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Text 5D

Прочитайте текст и расскажите по-английски, из каких зданий состоит комплекс Библиотеки Конгресса и каким известным деятелям посвящено каждое из них. Найдите предложения со словами houses и numbers, переведи­ те и запомните их значения.

The Library of Congress

The Library of Congress is the Nation's library in the USA. It serves not only to members and committees of the Congress, but to libraries throughout the USA and the world and to the scholars, re­ searchers and scientists who use it.

Its foundation was laid in 1815 when President Thomas Gefferson offered his personal library accumulated for 50 years and considered one of the best in the United States at that time as the basis for a great national library.

Now the Library of Congress complex on Capital Hill includes three buildings. The Thomas Gefferson Building, which has been built in Italian Renaissance style, is the oldest of them. It was the largest and costliest (роскошный) library building in the world when it was completed in 1897. It is decorated with splendid sculp­ ture, murals (фрески) created by 50 American artists. Its Main Reading Room is 160 feet high.

The Room houses a collection of 45,000 reference books (справочники), a part of the extensive main catalog of more than 23 million cards and desks for 212 readers. The Computer Catalog Center provides public access (доступ) to the Library's automated catalog.

The simply designed John Adams Building faced with white marble (мрамор) was opened in 1939. Sculptures on its large bronze doors represent 12 famous writers.

The white marble James Madison Memorial Building opened in 1980 more than doubled the Library's available Capitol Hill space. The building which is the official memorial to the Nation's fourth President contains the James Madison Memorial Hall, exhibition areas, eight reading rooms, offices and storage areas for collections which number over 50 million items (предметов).

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

Улражнение 1. А. Прочитайте следующие словосочетания из текста ЗА и постарайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов в данном контексте.

1.the word «electronics» is in general usage

2.more perfect electronic circuits

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3.billions of operations

4.what can be regarded as

5.the still youthful electronic age

B.Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову или словосочетанию со­ ответствующее ему по значению.

a.excellent, exact, accurate

b.combination of written symbols forming vocabulary of a language

сconsider

d.great or long period of time with special characteristics

e.one thousand million (GB), 10^ (US)

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте текст и найдите эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1.number

2.tiny

3.not likely to change

4.signal to ring a bell at a fixed (certain) time

5.divide into two equal parts

6.watch that is used to time sport events, such as a race, to a fraction (small part) of a second

7.a place between the hand and the arm

8.not fast, slowly

9.smth. that helps smb. to remember, not to forget

10.start or begin a process

11.Hertz (Hz)

12.speed

Digital Watch

In a digital watch the mechanical parts of the traditional me­ chanical wristwatch have been replaced by a vibrating quartz crys­ tal to keep time. The vibrating quartz crystal is controlled by minute electronic circuits. One of the advantages of quartz is that it is very stable. The artificial quartz crystals used in digital watches are designed to vibrate up to 32,768 cycles per second when the current from a battery is passed through them.

These vibrations produce electric pulses. As the pulses travel through the electronic circuits of the microchip, their rate is gradu­ ally halved. The result is a pulse rate of one per second.

Each one-second pulse triggers the microchip to send signals to the liquid crystal display to advance the numerals by one second. The pulses are also used to control different functions. Such a digi­ tal watch can show the day and date; it can have an alarm and a re­ minder and can act as a stopwatch with an accuracy of 1/100th second.

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Упражнение 3. Прочитайте следующие определения компьютерных тер­ минов, дайте русские эквиваленты выделенных слов и словосочетаний. Пе­ реведите предложения.

1.Hardware means the different types of equipment a com­ puter consists of.

2.A computer's hardware comprises a central processing unit (CPU) which is the heart and brain of the computer.

3.Input and output devices capable of putting information into a computer and getting it out of it are types of peripheral equip­ ment. Peripherals are the units connected to the CPU: input de­ vices, output devices and storage devices.

4.The simplest and most common type of input device is a key­ board, containing a typewriter keyboard.

5.A laser printer is a kind of output device to print information.

6.Software means the programs needed to operate computer equipment.

7.These programs are on disks, the hard disks inside the com­ puter, or floppy disks, or on CD-ROMs, that is. Compact Disk Read Only Memory, which you can put on or store a large amount of information. A disk is a storage device made of flat circular plates with magnetizable surfaces. A hard disk is a disk made from a solid magnetic material and used as a storage device. A floppy disk (also called diskette) is a disk made of flexible plastic material upon which data are stored on magnetic tracks. Tracks are areas marked on the surface of a disk. A disk drive is the electronic mechanism that actually reads what is on a disk. In hard disks, the disk and the drive are built into a single unit.

8.A word processor is a computer used to write documents, let­ ters and reports, or the software that is used for this purpose.

9.Databases are programs, which allow you to store, look at or change a large quantity of information quickly and easily.

10.Graphics are pictures and symbols a computer program can produce.

11.An extra copy on a floppy disk is called a back-up copy, a copy of data or software, usually kept in case the original disk is damaged or destroyed.

12.A bug possible in a computer operation, also a virus is a software problem or error in a program. Debugging means correct­ ing program errors or bugs.

13.People send e-mail (electronic mail) messages with the help of the Internet, a system that lets computers connect by telephone lines.

14.A laptop is a portable computer weighing about 2—4 kg.

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15.With a device called the mouse you can do a number of things by clicking on different icons.

16.A mouse is a small input device, on the top of which there are one or more buttons for communicating with the computer.

