Non – Finite Forms of the Verb

Неособові форми дієслова

The Participle

Дієприкметник

Дієприкметник (the participle ) – це не особова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова, прикметника і прислівника.

Форми дієприкметника

	Participle I	Participle II	Perfect Participle
Active	writing	-	having written
Passive	being written	written	having been written

Функції дієприкметника

Дієприкметник в реченні може бути 1) обставиною, 2) означенням,

3) частиною присудка.

I. Означення (Attribute )
1. They saw a smiling girl.	Вони бачили усміхаючу дівчинку. Вони бачили дівчинку, яка посміхається.
2. A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation always corrects it.	Вчитель, бачачи помилку в диктанті студента, завжди виправляє її. Вчитель, який бачить помилку в диктанті студента, завжди виправляє її.
3. The building of the new cinema being built in our street just now is of modern design.	Будівля нового кінотеатру, яка будується зараз, сучасного дизайну.
4. The described method is very effective.	Описаний метод дуже ефективний.
5. The method used depends on the selected material.	Використаний метод залежить від обраного матеріалу.
II. Обставина (Adverbial Modifier )
1. He spent the whole day preparing for his exam.	Він провів весь день, готуючись до екзамену.
2. Listening to the tapes you will greatly improve your pronunciation.	Слухаючи записи, ви значно покращите свою вимову.
3. While (when) translating this article he came across many difficulties.	Перекладаючи (коли він перекладав) цю статтю, він зустрівся з багатьма труднощами.
4. Being invited he said he would not come to our evening party.	Коли його запросили, він сказав, що не прийде на наш вечір.
5. Having done the job, we decided to rest a little.	Зробивши роботу, ми вирішили трохи відпочити.
6. Having been restored the building looked very fine.	Після того як будівлю від- реставрували, вона чудово вигляділа.
7. When translated this article was sent to the editor.	Після того як статтю переклали, її відправили редактору.
III. Частина присудка (Part of the Predicate)
1. He is reading now.	Він читає зараз.
2. I have seen this film.	Я вже бачила цей фільм.
3. Newspapers are brought in the morning.	Газети звичайно приносять вранці.

Exercise1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Having graduated from the Institute, my brother decided to go to work in the Far East. 2. Having looked through a lot of magazines, she chose only one. 3. The man left the room saying that he was in a hurry. 4. Not having bought tickets in advance, we had to go to the theatre long before the performance started. 5. Having entered the room, he introduced himself to all those present. 6. Having finished the test, the students were allowed to leave the room. 7. Having spent a month in the country, she looked much better. 8. The man making a report is a good speaker. 9. When asked about the exhibition held in the Picture Gallery, the young man said that he had admired it greatly. 10. Being fond of skiing John always joins us fro skiing trips at week-ends. 11. The performance begun at six ended at eleven. 12. Having been given all the instructions, we begun our work. 13. Being a boy the artist was fond of painting his friends’ portraits. 14. If sent away now, the letter will arrive the day after tomorrow. 15. Being pleased with the student’s answer the examiner did not ask him any more questions. 16. Not knowing grammar one cannot speak correctly. 17. Having been tested the device was put into production.

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Exercise 2. Define the part of the speech and function of words with –ed in the following sentences:

1. They published the results of the experiments completed. 2. The factory museum contained about 8000 exhibits collected during two centuries. 3. He described the method used by this engineer. 4. The engineer used the method described in this article. 5. The paintings discussed attracted the attention of many visitors. 6. His personality was reflected in his art. 7. He reflected these events in his paintings. 8. The lecture was followed b by a long discussion.

Exercise3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Participle I and the Participle II.

1. a) A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Odesa tomorrow. b) He saw some people in the post office sending telegrams. c) When sending the telegram, she forgot to write her name. 2. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important. b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian. c) While putting the eggs into the basket, she broke one of them. 3. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live. b) A person taking a sunbath must be very careful. c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text. 4. a) A line seen through this crystal looks double. b) A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation always corrects it. c). Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the girl cried: “Fire!” 5. a) The word said by the student was not correct. b) The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician. c) Standing at the window, she was waving her hand.

