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The key for mass production was not the moving assembly line. It was the complete interchangeability of parts and the simplicity of attaching them to each other. These were the innovations that made the assembly line possible. Taken together, they gave Ford tremendous advantage over his competitors.

Ford's first efforts to assemble his cars, beginning in 1903, were to set up assembly stands on which a whole car was built. Each as­ sembler performed many jobs on one car and had to get the neces­ sary parts for it.

The first step Ford took to make this process more efficient was to deliver the parts to each work station. Now each assembler remained in the same place all day. Later in 1908 Ford decided that each assembler would perform only one task and move around the factory from car to car. In 1913 cars were placed on a moving as­ sembly line. Each assembler performed one task only and remained stationary. This innovation cut cycle time from 2.3 minutes to 1.19 minutes, thus dramatically improving productivity.

Ford's discovery simultaneously reduced the amount of human effort needed to assemble an automobile. What is more, the more vehicles Ford produced, the more the cost per vehicle fell. In the early 1920s Ford produced 2 million identical vehicles a year.

Ford's mass production was adopted in almost every industrial activity in America and Europe.

B. Заполните пропуски, образуя составные слова, общеизвестные слово­

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значения выде­ ленных слов.

There was а bad accident on one of the main motorways to Paris this afternoon. A big tourist coach broke down on the inside lane of the motorway, and the driver could not move it. It was about 5.30 in the afternoon, the middle of the rush hour, so it soon created a terrible traffic jam. A driver in a BMW doing about 60 mph tried to go round the coach. Unfortunately, another car was coming in the opposite direction. The driver braked hard and tried to stop, but he could not avoid the accident. The BMW

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crashed into the front of his car. The driver of the BMW died, the other driver was badly injured, and both cars were badly damaged.

Упражнение 4. Выберите из двух выделенных слов или словосочетаний правильное.

1.While turning а corner at high speed my car hit/crashed a lamp post.

2.The only means of arrival/access to the station is through a dark subway.

3.We managed to complete our journey ahead of/in front of schedule.

4.The police accused the driver of breaking the speed limit/re­ striction.

5.Sixty extra policemen were to direct/control the traffic out­ side the stadium.

6.When her car broke down, she had to catch/take a taxi.

7.There are road works in center streets and long delays/inter­ vals are expected.

8.This car is an automatic, so you do not have to adjust/change gear all the time.

9.Only a mechanic could realize/understand the true amount/extent of the damage to the car.

10.Travellers who wish to visit the old city should travel in the two front buses/coaches.

11.The driver told his passengers to fasten/fix their safety belts.

12.You mustn't ride/drive a motorbike without a helmet.

13.The two buses collided (столкнуться), but luckily none was injured/wounded.

Упражнение 5. A. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значения слов tube, poor и run.

Many of the world's major cities were built long before the car appeared and people realized the need to built efficient road sys­ tems. Current traffic management problems may be connected with old city planning.

The thing that saves some of these cities is an effective public transport system, usually below ground. London has an old but ef­ fective underground train system known as a tube, and a compre­ hensive bus and train system above the ground. Hong Kong has cheap, swift and effective public transport in the form of Mass Transit Railway, buses and ferries.

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But there are newly built cities, such as, for example, Dallas, Baltimore and Los Angeles in America. Dallas is a wealthy city in Texas, which has grown up in an era when cars were considered to be essential to move about. It has an excellent road system, as does Baltimore, another new city with wise city leaders who insisted on building good roads. However, the public transport system in both Baltimore and Dallas is extremely poor. As a result, travel in these cities is easy except for peak hour, when a twenty minute run can take more than an hour in traffic jams. Los Angeles suffers from chronic highway blockages, despite efforts to encourage people to use public transport.

Cities with good road systems can use other methods to reduce the number of vehicles travelling together at peak hour. Flexible time is one good method: offices open and close at different times so people are travelling to and from work at different times. Vehi­ cles carrying more than one person can use special priority lanes, which means they can travel more quickly. There are even systems to make peak hours car use more expensive, with electronic chips recording the presence of a vehicle in a given high traffic area at a given time.

B. Выберите соответствующие тексту A значения слов ferries, poor.

spacecrafts, airplanes, boats, space vehicles; needing help, small in quantity, low in quality.

D. Вставьте антонимы выделенных слов.

1.Public transport in Hong Kong is cheap, but in London it is...

2.Paris has the Metro railway below ground and a large bus system ...

3.People should ... and finish work at different time to reduce peak hour traffic jams.

4.City administration try to encourage people to use ... trans­ port, not private cars in the city center.

5.An electronic device can record the absence or ... of any per­ son at the office.

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6. The public transport available in Baltimore is very poor,

while in Sidney it is ...

E. Найдите в тексте A независимый причастный оборот. Переведите.

Упражнение 6. Заполните пропуски следующими словами:

The private (1) ... has dramatically improved the comfort, speed and individual freedom of movement. The automobile has become a status (2) ... The car brought people much closer to places of work, (3) ... and entertainment.

However, the use of private cars can also be a (4) ... of many most serious problems today. The car is a disadvantage as well as an

(5) ... It pollutes the (6) ..., may be involved in dangerous acci­ dents, and by its very numbers blocks roads and chokes (душить) cities. In New York City, 2.5 million cars move in and out of the city each day. In this (7) ..., the average speed is sometimes 8.1 miles (8) ... hour. This speed could easily be reached by riding a horse instead of driving a (9)... But New Yorkers continue to drive, just as people in London where the (10)... speed in certain particu­ larly overcrowded (11) ... is only 2 miles per hour. Most people be­ lieve that the car is a necessary part of life in today's world. Car owners usually do not consider other methods of public (12) ...

such as bus, train or bicycle.

The only way to (13) ... these problems is to reduce the use of private cars. How can we do it? We may (14) ... access to parking spaces in the cities and simultaneously (15)... the quality and avail­ ability of public transport. Cars could not be permitted in certain parts of the city, thus making people walk and use (16) ... The cost of buying and running a car can be increased with a corresponding (17) ... in the price of public transport. The reduced (18) ... of cars on the roads means less pollution.

Упражнение 7. Назовите прилагательные с окончанием -able/'ible, озна­

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Упражнение 8. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Упражнение 9. A. Назовите 15-20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Road transport».

В.Speak about:

1.The current public transport problems in your city or town, its safety, speed and comfort.

2.The role and importance of a private car in your own life.

3.The changes in technology (manual assembly — mass assem­ bly lines — robotics — computerized production).

4.Offer your own ideas on traffic management improvement in your area.

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LESSON 8

Герундий Значения as и by

Суффикс -ize i'ise)

Префикс over-

Text 8A. A New Era for Aircraft Text 8B. The Return of the Dirigibles

Text 8C. Off the Ground: How do We Find Where We are Going?

Text 8D. New York

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Найдите в предложениях герундий по его признакам, пе­ реведите.

1. On detecting danger on the road the computer signals the driver. 2. Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the pur­ pose of the «night vision system». 3. One of the main problems of a driver on the road is keeping the speed constant and watching the cars ahead. 4. A new device for monitoring and adjusting air pres­ sure in tires has recently been developed. 5. Before starting a car one must examine it carefully. 6. Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes. 7. Alexander Bell's being a teacher of deaf people influenced his interest in sound and its transmission. 8. Samuel Morse's hobby was experimenting with electricity. 9. Driving a truck in the city is difficult.

Упражнение 2. Определите формы и функции герундия.

1. One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose. 2. Newton's having made a mistake in his calculations has no influence on his theory. 3. On being turned

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on the radar will warn the driver of stationary or slow-moving ob­ jects on the road. 4. Upon being heated the molecules begin mov­ ing very rapidly. 5. The white line in the centre of the road is one of the most effective means of controlling traffic. 6. On graduating from the University S.P. Korolev began working in the field of rocket design. 7. The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions. 8. Moni­ toring and adjusting air pressure in tires is one of the new develop­ ments of the car designers. 9. It is difficult to solve some of the present-day scientific and technological problems without using supercomputers. 10. On seeing a red light on a panel and on hear­ ing a warning sound the driver should decrease the speed. 11. By picking up infrared rays emitted by objects ahead of the car an im­ age-processing system produces different images of objects. 12. On studying for half an hour before an exam one should switch over to some other activity.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения и запомните значения выделен­ ных слов.

A.1. When the first self-propelled vehicles appeared, measures were taken to limit their speed in many countries. 2. His having measured the distance will enable him to calculate the intensity of light. 3. The universal system of measures and weights was worked out by the French Academy of Science in 1791. 4. The distance from the North Pole to the Equator was measured, one-fourth was taken and divided into ten million equal parts. One of these parts was called a «measure» or «a meter».

B.1. One of the earliest ideas to propel a vehicle using mechan­ ical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. 2. Having used a steamdriven engine a French engineer built a three-wheeled vehicle for two passengers. 3. At the end of the 19th century the use of cars was still very limited. 4. Constant efforts are made to use standard com­ ponents for the cars. 5. The use of multi-cylinder engines greatly increased the speed of cars. 6. N. Otto having used the gasoline en­ gine, motor cars got the standard shape and appearance.

С1. Many times Alexander Bell wanted to stop his experi­ ments being unable to get any results. 2. Since ancient times people dreamt of flying. 3. Four times five is equal to twenty. 4. There is much more lithium on the earth than zinc, 130 times more than cadmium. 5. The magnesium-lithium alloy is 1.5 times lighter than aluminium and 4.5 times lighter than iron.

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Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения и запомните различные значе­ ния as.

1. People no longer think of the radio and television as some­ thing fantastic. 2. It was necessary to lay cables across the Atlantic Ocean as there was no radio or satellites at that time. 3. Rocket launching, concerts, football and tennis matches can be seen on TV as they occur. 4. As the operation of integrated circuits depends on microscopic components, the purity of all materials at the plant must be very high. 5. One can see that there is no principal differ­ ence between iron and copper as conductors. 6. President T. Jeffer­ son offered his personal library as the basis for the national library. 7. It is difficult for the first-year students to study at the institute as they do not know yet how to organize their work and time. 8. No system of the past was as simple as the metric system. 9. Such metals as iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more magnetic than any other known substances. 10. Cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen are used to cool the aircraft surface. 11. Metallurgists are trying to make composite materials as strong and light as possible. 12. Measures must be taken to keep Moscow air as clean as possible. 13. Engi­ neers are working at the problem of making computers as small as possible.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, учитывая различные значения предлога by.

1. It should be said that according to estimates the production of materials in space is to bring 60 billion dollars by 2030. 2. The best way to study before the exam is by changing one's activity ev­ ery 30 minutes. 3. The first self-propelled vehicle in Russia was made by Kulibin in the 18-th century. 4. Driving a new Japanese car a driver will find his way even in Sahara by switching over to a navigation Earth satellite. 5. By 1960 the number of cars in the world has reached 60 million. 6. A driver may avoid collisions on the road by using a radar system. 7. Newton's great work «Principia» was published by Halley, the famous astronomer, who paid his own money for it. 8. The cosmonauts were told to increase their daily exercises by 30 minutes.

Упражнение 6. A. Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.

а new form of supersonic transport, prospective model, elon­ gated fuselage, without horizontal stabilizer, cover the distance, less than two hours, overall length, overall aircraft weight, at high velocities, lower atmosphere, the skin is heated, the only way out,

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one of the ways, combined engines, combined with, as economical as possible.

единственный выход, комбинированные двигатели, менее двух часов, без горизонтального стабилизатора, нижние слои атмосферы, один из путей, удлиненный фюзеляж, общий вес самолета, обшивка нагревается, на больших скоростях, общая длина, как можно более экономично, перспективная модель, новый вид сверхзвукового транспорта, в сочетании с, покры­ вать расстояние.

в. Переведите словосочетания.

today's aircraft, ordinary aircraft, ordinary aircraft windows, passenger liner, future superliners of such a class, reliable hyper­ sonic plane, look like a rocket, five times above the speed of sound, diameter of the fuselage, the front of the cabin, the skin is heated to a very high temperature, highly economical engines, new genera­ tion model.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение 7. Образуйте и переведите производные слова согласно об­ разцу:

прилагательное или существительное + ize/ise = глагол special — специальный -> specialize — специализировать(ся)

computer, ideal, crystal, central;

префикс over- (сверх-; пере-)

to heat — нагревать --> to overheat — перегревать production, active, grow, estimate.

Упражнение 8. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова,

aviation, airplane, project, passenger, liner, model ['modi], fu­ selage ['fju:zila:3], horizontal stabilizer ['steibilaize], rocket, dis­ tance, meter ['mi:ta], diameter [dai'aemite], cabin, technological, problem, thermodynamics ['Gaimeudai'naemiks], aerodynamics ['sereudai'naemiks], per cent, efficiency [I'fijensi], extreme [iks4ri:m], temperature ['tempri^e], cryogenic ['kraiedsenik].

Упражнение 9. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.

supersonic ['sju:p9'sonik], hypersonic ['haipe'sonik], Paris ['paeris], Tokyo [49ukj9u], plane [plein], hours ['auez], reliable [ri'laiabi], combined [kem'baind], engine ['endsin], heat-insulat-

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