Підмет	+ присудок	+ додаток	+ інфінітив
She	was believed Вважали,		to have arrived що вона приїхала	On Sunday. в неділю.
They He	seem Здається, is said Кажуть,	вони добре що він	to know знають to be writing пише	the subject well. цей предмет. a novel. роман.

Присудок в реченнях із суб'єктним зворотом може бути виражений дієсловами:
а) в пасивному стані: is said - кажуть is expected - очікують (сподіваються) is known - відомо (як відомо) is reported - повідомляють (повідомляється) is considered - вважають (вважається) is believed - думають is supposed - припускають is proved - доведено is found - встановлено	б) в активному стані: seem happen prove здається appear is likely - мабуть is unlikely - малоймовірно (навряд чи) is sure - неодмінно

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences:

A.

1. This river is believed to be suitable for navigation. 2. The river Thames is known to divide the city into two parts. 3. Many famous generals and admirals are said to have been buried inside the Cathedral. 4. This ancient Cathedral is considered to have been designed by an outstanding English architect. 5. This monument is considered to have been erected as early as the 11^th century. 6. Strength of materials is considered to be a difficult subject. 7. Sports events are reported to have aroused great interest and to have attracted a lot of spectators. 8. The trade union conference to be held next month is reported to be attended by many foreign guests. 9. This factory is known to produce modern furniture. 10. Wood is regarded to be the oldest material used in engineering structures. 11. English is considered to belong to a branch of Germanic family of languages.

B.

1. The Gulf Stream, a warm oceanic current, flowing in the north-west of the island is considered to influence the climate in Britain most of all. 2. The eastern part of the island is considered to be drier and cooler due to the nearness to the continent. 3. From the west the British Isles are known to be washed by the Atlantic Ocean. 4. The seas surrounding the island are supposed to be quite shallow. 5. Many new districts are known to have appeared in Kyiv lately. 6. Great sums of money are likely to have been spent on the research work in this branch of science. 7. The success of the exhibition is likely to surpass all expectations. 8. His progress is thought to have surpassed all imagination. 9. He is sure to have done his best to find out the address. 10. The plane is sure to be the quickest means of transport.

C.

1. The exhibition proved to be a success. 2. He proved to be a talented composer. 3. The current in the river seems to be slow. 4. The winter fogs in London seem to be simply awful. 5. The Lake District appears to be the most beautiful and the wettest part of Great Britain. 6. This church appears to be made of wood. 7. The letter is unlikely to reach him in time. 8. My watch is likely to be five minutes fast. 9. He is sure to have been influenced by them. 10. He seems not to understand the importance of this event. 11. He is sure to display his great abilities of composing music.

The Complex Sentence

Складнопідрядне речення

Типи підрядних речень

Підрядні речення підметові підрядні присудков підрядні додаткові		Сполучники: That, whether, Сполучні займенники: Who, what, which Сполучні прислівники: When, where, how, why	That he has made a mistake is strange. Дивно, що він допустився помилки. That is why I have come to you. Ось чому я прийшов до вас. We did not know what had happened. Ми не знали, що трапилось.
Підрядні означальні		Відносні займенники: Whom, which Відносні прислівники: When, where, how, why	The man who was here yesterday is our director. Чоловік, який був тут вчора, наш директо .
Підрядні обставини часу		Сполучиики: When, as soon as, while, as,after, before, till, untill	When we arrived at the port, the steamer was being loaded with grain. Коли ми приїхали до порту, пароплав вантажили пшеницею.
місця		Where, wherever	Wherever he went, he was welcome. Де б він не ходив, його скрізь радо зустрічали.
причини		Because, by reason, so, as, since	I believe you because I know you. Я вірю вам, бо знаю вас.
мети		In order to,( that), for, (so) that, lest	Write to him at once so that he may know our plans. Напиши йому зараз же, щоб він знав про наші плани.
умови		If, unless, provided	He won’t finish his work in time unless he works hard. Він не закінчить свою роботу вчасно, якщо не буде працювати старанно.
допусто вості		Even ,though,although, despite that	Tired as they were, they continued to work. Хоч які вони були стомлені, продовжували працювати.
Способу дії та порівняння	Than, as…as, as if, the more .. the better		I shall do as I like. Я робитиму так, як мені подобається. I couldn’t have done any more than they did. Я не міг зробити більше, ніж вони.
наслідку		So that	He went to the lecture early so that he got a good seat. Він пішов на лекцію рано, тому зайняв зручне місце.

