Файл: Л.А. Бердюгина Английский язык. Контрольные работы для студентов заочной формы обучения.pdf

VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. Without the computer space programs would be impossible and the 21st centuru would be impossible.

2.Translating the answer into simple numbers it tells the astronaut the attitude to which he must bring the spacecraft.

3.To simulate one or a hundred variants of the same theme is one of the computer’s greatest assets.

4.With computer programs you can have a series of problems.

5.You can get a computer model of a city and play out all the different effects.

ВАРИАНТ III

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. In the new age of exploration the computer is solving in milliseconds the problems a generation of mathematicians would need years to solve without its help.

2.It is necessary that the measurement should be accurate.

3.Architectures should provide adequate flexibility to support the growing trend to distributed systems.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The microprocessor is known to be the heart of a microcomputer.

2. Because of the small dimensions required, it is no longer possible to use conventional optical method to define the surface of an integrated circuit.

3. Using the same programs and machines as for resistors, capacitors and interconnections.

4.A personal computer is known to be a small computer based on a microprocessor .

5.No mathematician could prove this number to exist.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

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1. The structure of this material is as great as that of steel.

2. The structure of an integrated circuit is sure to be complex both in the topology of its surface and in its internal composition.

3. Since the devices are smaller, the number of devices is much greater.

IV. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите переведите 3,4, и 5-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTIRY OF COMPUTERS

1. Modern computers are known to have an enormous variety of sizes and shapes, ranging from the smallest personal computers to huge machines filling warehouse-sized rooms. Nearly one hundred fifty years ago there were no such things as computers-at least in the sense we are using the term now. The computer really did not come into existence until the 1830.

2.Some years after the war of 1812, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.

3.Dozens, even hundreds of clerks could not do this job. Having built a new device Babbage called it an analytical engine. He designed the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input use as early as the 1700 s by Bouchon and in the 1800s by Jacquard to control automatic looms. Babbage adapted the idea for his computer, and if has been with us ever since.

4.Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, substraction, multiplication, or division,it had its own “memory” and, because of this “stored program”, the machine could use different combinations and se-

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quences of these to suit the purposes of the operator. It became an autonomous machine.

5. The machine of his dreams was never realized in his lifetime. Yet Babbage’s idea didn’t die with him. Others made attempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century.

V. Прочтите текст и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

Whom was the first programmable computer invented by?

VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. Nearly two hundred fifty years ago there were no such things as computers.

2.The computer really did not come into existence until the 1830.

3.Having built a nen device Adison called it an analytical engine.

4.Karl Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations.

5.The machine of his dreams was realired in his tifetime.

ВАРИАНТ IV

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. If the size of a finite Universe were 10.23 kilometers in radius, our Universe would be said to be middle-aged.

2.One should be careful when working with chemical substances.

3.You should acquire certain skill before beginning the work you are so interested in.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. When developing computer technology we are facing a number of difficult problems.

2.The menu in conjunction with an electronic pen having been user, the user could enter the computer frequently.

3.In a conductor current is known to be carried by electrons.

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4.Computers designed to serve one limited, specific purpose are called spe- cial-purpose computers.

5.In order to shorten the time required to perform instructions, it is desirable to perform as many operations as possible.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. Both speed and memory depend mostly on word length.

2.Most digital computers applied in CAM are either minicomputers or microcomputers.

3.Because of the large energy gap the semiconductor has a high resistivity.

IV. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTIRY OF COMPUTERS

1. A relay computer is known to have been built in 1941 in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realizations of the Babbage’s dream. The logical operations of the computer were alterable by changing the interconnections among the relays. At the same time, in the United States, International Business Machines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harward University under the direction of prof. Aiken during the years from 1939 to 1944. The computer, called the Mark I Sequence – Controlled Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan project, which led toward the development of the atomic bomb.

2. The relay computer proved to have its problems. Since relays are electro mechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electro mag-

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nets and springs. They are slow as well as very noisy. They also consume a lot of power, if their contacts become dirty or corroded, they are unreliable.

3.The vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century, is considered to be the basis for the first computer revolution. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had neither moving parts nor at least mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, lasting hundreds of hours before failure.

4.Previously, computer designers could think only in terms of hundreds of calculations in a program to be run on a mechanical computer. Now they could easily conceive of programs with thousands of related computations using a vacuum-tube computer. The first vacuum-tube computer was built at Iowa State University at about the same time as the Mark I. It was called ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). From the ABC a number of vacuum tube digital computers evolved.

V. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

Where was the first vacuum-tube computer built?

VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. A relay computer is known to have been built in 1941 in Germany by Babbage.

2.The relay computer proved to have its problems.

3.The vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twenty first century is considered to be the basis for the first computer revolution.

