Файл: Н.Н. Курпешко Английский язык Методические указания для обучения студентов II курса (III семестр) специальности 180400.pdf

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C is convenient language;

C possesses (обладает) a set of remarkable control designs (кон-

струкции).

C is rather expressive (выразительный) programming language, intended for description of the wide scope of problems. Its simplicity (простота) does not require compilers and allows to get quite enough effective object code. These features of C are especially important for writing operating systems and for developing application programs.

C is the most popular among systems programmers, as it allows to operate with complex data structures.

XIII. Read and translate Text B with a dictionary. Write a brief summary.

5. A TURBO LANGUAGES FAMILY

Turbo Basic, Turbo Pascal, and Turbo C have a marked family resemblance (сходство), but they are not sibling.1 There is a difference in maturity,2 with Turbo C being the most mature, that is, more sophisticated for you to define your environment. Next in age3 comes Turbo Pascal, followed by Turbo Basic. All three languages are for the IBM PC XT, AT or compatibles.4 They arc used in MS-DOS or PC-DOS. Turbo Basic requires 320 Kbytes of memory, while Turbo Pascal and C require 448 Kbytes of memory.

Turbo Basic. The Turbo Basic package consists of a 466-page manual and two 5. 25-inch floppy disks. The manual gives a brief description of Basic's beginnings and the difference between an interpreter and a compiler. It claims that it is not a DOS or Basic tutorial.

Turbo Basic comes with a customization program5 that allows you to customize several different things, the most important being used of colors and keystrokes (нажатие клавиши) for the editor commands. One may choose any combination of colors on the menu bar6 within Turbo Basic's integrated environment.7

The Turbo Basic integrated environment contains the editor, compiler/linker, and a host of8 menus for setting switches and options. It has five windows, one containing the menu bar. You may select options from the menu bar and its submenus by pressing the first letter of the option name

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or, in some instances, a global hot key.9 These windows can be moved, removed, resized, and overlapped.

The Turbo Basic language is significantly richer than the original Basic defined by the ANSI committee. It is also richer than the Basic A or GWBasic interpreters distributed with PCand MS-DOS. The Borland International Company10 took care to insure compatibility with Basic A and GWBasic. The manual contains a chapter on the few differences and significant extensions.

Turbo Basic supplies all the tools11 you need to write programs for the PC. One of Turbo Basic's five windows is a trace window. With trace turned on, the name of every procedure, function, and statement label displays in the window when the procedure, function, or statement executes. The simplicity of the language and its environment make it easy to learn and use.

Turbo Pascal. The Turbo Pascal package includes a 350-page user's manual and a 493-page reference manual. Unlike the Turbo Basic manual, the Turbo Pascal reference manual includes a good tutorial on Pascal. The 79 files from the three 5. 25-inch disks took up 1, 014, 272 bytes. For graphics programs you will need the graphics unit at 32, 192 bytes and the driver for your video hardware; the EGA/VGA driver is 5, 363 bytes.

The Turbo Pascal customization program resembles that of Turbo Basic. However, this program has a "/B" switch to tell it to come up in black and white mode. Color customization is done in this program rather than in the integrated environment as in Turbo Basic. The editor customization is also smarter. Like Turbo Basic, there is a primary and secondary set of editor commands, and you can only change the secondary set.

The Turbo Pascal integrated environment contains an editor, compiler/linker, a host of menus for setting options and switches and a source language debugger. It normally shows two windows:

The editor window and cither the watch or the output window. The watch window starts out with one line. It grows and shrinks depending on how many variables the debugger is watching. The output window shows a portion of your output screen. The watch window is shown by default. When you run a program, the screen automatically switches to show the entire output screen unless you are also debugging the program. In that case, the screen switches between the output and debugging (editor/watch windows) screens.

Turbo Pascal has none of the language attributes which are bothersome in Turbo Basic. Turbo Pascal comes with several utilities. The four utilities

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are the most useful. One of them is the Turbo Pascal Compiler (TPC). Along with the integrated environment you get a command-line compiler. All the switch settings available in the integrated environment are also available to this compiler via command-line option arguments. This utility allows you to bypass the integrated environment. You can create the program source with any ASCII text editor, then compile and link it with the command-line compiler. This reduces the amount of memory required to 256 Kbytes.