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Exercise 1. Analyse the sentences. State the type of subordinate clause.

1. What she wanted was sea air. 2. I knew that you would understand me. 3. The village where he was born has changed very much. 4. I was there before I came here. 5. Since you feel tired, you should rest. 5. The more I see of the world, the more I am dissatisfied. 6. Which side wins does not concern us here. 7. I asked if she saw the lock. 8. He looked at the watch that lay on the table. 9. After she was out of sight, he turned and entered the house. 10. That is why I have come to you.

Exercise 2. Analyse the sentences. State the type of subordinate clause.

1. He wondered what they would try on him this time. 2. She was beginning to think that it was time which people left. 3. I hope you will let me know what happens. 4. She went into the kitchen to do the washing up, which she always did these days, carefully, before going to bed. 5. When Rose got home, she found her baby-sister Eileen had fallen asleep. 6. He did not see how she could possible be serious. 7. He looked at me as if I were a magician who could read his soul. 8. But what worried him much more was getting to Whitechapel. 9. After we had eaten and I had settled in I went for a walk in the afternoon. 10. I wonder where he is at this minute.

Conditional Sentences

Умовні речення

ТИП	ГОЛОВНЕ РЕЧЕННЯ	ПІДРЯДНЕ РЕЧЕННЯ
1-тип реальна умова 2-тип малоймовірна умова 3-тип нереальна умова	shall [will] + Indefinite Infinitive You will pass your exams successfully Ви складете екзамен успішно, Should ( would+could might) Indef. Infinitive You would pass your exams successfully Ви склали б екзамени успішно Should,would(could,might)+ Perfect Infinitive You would had passed your exams successfully Ви склали б екзамени успішно	Форма дієслова в Present Indefinite Tense if you study hard next year. якщо будете працювати наполегливо наступного року. Форма дієслова в Past Indefinite if you studied hard this year. якби працювали наполегливо цього року. Форма дієслова в Past Perfect if you had studied hard last year. якби ви працювали наполегливо минулого року.

Сполучники умовних речень If Provided Providing (that) – якщо, при умові Unless – якщо не In case – у випадку On condition (that) – при умові, що

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following sentences. Define the type.

1. We should invited him unless he left Greece. 2. If I had been you, I should have gone to the South during the winter holidays. 3. If I had free time, I should devote it to reading. 4. Provided she told me about it , I should believe her. 5. My report would be ready tomorrow provided I had all necessary materials. 6. If planes leaves in time, it will arrive in two hours. 7. Unless she had fallen ill, she could have taken part in this work. 8. Unless he attached importance to these words, he would not mention them in his task. 9. If it had not been so cold, we should have walked. 10. He would have finished his project unless he had been ill. 11. If I saw him, I could speak to him. 12. Provided he had gone there alone, he might not have found the place. 13. If it had not rained yesterday, we should have gone to the country. 14. If you ring me up, I shall tell you something. 15. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake.

Література

1. Верба Л.Г. Граматика сучасної англійської мови: [довідник] / Верба Л.Г., Верба Г.В. – К.: ВП Логос, 2005. – 341 с.

2. Дроздова Т.Ю. English Grammar: Reference and Practice: [Учебное пособие] / Т.Ю.Дроздова, А.И.Берестова, В.Г.Маилова. – Санкт – Петербург: Антология, 2004. – 400 с.

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3. Бурова З.И. Английский язык для гуманитарных специальностей вузов: [Учебн. для вузов] / Зоя Бурова. – М.: Высшая школа, 1987. – 463 с.

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