17.Clicking is a basic mouse action to place a cursor to close a window, etc.

18.An icon is a small picture representing an object, process or function.

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски, образуя общеизвестные компьютер­ ные термины. Запомните их.

Упражнение 6. Назовите прилагательные с суффиксом -ible/'able, озна­ чающие:

1)that can be done, can exist, happen;

2)that cannot be done, cannot exist, happen;

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3)that can be used;

4)that may be obtained, can be used;

5)that may be relied on;

6)that cannot be relied on;

7)which may be questioned;

8)which may not be questioned;

9)absolutely essential.

Упражнение 7. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Упражнение 8. A. Назовите 15-20 ключевых слов и выражений на тему «Computer».

В.Speak about:

1.А lot of people are becoming computer literate (have experi­ ence of working with computers and know how to use them). Are you computer literate? Do you find most computers «userfriendly» (easy to use)?

2.The Internet and its influence on our daily life. Can it help people from different countries to learn English?

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LESSON 6

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

Глагол to cause

Сочетания по longer, because of, due to, thanks to Суффиксы -ness; -ance/ence; -ist; -ful; -less

Text 6A. Made in Space

Text 6B. Composite Ceramics

Text 6C. Ancient Steel-Making Secret

Text 6D. The British Museum

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте диалоги, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов.

А: You can do without lots of things. B: You can't do without food or water.

A:Oh, yes, you can! You can do without food for weeks and with­ out water for days.

B:Well, you can't do without air or only for a very short time.

A:Can you write without a pen?

B:No, of course, I can't.

A:I must have a new dictionary.

B:Why must you? You don't need a new dictionary. You've got a lot of dictionaries.

A:I want to see Mr. Z.

B:I am sorry. I am afraid he may not be in.

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АBut perhaps he may be.

ВNo, sir. He may not be back for some time. А I can wait.

ВHe may not be in until twelve.

А; I can wait until he is in.

ВHe may be out all day.

A:May I go to the cinema?

B:No, not today, tomorrow.

A:May not I go today? Zed can't come tomorrow. May I go home with Zed afterwards?

B:Oh, no, you mustn't do that.

A:Why, mustn't I?

B:Because you mustn't be home late.

A:Well, then, may Zed come home with me?

B:Yes, he may do that.

A:May I have the money, please.

B:Oh, very well.

Упраяшение 2. Замените модальные глаголы соответствующими эквива­ лентами.

1. Students must take exams in January. 2. She can speak French well. 3. You may take this book till tomorrow. 4. We must learn new words every week. 5.1 live not far from my work. I can go by bus or I can walk. 6. You may come in. 7. We can take this book from the li­ brary. 8. She cannot do this work in time. 9. He must go to St. Pe­ tersburg for a few days. 10. We can see electrical devices everywhere.

Упражнение 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительной и отрицатель­ ной формах.

1. We were able to read that article in the library. 2. Some stu­ dents will be permitted to take exams in December. 3. You have to read this book. 4. We shall be able to skate in winter. 5. My friend is to take part in the conference. 6. The students of our group had to go to the plant last week. 7. They were allowed to continue their research.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов.

1. Everyone should know а foreign language. 2. To make supercomputers, we need highly developed electronics and new materials. 3. One should do one's work in time. 4. The students ought to know the history of their institute. 5. The development of

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new materials does not mean that old materials should lose their significance. 6. Marie Curie needed a laboratory and equipment for her research. 7. Every institute ought to be proud of their famous graduates. 8. One should know that «roentgen» is a unit (единица) of radiation.

Упражнение 5. Замените would на used to, где возможно, и переведите.

1. Не would spend hours in the Tretyakov Gallery. 2. Tsiolkovsky believed that rockets would be used for space travel. 3. Bell and Watson would repeat their experiments many times. 4. It became known that a new car would be shown at the exhibition. 5. Elec­ tricity would pass through metals, but wouldn't pass through wood. 6. I asked my friend to help me, but he wouldn't, he said I could do everything without his help. 7. He would work in the li­ brary when he was getting ready for his exam.

Упражнение 6. Выберите правильный модальный глагол или его экви­ валент.

МОЖНО ВЫЧИСЛИТЬ — (must, can, should) calculate; быть в со­ стоянии выполнить — (have to, be able to, be allowed to) carry out; нельзя предсказать — (can't, needn't, be not able to) predict; должны начаться в 10 — (have to, may, be to) begin at 10; следует знать — (should, may, need) know; не нужно созда­ вать — (may not, needn't, should not) create; необходимо ис­ пользовать — (must, be allowed, may) use; можно взять эту книгу — (must, can, may) take this book; упорно не желать сде­ лать — (need, wouldn't, must) do.

Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения.

1. Он может читать и писать по-английски. 2. Она должна сделать эту работу в конце месяца. 3. Теперь студенты могут войти в аудиторию. 4. Она может заниматься здесь. 5. Он дол­ жен прочитать эту статью. 6. Можно мне взять ваш учебник? 7. Я должен пойти в библиотеку и взять книги. 8. Можно мне поехать с вами? 9. Умеет (может) этот ребенок ходить? 10. Вы должны вернуть книгу завтра.

Упражнение 8. Переведите выделенные словосочетания.

1. It was found that proton and neutron have almost the same weight. 2. It was necessary to lay cables across the Atlantic Ocean as there were no radio or satellites at that time. 3. It is difficult to imagine the world we live in without radio, telephone and televi-

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