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sion. 4. It is possible to have a direct telephone talk with Vladivo­ stok with the help of satellite systems. 5. This material has proper­ ties which make it useful for various space projects. 6. It should be said that computers become increasingly important in our life and work. 7. My adviser considers it necessary for me to read as much literature as possible before starting my work. 8. It is difficult to name all the branches of science and technology which are based on electronics. 9. It is well-known that «watt» is a unit named after James Watt, an inventor from Scotland. 10. It is impossible to solve many modern complex engineering problems without the help of computers.

Упражнение 9. Укажите, чем выражено отрицание. Переведите.

1. Popov had no support from the government to continue his research. 2. Not long ago chemists developed new materials that could withstand high temperatures. 3. No system of measurement of the past is as simple as the metric system. 4. It is no longer possi­ ble to put off the solution of ecological problems. 5. Tsarist Russia gave no money for Tsiolkovsky's research. 6. No one is allowed to smoke in our office. 7. There is no doubt (несомненно) that the development of electronics is one of the greatest achievements of mankind. 8. Haifa century is not a long period in the history of civ­ ilization. 9. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets moved around the Sun. 10. People no longer think of radio and television as something fantastic.

Упражнение 10. Переведите предложения с составными предлогами due to, thanks to, because of.

1.Ships can communicate over long distances due to the radio.

2.Because of the earth's rotation there are days and nights on the earth. 3. Thanks to the radio it is possible to transmit human voice across the globe. 4. Due to the latest achievements in electronics it has become possible to develop supercomputers. 5. Because of their long life solar and atomic batteries are used to supply power to transmitters in spacecrafts. 6. Thanks to the development of radio telescopes radio astronomy has made great achievements. 7. Our century can be called «Space Age» because of the development of a new branch of science and technology — cosmonautics.

Упражнение 11. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на слово much перед прилагательным в сравнительной степени.

1. We don't notice the gravitational pull of a book because the pull of the earth is much greater. 2. The speed of computer opera-

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tions will be much greater in the future. 3. Graphite which with­ stands much higher temperatures is one of the best materials for reactors. 4. When a spaceship is in space, much smaller energy is needed for its movement.

Упражнение 12. Переведите предложения и запомните значения глагола to cause.

1. Heating causes different changes in metals. 2. A Danish scien­ tist discovered that electricity caused the needle to move from left to right. 3.Vibration not only causes noise but can also break mate­ rials and structures. 4. The space flight of Gagarin caused a sensa­ tion throughout the world. 5. Rutherford showed that positive charge of a nucleus was caused by protons. 6. New achievements in mathematics caused the development of new means of computer­ ization.

Упражнение 13. Найдите английские эквиваленты для русских словосо­ четаний.

В большем масштабе; пилотируемые и непилотируемые космические аппараты; проводить эксперимент; на борту кос­ мического корабля; преимущества состояния невесомости; условия невесомости; материалы нового поколения; получить полезные и ценные данные.

carry out experiments; zero gravity conditions; at a larger scale; zero-gravity state advantages; on board a spacecraft; manned and unmanned space vehicles; obtain useful and valuable data; new generation materials.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение 14. A. Образуйте и переведите следующие производные сло­ ва согласно образцу:

существительное + -ful = прилагательное use — польза -> useful — полезный

power, skill, success;

существительное + -less = прилагательное use — польза -> useless — бесполезный

change, noise, water, help, end;

прилагательное + -ness = абстрактное существительное weightless — невесомый -> weightlessness — невесомость useful, dark, hard, weak;

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существительное или прилагательное + -ist = существительное science — наука -> scientist — ученый

special, art, motor, biology.

в. Переведите существительные с суффиксами -апсе/'впсе :

resistance — сопротивление

consequence, distance, appearance, difference, absence, presence.

Упражнение 15. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

surprise [sa'praiz], substance ['SAbstans], magnetic [maeg'netik], laser ['leiza], polymer ['polima], plastics ['plaestiks], experiment [iks'perimant], orbital ['o:bitl], expert ['ekspa:t], start [sta:t], simulate ['Simjulaleit], principle ['prinsipl], gravitatio­ nal [,graevi'teijanl], convection [kanVekJan], temperature ['te m pri^a], zero-gravity ['ziarau'g raeviti], hydromechanical ['haidraumi'kaenikal], acceleration [ak,sela'reijan], project ['procfeekt].

Упражнение 16. Прочитайте слова.

label ['leibl], material [ma'tiarial], alloys ['aeloiz], peculiar [pi'kju:lja], numerous ['nju:maras], pave [peiv], vehicle ['vi:ikl], inertia [i'na:Jja], process ['prauses], Archimedes [,a:ki'mi:di:z], consequently ['konsikwantli], separate ['separeit], component [kam'paunant], quite [kwait], gases [gaesiz], cause [ko:z], research [ri'sa:^], biochemist [,baiau'kemist], biological [,baiau1ogikal], special ['spejal].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

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except/?Ap — кроме, за исклюство, космический летатель-

Техт 6А

Прочитайте текст и найдите абзацы, в которых сообщается о результатах и значении проведенных экспериментов по производству материалов в космосе. Переведите

Made in Space

This label «Made in Space» for industrial materials will proba­ bly surprise no one in the not so distant future. They may include superconductors, new kinds of alloys, substances with peculiar magnetic properties, supertransparent laser glass^, polymers, plas­ tics, and so on. Numerous experiments carried out at the Russian orbital space stations have paved the way^ to the development of methods and means of industrial production of new materials of better quality on board a spacecraft^. Experts estimate that within a few coming years industrial production of various materials will be started in space.