Turbo Pascal is a powerful system, providing all of the tools to create professional packages of varying sophistication while remaining simple enough for personal use. Its graphics support allows you to create some outstanding visual displays quickly and easily.

Turbo C. The Turbo С package contains two manuals: a 612-page reference guide and 425-page user's guide. Two types of packages are available, one containing 5. 25-inch disks and the other, 3. 50-inch disks. Like Turbo Pascal, you install Turbo С by running an install program. This program loads the files from the disks into any set of directories that you specify. You can specify the main Turbo С directory as well as specific directories for the include files, library files, graphics library files, etc. The program displays the names of the files as it reads them from the disks and writes them to the hard (Winchester) disk. This lets you know that the program is working, but doesn't tell you how far along it is.

The program is also smart enough to catch you if you insert the wrong disk and to sense the type of video board you have and come up in color if you have it. If you want to run the program in black and white mode, you can invoke (вызвать) it with the "/B" switch. For graphics programs you will need the graphics library at 29, 247 bytes and a driver for your video hardware (the EGA/VGA driver takes 5, 363 bytes). Installation on a floppy- disk-based system is possible; according to the manual it requires three disks, and only one memory model will be installed.

The Turbo С configuration program resembles that of Turbo Pascal. The integrated environment also looks similar to Turbo Pascal. It has the same editor and watch/output windows and 43/50 line EGA/VGA support. However, it has even more options and switches that you can set from the menu bar. One of those switches allows you to optimize the generated code for either size or speed. Another lets you generate code using the 80286 instruction set.

Turbo С supports direct manipulation of the mathematics coprocessor chip. It provides functions for getting the status word, changing it, and

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setting bits in it. Like Turbo Basic and Turbo Pascal, programs created by Turbo С can automatically test fur the math coprocessor chip and use it if it is available or emulate (эмулировать) it if it is not available. By default the math library is not linked into the execute file.

Turbo С supports the ANSI standard with extensions to allow full use of the PC. It comes with a host of utilities, including the same utilities as in Turbo Pascal.

Turbo С is a powerful system that provides all of the tools you need to create professional packages of any level of sophistication. Turbo С is harder to learn and use than Pascal and would not recommended it as a first language for someone wanting to learn to program.

Notes:

1.they are not sibling - они не являются «детьми» одних «родителей» (т. е. созданы разными фирмами)

2.maturity - зрелость

3.in age - по возрасту

4.compatibles - для совместимых с компьютерами фирмы IBM

5.a customization program - программа, изготовленная по заказу (заказная программа)

6.the menu bar - линейка меню

7.integrated environment - интегрированная операционная среда

8.a host of - множество

9.a global hot key - глобальная (общая) «горячая» клавиша

10.The Borland International Company - фирма Борланд,

выпускающая аппаратное и программное обеспечение «ТУРБО»

11.tools-инструментальные программные средства

UNIT V

COMPUTERS MICRO

A. EXPLAINING MICRO

Two students, Allan and Judy, are in the college computer centre. Allan: That's a keyboard.1 Have a look. The F key is for forward.

The В key is for backward. The R key for right and the L key is for left. Got it?

Judy: Yes.

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Allan: Remember. You press only one key. You can't do more than 999 forward or backward, or else it will just say "Syntax”, “Error" and it won't work. OK?

Judy: Yes. Can I have a try?

Allan: Sure. You may draw something on the VDU.2 Look, if you want the pen to go up you press U. Right? If you want the pen to go down, you press D. And when you have finished your procedure you put E for end and then RETURN. Are you with me?

Judy: Yes. I'm with you.

Allan: Anyway, all the commands are on the wall if you get stuck. That's the screen, that's the computer, that's the disk3 drive. Yes?

Judy: A-ha. Thank you.

Allan: You put in the disk and then you type LOGO4 - OK? Judy: Yes. Thank you.

Commentary:

1keyboard — the most common unit of the computer. It looks like a typewriter.

2VDU — visual display unit or screen

3disk — floppy and hard device for storing information

4LOGO — computer language

Answer the questions:

1.What proofs of the informal register can you find in the conversation?