The Absolute Participle Construction

Незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот

Participle I і Participle II у реченні утворюють складну конструкцію - незалежний дієприкметниковий зворот . Цей зворот складається з іменника в загальному відмінку або особового займенника в називному відмінку і дієприкметника. В цій конструкції дієприкметник має «свій» підмет. Цей підмет не є підметом всього речення.

Якщо зворот займає 0 місце в реченні, тобто стоїть на початку речення, то він перекладається підрядним обставинним реченням за допомогою сполучників : коли, якщо , тому що, після того як.
It being dark, we switched on the light.	Тому що було темно, ми ключили світло.
Якщо зворот стоїть на 4 місці, тобто наприкінці речення, то він перекладається простим реченням в складі складнопідрядного речення за допомогою сполучників: а, але, і, або безсполучниковим реченням.
We had a good time during the holidays, the weather being fine all the time.	Ми провели добре час під час канікул, погода була чудова.

Exercise4. Translate into Ukrainian:

1. The rain having stopped, we could continue your way. 2. My father being very ill, I had to call a doctor. 3. The weather being favorable, we shall start on a skiing trip. 4. The text was not very difficult, many words having been learnt before. 5. The project finished, I submitted it to the Commission. 6. The conditions of work improved, we could continue our experiments. 7. The research work fulfilled, we decided to publish the results. 8. My friends living far, I seldom see them. 9. There being no vacant seats, I had to stand during the lecture. 10. There being nothing to do, we went for a walk. 11. We can see a lot of new blocks everywhere, each having dozens of flats with all modern conveniences. 12. There being a great deal of people in the hall, we could not enter. 13. The signal given, the train started. 14. The necessary building materials and equipment received, the workers could continue their work. 15. There many long rivers in Ukraine, some of them being among the longest in the world.

Exercise5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Participle I and II. Find out the sentences containing the absolute participial construction.

1. The translated article was very interesting. The article being translated by this student is necessary for he report. Having been translated the article was published. Having translated the article, the student showed it to the teacher. The article translated, we decided to show it to the engineer.

2. Visiting art exhibitions people can admire art works of world artists. Having visited the art exhibition, the students organized a discussion. The art exhibition having been visited by a great deal of people, we were sure of its success.

3. He was given a very difficult text for translation. The text given to him at the examination was very difficult. Being occupied in his work he did not notice when we entered the room. The text being interesting, we translated it with pleasure.

4. The key having been found, we could open the room. Having found the work interesting, I decided to take part in it.

5. The letter having come too late, we could do nothing. People coming to St. Petersburg admire its architectural ensembles.

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The Gerund

Герундій

Герундій (the gerund) – це не особова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова і іменника.

Форми герундія

	Indefinite	Perfect
Active	asking	having asked
Passive	being asked	having been asked

Exercise1. Read and pay attention to the translation of Gerund forms.

1. I am fond of reading.	1. Я люблю читати.
2. I am not fond of being read to.	2. Я не люблю, коли мені читають.
3. I remember having read the book.	3. Я пам’ятаю, що читав цю книгу.
4. I remember having been read the letter.	4. Я пам’ятаю, що мені читали цей лист.

Функції герундія в реченні

1. Підмет (Subject) Drawing is his hobby.	Малювання – його хобі.
2. Частина присудка (Part of the Predicate) My favourite occupation is reading.	Моє улюблене заняття – читати.
3. Додаток (Object) I don’t like getting up early. He insisted on adopting the new plan.	Я не люблю прокидатись рано. Він наполягав на прийнятті нового плану.
4. Означення (Attribute) He never missed an opportunity of listening to this singer.	Він ніколи не уникав можливості послухати цього співака.
5. Обставина (Adverbial Modifier) The hall was used for dancing. In spite of being tired we continued our way. It is impossible to know English well without reading books in the original.	Зал використовувався для танців. Незважаючи на втому, ми продовжували свій шлях. Неможливо добре знати англійську мову, не читаючи книг в оригіналі.

