1	Clocked Logic and Flip-flops		96
	6.1.1 The RS Flip-flop		96
	6.1.2	Clocked RS Flip-flop	98
	6.1.3	The D Flip-flop	99
	6.1.4	The Edge-triggered D Flip-flop	100
	6.1.5	Preset and Clear Signals	101
	6.1.6	D Flip-flop Waveform Action	102
	6.1.7	Flip-flop Applications	103
6.2	Clocks		103

6.2.1	Clock Waveforms	104
6.2.2	The TTL Clock	105
6.2.3	The 555 Timer	106

viii			Microcontroller Programming
	6.2.4	Microcontroller Clocks	106
6.3	Frequency Dividers and Counters		107
	6.3.1	Frequency Dividers	107
	6.3.2	The JK Flip-flop Counter	107
	6.3.3	Ripple Counters	108
	6.3.4	Decoding Gates	110
	6.3.5	Synchronous Counters	110
	6.3.6	Counter ICs	112
	6.3.7	Shift Registers	113
6.4	Multiplexers and Demultiplexers		115
	6.4.1	Multiplexers	115
	6.4.2	Demultiplexers	118
	6.4.3	Multiplexer and Demultiplexer ICs	118
6.5	Input Devices		118
	6.5.1	Switches	118
	6.5.2	Switch Contact Bounce	120
	6.5.3	Keypads	121
	6.6 Output Devices		122
	6.6.1	Seven-segment LED	122
	6.6.2	Liquid Crystal Displays	124
	6.6.3	LCD Technologies	125
Chapter 7 - The Microchip PIC			129
7.0	The PICMicro Microcontroller		129
	7.0.1 Programming the PIC		130
		PIC Programmers	131
		Development Boards	131
	7.0.2	Prototyping the PIC Circuit	132
7.1	PIC Architecture		134
	7.1.1	Baseline PIC Family	134
		PIC10 Devices	135
		PIC12 Devices	135
		PIC14 Devices	138
	7.1.2	Mid-range PIC Family	138
		PIC16 Devices	139
	7.1.3	High-Performance PIC Family	139
		PIC18 Devices	139
Chapter 8 - Mid-range PIC Architecture			141
8.0	Processor Architecture and Design		142
	8.0.1	Harvard Architecture	142
	8.0.2 RISC CPU Design		143
	8.0.3	Single-word Instructions	143
	8.0.4	Instruction Format	144
	8.0.5	Mid-Range Device Versions	145
8.1	The Mid-range Core Features		145
	8.1.1	Oscillator	145
	8.1.2	System Reset	147
	8.1.3	Interrupts	148

8.2 Mid-Range CPU and Instruction Set

149

Contents			ix
	8.2.1	Mid-Range Instruction Set	149
	8.2.2 STATUS and OPTION Registers		151
8.3 EEPROM Data Storage			153
	8.3.1 EEPROM in Mid-Range PICs		153
8.4	Data Memory Organization		154
	8.4.1	The w Register	154
	8.4.2	The Data Registers	154
		Memory Banks	154
		The SFRs	155
		The GPRs	157
	8.4.3	Indirect Addressing	158
8.5	Mid-range I/O and Peripheral Modules		158
	8.5.1	I/O Ports	159
	8.5.2	Timer Modules	160
	8.5.3	Capture-and-Compare Module	160
	8.5.4	Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) Module	161
	8.5.5 USART Module		161
	8.5.6	A/D Module	161
Chapter 9 - PIC Programming: Tools and Techniques			163
9.0	Microchip’s MPLAB		163
	9.0.1 Embedded Systems		164
9.1	Integrated Development Environment		165
	9.1.1	Installing MPLAB	165
	9.1.2	Creating the Project	167
	9.1.3	Project Build Options	169
	9.1.4	Building the Project	169
9.2	Simulators and Debuggers		170
	9.2.1 MPLAB SIM		171
	9.2.2 MPLAB Hardware Debuggers		172
	9.2.3	A “Quick-and-Dirty” Debugger	174
9.3 Programmers			174
9.4	Engineering PIC Software		175
	9.4.1 Using Program Comments		176
		Program Header	176
		Commented Banners	177
		Commented Bitmaps	178
	9.4.2	Defining Data Elements	179
		The cblock Directive	179
	9.4.3	Banking Techniques	180
		The banksel Directive	180
		Bank Selection Macros	180
		Deprecated Banking Instructions	181
	9.4.4	Processor and Configuration Controls	182
		Configuration Bits	182
	9.4.5	Naming Conventions	184
	9.4.6	Errorlevel Directive	186

9.5 Pseudo Instructions

186

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