2.In what way does Allan check the understanding of his explanation? Ask your friends if they understood you correctly adding expressions from the list to the following statements:

a) I'm not going to give you any advice on the matter. b) You plug the cassette in and press the play button...

c) I want you to do the talking today...

d) This is the last time I take up this job...

e) I prefer the name of information technology or IT for short to computer information.

f) Digitizer is a device for getting pictures into your computer. g) We'll talk for a few minutes and then I'll show you things...

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List of expressions: Know what I mean? Know what I am getting at? Has the penny dropped? Get it? If you take my point. Have you got the message?

3. Check if your friends understood you correctly in the following situations. Use the list of expressions below:

a)You are trying to explain the rules of football as you understand

them.

b)You are explaining the way to a new local library which has recently been opened.

c)You are showing on the map the shortest way to your house.

d)An Englishman has asked you to explain traffic rules in Russia.

e)You are explaining to a fresher the way to the college refectory.

List of expressions:... if you see what I mean. Do you understand? Does that seem to make sense? Do you see? Do you know what I mean? Right? OK? Do I make myself clear? Is that reasonably clear?

B. IN A COMPUTER USER GROUP

Fiona Davis, a future secondary school teacher, is talking to Ken Hopkins, her computer teacher.

Fiona: Ken, excuse me, there are several things I didn't catch. Can you spare me some of your time?

Ken: Pleasure. What's the problem?

Fiona: You know, these awful computer terms like bits1 and bytes.2 What's it all about?

Ken: You see, microcomputer's software3 has only two options to distinguish between 0 and 1. Inside the computer everything is translated into a code out of these binary 0s and Is. What I mean is that special computer language has been invented for this purpose to do the translating. Do you understand?

Fiona: Not quite. What I'm trying to ask is what these bits and bytes stand for?

Ken: I see. Each individual 1 or 0, on or off, is called a bit. A group of eight bits is known as a byte. Basically, like Morse, the bits are grouped together and a byte is enough for a single letter of the alphabet. All I mean is that bundles of 0s and Is are kept in chips that make so-called "words". What I'm trying to say is that everything you want to get is already mapped out

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across the surface of a silicon wafer. More than 250 separate chips can be there. Are you with me?

Fiona: Yes.

Ken: That's to say, chips are designed to act as a computer's main memory. And the decisions are taken by the pre-set rules of logic that I've been explaining today. OK now?

Fiona: Yes. Now I understand. Thank you very much.

Commentary:

1bit — the space needed for a binary 0 or 1 (бит)

2byte — eight bits (usually enough space for a letter or a number, байт)

3software — the ideas and instructions that tell the computer what to do. Software is built up of programmes

4(silicon) chips — tiny pieces of silicon designed to hold the electronic circuits that store and process the information passing through the computer

I. Find the expressions Ken Hopkins uses to say something in another way in order to make himself better understood. Use these expressions together with the others from the list below in the following situations:

a)You are talking to your girl-friend (boy-friend) and trying to persuade her (him) never to ring you again.

b)You are explaining to a friend of yours how to use a calculator.

c)You are explaining the contents of your scientific article.

d)You are discussing terms of your work at the students' construction

camp.

e)You are trying to explain word processing with the help of the computer.

List of expressions:

in other words...; let me put it another way...; or rather...; or better; what I'm getting at / driving at is...; all I mean is...; What I mean is....

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C. TALKING ABOUT COMPUTERS

Laura Delaney, a representative of a computer manufacture is talking to David Simpson, who is thinking of using a computer in his firm.

Mr Simpson: My problem is this. I've been wading through some literature about computers but it's still not clear what they really do.

Ms Delaney: Well a computer starts with an input.1 This is the part where data information is fed into the machine normally in the form of punched cards or punched tape.

Mr Simpson: But what can it do to this data?

Ms Delaney: It can process it in various ways. First, it can do various forms of arithmetic. It can add, subtract, multiply, divide and compare. It can also act as a memory and store information. And it gives your management reports on various questions. I trust I make myself clear.

Mr Simpson: But who decides what questions it's going to report on? Aren't we going to be at mercy of a bunch of system analysts and programmers or whatever you call them.

Ms Delaney: Oh no. It's you — the management that determines what the output2 is to be. The system analyst only translates the data he is given and the requirements he is set into a language that the computer can understand. I'm not sure if I make myself clear.