Запам’ятайте! Герундій вживається після деяких дієслів, словосполучень та складених прийменників:

Would you mind …	Будьте ласкаві …
I do not mind …	Я не заперечую …
It is worth …	Варто (щось зробити ) …
I cannot help …	Я не можу не …
to succeed in …	досягати …
to fail …	зазнати невдачі …
to insist on …	наполягати …
to prevent from …	перешкоджати …
to be afraid of …	боятися …
to be sure of …	бути впевненим …
to be surprised at …	дивуватися …
due to …	завдяки …
in spite of …	не зважаючи на …
instead of …	замість того, щоб …

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the gerund:

1. Ring up before leaving home. 2. He left London without informing us about it. 3. Would you mind bringing me a glass of water. 4. He doesn’t like being interrupted. 5. After returning to Manchester he resumed his work. 6. Upon passing his exams, he was accepted to the Academy. 7. He solved the problem by inventing a new kind of plastic. 8. You won’t get any idea of his progress without comparing the results of the tests. 9. He left the room without saying good-bye. 10. It is impossible to discuss a picture without seeing or having seen it. 11. He must not come to the party without being invited. 12. He failed entering the University. 13. He succeeded in mastering his speciality. 14. The introduction of the new method resulted in raising the productivity. 15. She is afraid of telling you the truth. 16. Instead of having been sent yesterday, the letter is still on the table. 17. I can’t help thinking about it. 18. We were told that the exhibition was worth seeing. 19. In spite of being tired he continued working. 20. The artist succeeded in revealing the inner world of his sitter.

The Gerundial Complex

Герундіальний зворот

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Іменник у присвійному відмінку (student's)/ загальному відмінку, + герундій присвійний займенник(my, your, her, him, its, our, their)

I heard of your friend’s having accepted our offer.	Я чув, що ваш товариш прийняв нашу пропозицію.
Her being sent on business is quite unexpected to us.	Те, що її відправляють до відрядження, для нас зовсім несподівано.

Exercise2. Translate the following sentences containing the gerundial complex:

1. His being sent to London was quite unexpected to us. 2. I like your being attentive in class. 3. I did not know of your having been so deeply impressed by my words. 4. Excuse my interrupting you. 5. Excuse my having interrupting you. 6. We know nothing of his having published the article. 7. We were sure of the bridge having been destroyed during the stormy night. 8. We thought of their improving methods of production. 9. We have never heard of his having belonged to this scientific society. 10. I knew nothing of your having made the report. 11. His asking for help entirely changes the situation.

The Gerund and the Participle I

The Gerund	The Participle I
В функції означення
There are two ways of translating this gerund construction. Є два шляхи перкладу цього герундіального звороту.	The man translating this article knows English well. Людина, яка перекладає цю статтю, знає англійську мову добре.
В функції обставини
After reading this book the students organized a discussion. Після прочитання (прочитав) цієї книжки, студенти організували дискусію.	While reading this book he came across many inetersting expressions. Коли він читав книжку, він зустрів багато цікавих виразів.

Exercise3. Translate the following sentences. Decide what part of speech underlined words belong to:

1. I remember having met him in the south. 2. Having met the dean in the corridor, we told him the news. 3. He thanked her for her coming. 4. Upon coming to our party, he sang us some new English songs. 5. When coming into the hall I saw a group of people standing in the middle. 6. I don’t like writing letters. 7. The conference taking place in Liverpool is devoted to the problems of design. 8. The experiment being demonstrated, all the students watched it attentively. 9. The street leading to our house is very wide. 10. I heard of your sister’s having been sent abroad. 11. The architectural monuments are being restored. 12. While traveling one sees a lot of interesting things. 13. He prefers painting in oil. 13. He was against giving me an interview. 14. We knew of his having been pleased with our compositions. 15. Learning foreign language helps us to know better our native one. 16. Entering the Reading Room of the British Museum for the first time the visitor is struck by its unusual round shape. 17. A building containing a collection of books is called a library.

The Infinitive

Інфінітив

Інфінітив (the infinitive) – це не особова форма дієслова, яка тільки називає дію і відповідає на запитання що робити?, що зробити?

Форми інфінітива

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect
Active	to write	to be writing	to have written
Passive	to be written	-	to have been written

Exercise1. Read and pay attention to the translation of Gerund forms.

1. I like to invite my friends to the theatre.	Я люблю запрошувати своїх друзів до театру.
2. I like to be invited to the theatre.	Я люблю, коли мене запрошують до театру.
3. I am happy to have been invited to the theatre.	Я щасливий, бо мене запросили до театру.