4.Computer designers could think only in terms of hundreds of calculations in a program to be run on a mechanical computer.

5.The first relay computer was built at Iowa State University at about the same time as the Mark I.

ВАРИАНТ V

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.

1. It would be impossible to fabricate circuits with features less than one micron without using electron beams.

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2.If this device were of a better quality, no errors would appear on the screen.

3.You should increase the capacity of the computer.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. They worked hard to eliminate the mistakes in the program.

2.Having employed alloys instead of steel the designers reduced the cost of the device.

3.Using the most advanced methods, equipment and techniques for producing computers the firm has won high prestige in the world.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. Since the devices are smaller, the number of devices is much greater.

2.Processors for workstations are neither 20-bit nor 40-bit. They are either 16-bit, as used in personal computer, or 32-bit, as used in workstations.

3.Because of extraordinary technological development during the past decades, the term “computer” is becoming a household word.

IV. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

random access memory (RAM) - оперативное запоминающее

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

1. A splendid example of the first generation electronic computers is ENIAC (an acronym for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). ENIAC was over 90 tons and bulging into 3000 cubic feet and costing millions. Its 18 thousand vacuum tubes demanded 140 kilowatts of electrical power, enough

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to supply a block of buildings of respectable size. With its 16,000 bytes of random access memory and its 100-kilohertz clock, it was not quite up to the basic computer capability of modern computers. The programs operating the computers were established by physically changing the patterns of the wires interconnecting the vacuum tubes.

2.From the university laboratories the computer finally entered the wider world in 1951 with the delivery of the first UNIVACI (Universal Automatic Computer).

3.The next key element, the transistor, is known to have come into existence in 1948. The potential advantage of the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that of the vacuum tube over the relay. A transistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers, but the transistors use much less power, and they are considerably smaller. If the transistor hadn’t been invented in the late 1940s, developments in electronics would have taken place at a comparatively slow pace. With the transistor came the possibility of building computers with much greater complexity and speed.

4.The integrated circuit proved to be another major step in the growth of computer technology. Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of digital computers were the individual electrical switches, then vacuum tubes, then transistors. In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional discrete components such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors were required in order to make the whole system work.

Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination and integration of most of the components on the same chip of semiconductor containing the transistor. The chip is considered to be a crucial development in the accelerating pace of computer technology.

V.Прочтите 1-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What does ENIAC mean?

VI. Прочтите текст и укажите, какие высказывания являются неверными.

1. A splendid example of the second generation electronic computers is ENIAC.

2.The computer finally entered the wider world in 1951.

3.The integrated circuit is known to have come into existence in 1948.

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4.The transistors use much less power.

5.A transistor can switch flows of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers.

6.Until 1959 the fundamental logical components of analogue computers were the individual electrical switches.

Контрольная работа №6

ВАРИАНТ I

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

ARTIFICLAL INTELLIGENCE

1. Expert systems are a class of computer programs that can advise, analyse, design, diagnose, explain, explore, forecast, form concepts, identify, interpret, justify, learn, manage, monitor, plan, present, retrieve, schedule, test and tutor. They address problems normally thought to require human specialists for their solution. Some of these programs have achieved expert levels of performance on the problems for which they were designed.

2.Expert systems are usually developed with the help of human experts who solve specific problems and reveal their thought processes as they proceed. If this process of protocol analysis is successful, the computer program based on this analysis will be able to solve the narrowly defined problems as well as an expert.

3.Experts tyrically solve problems that are unstructured and ill-defined, usually in a setting that involves diagnosis or planning. They cope with the lack of structure by employing heuristics, which are the rules of thumb that people use to solve problems when a lask of time or understanding prevents an analysis of all the parameters involved. Likewise, expert systems employ programmed heuristics to solve problems.

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4. Experts engage in several different problems-solving activities: identify the problem, process data, generate questions, collect information, establish hypothesis space, group and differentiate, pursue and test hypothesis, explore and refine, ask general questions, amd make a decision. Experts system, like human experts can have both deep and surface representations of knowledge. Deep representations are causal models, categories abstractions and analogies. In such cases, we try to represent an understanding of structure and function. Surface representations

II. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письмено ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What problems do export systems usually solve?

ВАРИАНТ II

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

1. Management is the art or practice of managing a business, money, products and all the people by a company. In other words, to manage is to direct a set of activities on financial, technical, information resourses with the aim to achieve organizational goals in an effective manner. The word “management” is also used to determine people, who are in charge of a company, or an organization.

2. Successful management is likely to get things done through others, that is through the manager’s subbordinates. The main role of successful management can be summed up in the following words :“The system should work well, if we don’t have any exceptions.”

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