Mr Simpson: Yes. Quite. But I read somewhere that computers can easily give the management a lot of extra work just thinking up stuff to feed into them. I've got the impression that a lot of people are running into trouble deciding what they want from the machine, if you understand my meaning.

Ms Delaney: In a sense you are right. But there can be one more trouble there you see, the computer itself works incredibly fast. So, it's important before renting or buying a computer to decide just how much work you'll be wanting to give it. And you've got to be able to give the programming personnel a clear idea of what exactly you do want out of it. That's reasonably clear, isn't it?

Mr Simpson: But still it seems to me that the management needs to study the machine pretty thoroughly before they start using it.

Ms Delaney: Exactly. Then you can get real cooperation between management and programming personnel. That's why we're always happy to meet managers like yourself who really want to understand what's it all about. And if there is anything you haven't understood, please say so.

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Mr Simpson: Could you please spare me more of your time on — let's see — how about Wednesday?

Ms Delaney: I'll be glad to, Mr Simpson.

Commentary:

1input—putting things into the computer. Input devices are machines that feed information into the computer.

2output—getting things out of a computer; output can include words on paper or pictures on a screen and even sound.

Find in the dialogue expressions aimed to check the partner's understanding. Note the formal register of those expressions. Use them and the expressions listed below in the situations:

a)As managing director you are explaining to someone the importance of acquiring a computer.

b)As a member of educational board you are explaining the role of computers in secondary education.

c)After you've explained at length the importance of computers in adult education, especially in respect to overcoming the generation gap, make sure that you are properly understood.

d)You're checking if your headmaster has understood that the teacher need not be a computer expert to use the machine effectively.

e)You're persuading the Chief educational official to use video disk technology during language classes.

f)You're doing your best to explain to your dean the importance of purchasing new video devices for the college language laboratory.

List of expressions: Is that reasonably clear? I don't know if I am making myself clear.... if you follow / understand me... if you follow / understand my meaning.... if you take my point. If there's anything you haven't understood please say so.

2. Use suitable phrases from the list above in the following dialogue: Mr Jones is introducing a new microcomputer to a chief Educational Official, Mr Adam.

Mr Jones: You see, never before has one microcomputer encompassed such a wide range of applications.

Mr Adam: But what is there particularly useful in the schools area?...

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Mr Jones: Well, first of all, the word processing package makes it ideal for creative writing. And it's very easy in operating. And its spread-sheet will prove invaluable in any Math class...

Mr Adam: But what about the price?

Mr Jones: Oh, for only £ 350 you'll have a superior software and peripheral. I don't think you can find anything cheaper and you can use it throughout all schools of your district...

I.Classify the given expressions into formal, neutral, and informal. Think of the antecedent statements to which they can be added.

1.Do you see? 2. Is that reasonably clear? 3. Right? 4. Get it? 5. Have I made myself clear? 6. Has the penny dropped? 7. Are you there yet? 8. О К?

9.If you understand my meaning. 10. Know what I'm getting at? 11. Do you understand? 12. Are you with me? 13. If there is anything you haven't understood, please say so. 14. Yeah? 15. I trust I make myself clear.

16.Have you got the message yet? 17. If you take my point.

II.Translate the following sentences into English adding their paraphrased versions.

1. Я уверен, что необходим координированный подход к использованию компьютеров в школах. Понимаете? Хотя в настоящее время многие школы снабжены компьютерами, возможности компьютеров используются не полностью. Ведь так? Для того чтобы улучшить это положение, совершенно необходимо создать своего рода компьютерный методический центр. Кроме того, необходимо издавать журнал, освещающий данную проблему. Надеюсь, я выразился довольно ясно.

2. Джейн, я что-то не пойму, зачем нам дома нужен компьютер. Вещь дорогая, жили мы без него раньше.— Ну знаешь, без компьютера сейчас никуда. Ты, например, никогда не умел считать деньги. Кто-то в семье должен уметь это делать. Ясно? — И это все? — Нет, дорогой. Ты собираешься дать детям приличное образование, так? Интересно, как это у тебя получится без компьютера. По-моему, тебе просто лень самому научиться им пользоваться. Да? — Да нет.— А я думаю — да. Поэтому я записала тебя в «компьютерный кружок» (computer user group).