Файл: Учебнометодическое пособие по английскому языку для специалистов и бакалавров 2 курса института ртс. Москва 2019.docx

The first generation (1G) is the analog telecommunications standard that was introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. 1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G network are analog, while 2G networks are digital.

2G technologies enable the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (Multimedia Message Service). 2G provides three primary benefits over their predecessors: phone conversations are digitally encrypted; 2G systems are significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS (Short Message Service) plain text-based messages. Second generation cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991.

3G technology provides an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies. A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non–backward-compatible transmission technology. The first 3G networks were introduced in 1998 and fourth generation 4G networks in 2008.

4G provides, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing. LTE (Long Term Evolution) is commonly marketed as 4G LTE. It was first commercially deployed in Norway and Stockholm in 2009.

5G is a generation currently under development. 5G is generally seen as the fifth generation cellular network technology that provides broadband access. It denotes the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards. It should be rolled out by 2020 to meet business and consumer demands. Analog signals representing sounds and images are digitized in the phone, converted by an analog to digital converter and transmitted as a stream of bits. All the 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local antenna array and low power automated transceiver (transmitter and receiver) in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the transceiver from a common pool of frequencies, which are reused in geographically separated cells. The local antennas are connected with the telephone network and the Internet by a high bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connection. Like existing cellphones, when a user crosses from one cell to another, their mobile device is automatically "handed off" seamlessly to the antenna in the new cell.

Task 1. Read and translate text B.

Task 2. Discuss the meaning of the words and phrases. Give definitions to these words.

Cellular mobile, radiotelephone systems, digital telecommunications, wireless telephone technology, mobile telecommunications, SMS, mobile broadband access, smartphones, mobile web access, high-definition mobile TV, cloud computing, cellular network technology.

Task 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. 0G refers to telephone systems of wireless type that…

2. These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from earlier closed radiotelephone systems in that they were…

3. The first generation (1G) is the analog telecommunications standard that was introduced in…

4. 2G technologies enable the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as…

5. 3G technology provides an information transfer rate…

Task 4. Choose the correct word from the text to complete the sentences.

1. 4G provides, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, mobile _____Internet access.

2. 3G technology provides an information transfer _____of at least 200 kbit/s.

3. 4G potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP_____, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing.

4. 5G is generally seen as the fifth generation cellular network _____that provides _______access.

5. 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet business and _____demands.

Text C

Smartphone
A smartphone is a mobile phone that has an advanced level operating system and delivers high-level computing and connectivity features. Smartphone’s operating system comes with incredible data storage and file transfer facilities. Operating system’s sophisticated applications let users perform dozens of computing functions just at the click of a button. The basic features that distinguish a Smartphone from a normal mobile are its high-resolution touchscreen, WiFi connectivity, browsing features, more storage space and RAM.
How Does a Smartphone Work?

A smartphone uses cell phone network technology, which is classified into generations. A Smartphone operates based on 4G technology. This technology instigates high-speed data transfers. Smartphone’s advanced operating system manages the hardware and software resources. The operating system helps users download and install multiple applications on the mobile device. The incredible combination of the phone network technology and operating system let users multitask effectively. The Bluetooth technology of the Smartphone lets the phone link up with other nearby devices like a printer, computer, scanner and headsets. With the help of a wireless signal, a Smartphone can connect to a public email account, or even with a business’ server to receive emails anywhere.
Incredible Smartphone Uses

The advanced computing features help users save time. You don’t have to access a desktop to view and edit the important business documents, edit photos and videos and check updates. Smartphone has important social media and affiliated sites, like Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, YouTube as Mobile Apps. So accessing all these sites gets easier. Social networking and being close to friends and family become effortless. Smartphone’s high resolution 3.5” or 5” screens provide a wonderful reading experience. Many of the Smartphone Apps like WhatsApp and Viber can be used for free messaging and calls. Additionally, the quality of camera and the video recordings of a Smartphone are far superior to the regular mobile phones.

How Does Smartphone Help a Business?

A smartphone also has great contributions in business growth. Many businesses, especially the small business owners use the diversified features of a Smartphone for the growth of their businesses.

The first and most important benefit of having a Smartphone is that it assures faster connectivity and response. For a small business owner, staying in touch with its prospective customers is very important. So the dynamic Smartphone features let the businesses connect with the customers fast and resolve their queries. This improves customer service and helps businesses attract new customers gradually.

Second, Smartphone Apps like Facebook, Twitter & LinkedIn help the small business owners keep track of the progress of social media campaigns. Also, Smartphone allows the convenience and flexibility to respond quickly to consumer disappointments and concerns on these social media platforms. So, it can be said that a Smartphone also helps in online reputation management.