Функції інфінітива в реченні

I. Підмет (Subject) To read is useful. To fulfill this plan is not an easy task.	Читати – корисно. Виконати цей план – задача нелегка.
II. Частина складеного присудка (Part of the Predicate) His dream was to become an artist. He cannot read English. We have to go there immediately.	Його мрією було стати художником. Він не вміє читати на англійській мові. Ми повинні йти туди негайно.
III. Додаток (Object) He likes to read. I want to be invited to the conference. We are glad to have seen you.	Він любить читати. Я хочу, щоб мене запросили на конференцію. Ми раді, що навідали вас.
IV. Обставина (Adverbial Modifier) I am waiting to be told the results. To master English you must work hard.	Я чекаю, щоб мені повідомили результати. Ви повинні наполегливо працювати, щоб оволодіти англійською мовою.
V. Означення (Object) It was a difficult problem to solve. Mozhaisky A. F. was the first to invent a plane. This is the article to be published in our magazine. Here is a good house to live in.	Це була складна проблема, яку потрібно було вирішити. Можайський А.Ф. був першим, хто винайшов літак. Ось стаття, яка повинна бути опублікована в нашому журналі. Ось будинок, в якому добре жити.

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Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the infinitive:

1. To see is to believe. 2. To swim in the Black Sea was a real pleasure. 3. We had to change the time of our meeting. 4. He wants to accept our offer. 5. He wants to be accepted to the institute. 6. He is happy to have been accepted to the Academy. 7. To produce a great number of excellent consumer goods, meeting the requirements of the population, is the task of our light industry. 8. I am sorry to have interrupted you. 9. To resume meetings of our circle we have to speak to the dean. 10. This is the problem to be solved as soon as possible. 11. That was a nice seaside place to spend the holidays. 12. I need a pen to write with. 13. Lomonosov was the first to use the Russian language in scientific books. 14. She was the last to speak at the meeting. 15. We were the first to ring him up and to tell the news. 16. He told us nothing about his plan of research work to be carried out next year. 17. I have something interesting to tell you. 18. There was nothing interesting at the exhibition to attract our attention. 19. To master this speciality one must work hard. 20. In order to improve the drawing skill one must draw every day. 21. A certain temperature must be kept in picture galleries to preserve paintings. 22. To come to my office in time I must leave at 7.30. 23. To greet the teacher the students stand up when the teacher enters the classroom.

The Objective Infinitive Complex

Об’єктний інфінітивний зворот

Підмет	+ присудок	+ додаток	+ інфінітив
He Він	wanted хотів	me щоб я	to read прочитала	this book. цю книжку
We Ми	know знаємо	Her що вона	to be є	a good actress. хороша актриса.
I Я	heard чув	Him як він	come. прийшов.

Дієслова, після яких інфінітив вживається з часткою to	Дієслова, після яких інфінітив вживається без частки to
to want to expect to wish to find to desire to consider should(would) like to think	to see to watch to observe to notice to hear to feel to make (змушувати)

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences:

1. I want you describe her appearance. 2. He wants me to design a monument to this famous general. 3. They want us to celebrate the anniversary of the foundation of our town. 4. We should like them to increase the production of consumer goods. 5. We wish our consumer goods to meet the requiremets of the population. 6, I wish my sister to listen to the weather forecast. 7. They wish the article to be published next month. 8. We know him to have been an excellent portrait painter. 9. We know Kramskoy to succeed in understanding and revealing the deep inner worldof the poet. 10. She did not expect me to estimate the significance of his work. 11. I did not expect her toarrive so quickly. 12. We expected them to come to the same decision. 13. When do you expect her to submit her project? 14. We believe her to earn her own living herself. 15. We believed them to have changed the plan. 16. We know Kramskoy to be the inspirer and organizer of the Peredvizhniki movement. 17. We knew the report to have consisted of two parts. 18. We cosider Lomonosov to be the founder of the Russian literary language. 19. He considered himself to be the happiest man when he got an opportunity to attend our party. 20. We found them to be inetersetd in the problem. 21. Everybody found the hall to be a nice place for dancing. 22. We saw the car stop at the door. 23. Nobody noticed him leave the room. 24. We watched them dancing. 25. They felt him tell the truth. 26. He made us prepare short reports on current events. 27. I heard him being told that he was wromg. 28. We know him to be an ardent fighter for truth in art. 29. We heard of the work being comparatevely difficult.

The Subjective Infinitive Complex

Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот

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