Conditions on board a space vehicle orbiting Earth greatly dif­ fer from those on its surface. However, all of these conditions can be simulated^ on Earth, except for one — prolonged weightless­ ness. Weightlessness can be created on Earth, but only for a few seconds. A space flight is another matter: a satellite orbiting Earth is in a dynamic zero-gravity state, i.e., when gravity is cancelled out^ by inertia.

What can weightlessness be used for? Many well-known pro­ cesses go on differently due to the absence of weight. The Archime­ des principle is no longer valid and, consequently, stable-state^ liquid mixtures can be obtained, the components of which would immediately separate on Earth because of different density. In case of melts^ of metals, glasses or semiconductors, they can be cooled down to the solidification point even in space and then brought back to Earth. Such materials will possess quite unusual qualities.

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In space there is no gravitational convection^, i.e., movements of gases or liquids caused by difference of temperatures. It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur because of convection. Biochemists also have to deal with the worst aspects of convection, for example, in the production of superpure biologically active substances. Convection makes it very difficult on Earth.

Following the launch of the first orbital stations the specialists started experiments aimed at proving the advantages of the zero-gravity state for the production of certain materials. In this country all orbital stations from Salyut 5 onwards were used for that purpose, as well as rockets. Since 1976 over 600 technological experiments have been carried out on board manned and unmanned space vehicles.

The experiments proved that many of the properties of the materials obtained under the zero-gravity condition were much better than those produced on Earth. Besides, it has been established that it is necessary to develop a new science — physics of the weightless state — which forms the theoretical basis for space industry and space materials study. This science has basically been developed. The methods of mathematical modelling of the hydromechanical process under the zero-gravity condition have been created with the help of computers.

Special space vehicles will also be needed for industrial production of new-generation materials. Research has shown that the acceleration rate on board these vehicles must be reduced to the minimum. It was found that space platforms in independent flight carrying the equipment were most suitable for producing materials. These vehicles will have to use their own propulsion systems to approach their base orbital station after a certain period of time. The cosmonauts on board the station can replace the specimens. Many new and very interesting projects are planned for orbital stations. Here is one of them. Convection does not allow to grow large protein crystals on Earth. But it is possible to grow such crystals under the zero-gravity condition and to study their structure. The data obtained during the experiments can be useful for the work of laboratories on Earth in using the methods of gene engineering^. Thus, it may be possible to make new materials in space and also to obtain valuable scientific data for new highly efficient technologies on Earth.

Preparatory work for industrial production in space at a larger scale is being carried out in Russia, the USA, Western Europe and

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Japan. It should be said that according to the estimates of Ameri­ can experts production of materials in space is to bring 60 billion dollars in the future.

Notes to the Text

1.supertransparent laser glass -- сверхпрозрачное лазерное стекло

2.to pave the way — проложить путь

3.on board (a spacecraft) — на борту (космического корабля)

4.to simulate — моделировать, имитировать

5.to cancel out — уничтожать, уравновешивать

6.stable-state — устойчивое состояние

7.in case of melts — в случае расплавов

8.gravitational convection — гравитационная конвекция (перенос тепла под действием силы тяжести)

9.gene engineering — генная инженерия

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 17. Просмотрите текст 6А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. Have you seen the label «Made in Space» anywhere? 3. Why can't certain materials be produced on Earth? 4. Can all the conditions on board a space vehicle be simu­ lated on Earth? 5. When will it be possible to start industrial pro­ duction of materials in space? What do you think about it? Can we start such production now? 6. Why can we obtain materials of better quality in space? 7. What equipment is needed for producing materials in space? 8. How will this equipment operate?

Упражнение 18. Составьте утверждения, выбрав правильный вариант со­ гласно тексту 6А.

1.Many well-known processes go on differently in space due to

a)different density.

b)the presence of weight.

c)the absence of weight.

2.The components of stable-state liquid mixtures would sepa­ rate on Earth because of

a)high temperature.

b)different density.

c)different conditions.

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3. It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur because of

a)weightlessness.

b)solidification.

c)convection.

Упражвение 19. Найдите в тексте 6А модальные глаголы и их эквивален­ ты. Замените эквиваленты соответствующими модальными глаголами.

Упражнение 20. Выберите соответствующий модальный глагол.

1. Do you live far? (Can, must) we meet here at 7 o'clock? — We certainly (may, can). — Г11 see you later this evening, then. 2. Bill, would you help me? Sure, I'd be glad to help you. What (may, can) I do for you? 3. (Can, may) I take your pen? I've broken mine. 4. Do you know when Bob comes back from the University? I am afraid he (can, may) be very late. He has an examination to­ morrow. He (can, must) study for the examination. 5. Do you have a stamp (марка)? — No, I'm afraid I don't. You (may, must) go to the post office for this. 6. I'm very much interested in envi­ ronment problems. I think we (must, may) learn to live in har­ mony with nature.

Упражнение 21. Укажите предложения с модальными глаголами, выра­ жающими необходимость совершения действия. Переведите.

1. As telegraph wires couldn't be hung over the ocean, cables had to be laid on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. 2. In the next few years engineers are to develop computers of more than 2 billion operations a second. 3. A new kind of telephone may be called a video-phone. 4. One must know that we shall need a lot of special­ ists that will be able to work and live in space for a long time. 5. To see distant objects clearly, one should change the focus. 6. Within a few coming years a quantity production of various materials is to begin in space. 7. Some liquid mixture components would immedi­ ately separate on Earth because of different density. 8. It should be said that special space vehicles are necessary for industrial produc­ tion of space materials. 9. Our group will be allowed to use new lab­ oratory equipment next term. 10. One can see that there is no principal difference between iron and copper as conductors.

Упражнение 22. Найдите предложения с эквивалентами модальных гла­ голов to have to, to be to,

A. 1. Television has a great number of uses nowadays. 2. Morse discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they

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