Файл: Учебнометодическое пособие по английскому языку для специалистов и бакалавров 2 курса института ртс. Москва 2019.docx

Internet Bandwidth
Internet bandwidth is generally used to describe the data transfer rate of a network or Internet connection.
How does it work

• As an analogy, bandwidth can be compared to plumbing as the used data is similar to the water running through a pipe.

• The difference in bandwidth has an impact of the speed with which data is transferred as the flow is faster, thus more data can be sent at the same time. It is a matter of efficiency, and it gives the impression of being perceptually faster, when it isn’t technically faster.
How much bandwidth does one need

• The answer actually depends on what the Internet connection is used for. A bandwidth increase is directly proportional to the flow of data, thus it increases the amount of data in a given amount of time.

• As the bandwidth is fixed depending on the agreement one has with their Internet provider, the adding of several requests to the network will each take part of the full capacity, thus the process may be slowed or even interrupted.
What affects Internet speed

• The Internet connection type: a bandwidth can be fixed, or capped, therefore they cannot be increased, such as Dialup or even DSL.

• Traffic congestion: the more data is requested or shared at one given time, the more bandwidth is being used in the same time, and the slower the process gets. It can happen at peak hours of the day, or if several members share a home network and are logged in at the same time.

• Outdated Equipment or malfunctions: “plumbing” is necessary, since equipment becomes outdated, or may not be configured optimally, thus reducing the efficiency of the Internet connection.

• Distance: the further the network computer is from the ISP hub, the longer it takes for the data to transfer from the Internet to the computer, slowing down the process.
Limitations to Internet bandwidth

• Bandwidth control is a system used to limit the amount of bandwidth that a running program is allowed to use, with the purpose of organizing activities which do not necessarily need a constant running speed. These limitations are often set by download managers, online backup services, some cloud storage services and even routers as they all use massive amounts of bandwidth.

• Bandwidth throttling is another way of controlling how much bandwidth one uses by setting a limit to a certain type of traffic (like movie streaming or life sharing) or limiting traffic during a particular time of the day in order to reduce long queues.

Task 1. Read and translate text E.

Task 2. Choose the correct word from the text to complete the sentences.

1. As an analogy, bandwidth can be compared to_____as the used data is similar to the _______running through a pipe.

2. Internet bandwidth is generally used to describe the ___ _____ ____of a network or Internet connection.

3. A bandwidth increase is____ _____ ____, thus it increases the amount of data in a given amount of time.

4. The more data is requested or shared at one given time, the more bandwidth is being used in the same time, and the slower the____ ____.

5. The further the network computer is from the ISP hub, the longer it takes for the data to_____ from the Internet to the computer.

Task 3. Scan the text to mark the statements below true or false.1. What does metrology study?

1. The more data is requested or shared at one given time, the less bandwidth is being used in the same time.

2. Bandwidth can’t be compared to plumbing as the used data isn’t similar to the water running through a pipe.

3. The further the network computer is from the ISP hub, the longer it takes for the data to transfer from the Internet to the computer, slowing down the process.

Task 4. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. A bandwidth increase is directly proportional to the flow of data, thus it increases….

2. As the bandwidth is fixed depending on the agreement one has with their Internet provider, the adding of several requests to the network will….

3. As an analogy, bandwidth can be compared to…

4. The difference in bandwidth has an impact of the speed with which…

5. Internet bandwidth is generally used to describe…

6. The more data is requested or shared at one given time, the more bandwidth is being used in the same time, and the slower….

7. The further the network computer is from the ISP hub, the longer it takes for the data to …

Text F

Digital Subscriber Line
DSL is short for the Digital Subscriber Line. It is a medium to provide internet access by transmitting digital data through a phone line. In a DSL connection, you can use both the internet and the telephone line simultaneously. This is primarily used in residences and small businesses that require ease of access to both the internet and the phone lines.

Generally, you can connect to the internet via a few selected options. One is the regular modem that uses LAN (local area network), and another option is the cable modem. But the most versatile is undoubtedly the Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology. The bit rate range of a consumer DSL can be from 256 Kbit/s to over 100 M/bit. But there can be various factors which can influence this rate, as such as line condition, DSL technology and service level implementation. The gauge of the copper wire is another factor. The heavier 24 gauge wire carries the same data rate farther than the 26 gauge wire. If someone lives beyond a 5.5 KM range, then the network connectivity depends on whether the service provider will provide the connection through fiber optic cables or not.

Researchers in BELL Labs have reached a broadband speed of 10 Gbit/s using the traditional copper wires. DSL connects through USB ports. To access the internet via DSL, you must connect to a DSL specializing Internet Service Provider (ISP). The provider in question will provide you with a DSL modem which can be connected to a computer. