Файл: English e-version.pdf

ing [hi:t 'insjuleitir\], extreme [iks'tri.m], generate ['cfeenereit], generation, in general, require [ri'kwaie], fuel [fjuel], liquid ['likwid], hydrogen ['haidridjen], surface ['se:fis], vaporize [Veiperaiz], inject [iri'djekt], combustion [кешЪлз^еп], chamber ['feimbe], percentage [pe'senticfe].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

apart from — помимо, кроме way out — выход

Text 8А

Прочитайте текст по абзацам и озаглавьте их. Назовите основные проб­ лемы, рассмотренные в каждом абзаце. Скажите, какие абзацы можно объ­ единить под одним заглавием. Переведите текст.

А New Era for Aircraft

Aviation experts expect that today's aircraft will begin to be re­ placed with some new form of supersonic transport in a few years' time. A 21st century hypersonic aircraft may open a new age of air­ craft design.

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The designers of this country displayed the project of such a su­ personic passenger liner among the prospective models at one of the latest Aerospace Salon held on the old Le Bourget airfield^ in Paris. An elongated fuselage with a sharp nose and without a hori­ zontal stabilizer makes it look more like a rocket. The speed matches the looks^. This plane will fly at a speed five to six times above the speed of sound, e.g., it will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. The diameter of the fu­ selage will be 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters, with the cabin accomodating 300 passengers. The future supeфlanes of such a class will have no windows, but the passengers can enjoy^ watch­ ing the panorama of the Earth on the TV monitor at the front of the cabin. They will fly so fast that ordinary aircraft windows would make the structure too weak to withstand the stresses at such a speed. At high velocities the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is so great that the skin is heated to very high temperature. The only way out is to fly higher. Therefore, airliners' routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere.

In general, to build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to over­ come a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties. Apart from creating highly economical combined engines and heatinsulating materials^, designers have to make such an amount of thermodynamic computations that can't be performed without using supercomputers. One of the ways to make planes as economi­ cal as possible is lightening the aircraft by substituting new com­ posite materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting for^ less than 5 per cent of the overall aircraft weight now, the percentage of composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation models. An extensive use of new materials combined with better aerodynamics and engines will allow increasing fuel efficiency by one-third^.

Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmo­ sphere friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated cooling measures. One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as liquid hydrogen, as both coolants^ and propellants. The fuel flow­ ing through the aircraft's skin would cool the surfaces as it vapor­ izes before being injected into combustion chamber.

In addition, specialists in many countries are currently working on new propeller engines considered much more economical and less noisy than jets. The only disadvantage is that propeller planes fly slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been announced that specialists succeeded in^ solving this problem. As a result a ventilator engine with a propeller often fibre-glass blades has been built, each being five meters long. It will be mounted in the experi­ mental passenger plane.

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Notes to the Text

1.Le Bourget airfield -- аэропорт Jle Бурже

2.the looks — внешний вид

3.can enjoy — с удовольствием (здесь)

4.heat-insulating materials — теплоизолирующие материалы

5.accounting for — составляя

6.by one-third — на одну треть

7.coolant — охлаждающая жидкость

8.succeeded in — удалось

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст 8А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. What aircraft was displayed in Paris? 3. What are the characteristics of the new liner? 4. What are the difficulties in building a hypersonic plane?

Упражнение 11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 8А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.

1. Today's aircraft will be replaced with a new form of super­ sonic transport in a few years' time. 2. The new hypersonic aircraft that looks like a rocket will cover the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. 3. The future superliner of this class will have large windows that will allow passengers to watch the panorama of the Earth. 4. Airliner's routes will mainly lie in the stratosphere because the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is too great. 5. Designers can easily make all the necessary thermody­ namic calculations to build a reliable hypersonic plane. 6. It is pos­ sible to lighten the aircraft by substituting conventional metal alloys for new composite materials. 7. Cryogenic fuels are used as both coolants and propellants. 8. The great advantage of propeller planes is that they fly faster than jet planes.

Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте 8А герундий (см. 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы).

Упражнение 13. Найдите герундий в функции обстоятельства, переведи­ те предложения.

1. Flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo on board a new supersonic craft will take two hours. 2. On examining the car before starting on a long journey a driver can be sure that he will get to his destination without accidents. 3. By summing up the information about the speed and distance of various objects on the road, the computer de-

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tects all possible dangers. 4. A superliner of a new kind will be capa­ ble of flying at five times above the speed of the sound. 5. The only way of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities is fly­ ing higher. 6. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for com­ pressing the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. 7. In the future, in switching over to the new Earth satel­ lite a driver can be sure of coming safely to his destination. 8. Cryo­ genic fuels will vaporize before being injected into combustion chamber. 9. In flowing over the aircraft's surface the fuel cools its skin. 10. On reaching its cruising speed the supersonic liner will fly at 100,000 feet above the Earth. 11. By using supercomputers it is possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated ther­ modynamic computations. 12. A new carburetor offers easier start­ ing in cold weather. 13. By using the automatic guidance system a driver will be able to make long journeys without concentrating on the road conditions. 14. It is impossible to solve economic prob­ lems without using the achievements of the scientific and techno­ logical progress.

Упражнение 14. Найдите герундий в парах предложений, переведите их.

1. Overcoming these difficulties is not so easy as it may seem. Overcoming these difficulties the designers can increase the fuel ef­ ficiency. 2. Setting a problem the scientist makes the first step to its solution. Setting a problem is the first step to its solution. 3. Cover­ ing the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours this superliner develops a speed five times above the speed of sound. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow on board a superliner requires about two hours. 4. Putting the discov­ ery into practice the engineers will solve a complicated technologi­ cal task. Putting the discovery into practice sometimes requires more effort than making it.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 15. Образуйте прилагательные от глаголов или существи­ тельных по образцу:

move — двинуть, двигаться -» movable — подвижный comfort, change, compare, control, program, measure.

Упражнение 16. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова.

reliable, elongate, percentage, stabilizer, stabilize, prospective, carrier, brilliant, relativity, intelligent, intelligence, assistance, fu-

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selage, mainly, encircle, departure, statement, hypersonic, liner, horizontal, powerful.

Упражнение 17. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.

конструктор — design, designer, to design стабилизировать — stabilizer, stability, stabilize самый последний — latest, late, later эффективный — efficient, efficiency, efficiently

характеристика, работа — perform, performing, performance надежно — reliable, reliability, reliably

немыслимый — thinking, thinkable, unthinkable невесомость — weightlessness, weightless, weight

Упражнение 18. Определите, синонимами или антонимами являются приведенные пары слов.

advantage — disadvantage; to remain — to stay; reliable — un­ reliable; fast — slow; apart from — besides, in addition; capable — incapable; to begin — to start; liquid — solid; to cool ~ to heat; possible — impossible; weak -- strong; to build — to break; aircraft

— plane; engine — motor.

Упражнение 19. Переведите выделенные слова и словосочетания, запом­ ните их.

1. At higher schools specialization generally begins in the third year. 2. Nowadays we generally have computers at every plant. 3. This doesn't improve the speed of transport vehicles in general and that of an automobile in particular. 4. The general principles of the design of new transport machines in general and diesel locomotives in particular can be found in the new magazine. 5. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion opera­ tions a second will become available in the near future. 6. Because of the extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction a craft will require protection. 7.The generation of electric power in­ creases every year.

Упражнение 20. Определите, какой частью речи является в предложении выделенное слово. Переведите.

1. Television has а great number of uses nowadays. 2. This car uses a new sensor mechanism. 3. A. Bell wanted to build a mecha­ nism that people could use to talk to one another over long dis­ tances. 4. The new material can be applied in manufacturing components much smaller than those in use today. 5. The Library of Congress serves not only Members of the Congress, but re-

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searchers and scientists who use it. 6. In Russian universities there is no charge for the use of reading rooms, laboratories and libraries. 7. Measures to keep Moscow's air clean are important components of our ecological programme. 8. A thermometer is a device that measures temperature. 9. Computers can do many things, they can control machines in factories, cars on roads, play chess and so on. 10. Computers control nearly everything we do in the modern world. 11. Today dirigibles are equipped with electronic controls.

Упражнение 21. Выберите правильный глагол из приведенных в скобках.

1. The car has ... (brought, brought about) mobility to millions of people, but at the same time polluted the atmosphere. 2. The scientific and technological achievements ... (brought, brought about) great changes in people's life and work. 3. A lot of people came to ... (look at, look for) a new invention, the television set, at the World Fair in New York. 4. It was necessary ... (to look at, to look for) a more reliable method of calculation. 5. The airplane «Ruslan» can ... (carry, carry out) up to 150 tons. 6. Research is be­ ing ... (carried, carried out) for developing new composite materi­ als to lighten aircraft structure.

Упражнение 22. Заполните пропуски предлогами by, with, for, at, in.

The steam was invented ... James Watt, who worked ... many years before he could make the instruments ... which he perfected his machine. ... first he worked ... primitive tools so he could not make his engine well-regulated. The old machine was kept going ...

a boy who stood by it and let... the air... means of which the steam was condensed at every revolution. ... this machine, though it was imperfect, some work was done and it had been used ... a large mine-owner (шахтовладелец) to pump out the water. The first ef­ ficient steam-engine was made ... a Birmingham firm and it was soon used...nearly every manufacturer. The revolution in industry made ... this machine was extremely great.

Упражнение 23. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их. held, flown, overcome, withstanding, lain, flow, burnt.

Упражнение 24. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.

«Even the birds aren't flying today» is an old saying used to in­ dicate that the weather for flying is extremely bad. And for man nothing has a greater effect on flying than the weather. And be­ cause of its changing so quickly and without warning an extensive

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network of weather stations has been set up for helping the pilots get all the information about weather. Before flying pilots may get current weather information on changing conditions along their route or at their destination. The weather reporting system helps overcoming many difficulties in flying. In winter, e.g., icing can cause the reduction of lift efficiency of airplane by changing the flow of air. Pilot's being informed about the weather allows him to avoid weather problems. The weather being too bad, pilots just stay on the ground like any wise (опытный) bird.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What kind of aircraft may begin a new age in aviation? (a hy­ personic passenger liner) 2. What is the shape of the new liner? (an elongated fuselage with a sharp nose) 3. What distance can the new liner cover in less than two hours? (the distance between Tokyo and Moscow) 4. What are the main problems of building a reliable hy­ personic liner? (developing an economical engine and new heat in­ sulating materials combined with better aerodynamics) 5. What is one of the ways to make a hypersonic liner as economical as possi­ ble? (using new composite materials) 6. What will be used for cool­ ing a hypersonic craft? (cryogenic fuels) 7. What combined engine was developed? (a ventilator propeller engine)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

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