Mobile video Apps like Skype, Google talk and Tango let team members hold an emergency virtual meeting easily. Sharing important business files is extremely easier through Apps like Dropbox.

Salespeople can quickly access important presentations on this smart device in their cars. They can browse Google for some last minute research. So Smartphone and its incredible features actually assure ease of use and provide incredible business growth opportunities.

Task 1. Read and translate text C.

Task 2. Discuss the meaning of the words and phrases. Give definitions to these words.

High-resolution touchscreen, to edit photos, to perform dozens of computing functions, WiFi connectivity, to install multiple applications.

Task 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. A smartphone is a mobile phone that has an advanced level…

2. Operating system’s sophisticated applications let users perform…

3. A Smartphone operates based on…

Task 4. Choose the correct word from the text to complete the sentences.

1. Smartphone’s advanced operating system manages the _____and software resources.

2. The incredible combination of the phone network technology and _____system let users multitask effectively.

3. The Bluetooth technology of the Smartphone lets the phone link up with other ____devices like a printer, computer, scanner and headsets.

Text D

Smartwatch
Smartwatch is a term for which there appears to be no commonly accepted definition. At best, one might refer to it as a multi-purpose device that’s generally worn on the wrist.
What Does It Do?

It goes beyond simple time-keeping function of traditional watches. It runs computer applications and can access email, sports, weather, stocks, horoscopes and more. Some models run simply as a mobile operating system and would function pretty much like a media player for playback of video and audio files and FM radio with the use of a Bluetooth headset. Other models that have full mobile phone capability and other similar features can make and receive phone calls. Still other types have built-in features as a camera, accelerometer, thermometer, chronograph, calculator, compass, map display, GPS navigation, speakers, a rechargeable battery and a watch that keeps time.
What Is Its Technology Concept?

The wide-spread understanding of the Smartwatch concept is that it makes use of the wireless technology to communicate with your smart phone. It has the capability as well to communicate with a wireless headset, heads-up display, microphone, modem and other devices.
Variations of Smartwatches

Some smartwatches would tend to lean towards a “Sports watch” functionality which comes with a “fitness tracker” similar to those GPS watches custom-made specifically for training, diving and outdoor sports. It’s got features that reflect the lap times and speed. It has a GPS tracking set-up, a dive computer, route tracking, a heart rate monitoring device.

For smartwatches to work effectively with phones, they’ll have to work on different types of operating systems. Some are designed only for Android. Others work with Androids and iPhones. Most of these offer permutations of functions, where some serve only as a trigger to alert you when a text message or an email comes in. Others have the set up to allow you to read them. Still some smartwatches, depending on the manufacturer have social media functionality, and some offer calendar functions.

Task 1. Read and translate text D.

Task 2. Read the text again and be ready to retell the text.

Unit 4

Text A

Packet switching
Packet switching is a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network into packets. Packets are made of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination where the payload is extracted and used by application software. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.

In the early 1960s, American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation, funded by the US Department of Defense. This concept contrasted and contradicted then-established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth, largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the Bell System. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of British computer scientist Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) in 1965. Davies is credited with coining the modern term packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in the following decade.

A simple definition of packet switching is: the routing and transferring of data by means of addressed packets so that a channel is occupied during the transmission of the packet only, and upon completion of the transmission the channel is made available for the transfer of other traffic.

Packet switching allows delivery of variable bit rate data streams, realized as sequences of packets, over a computer network which allocates transmission resources as needed using statistical multiplexing or dynamic bandwidth allocation techniques. As they traverse networking hardware, such as switches and routers, packets are received, buffered, queued, and retransmitted (stored and forwarded), resulting in variable latency and throughput depending on the link capacity and the traffic load on the network. Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. Packet-based communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (switches and routers). In case of a shared physical medium, the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.

Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets or messages.

Task 1. Read and translate text A.

Task 2. Discuss the meaning of the words and phrases. Give definitions to these words.

Packet switching, application software, the routing and transferring of data, variable bit rate data streams, computer network, statistical multiplexing, networking hardware, quality of service, leaky bucket, multiple access scheme, circuit switching, cellular communication services.

Task 3. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. Packet switching is a method of…

2. Packets are made of…

3. Packet switching is the primary basis for…

4. American computer scientist Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to….

5. Davies is credited with coining the modern term…

6. Packet switching allows delivery of variable…

Task 4. Choose the correct word from the text to complete the sentences.

1. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer ____worldwide.

2. Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching with the goal to provide a¬¬¬_______, ______routing method for telecommunication messages.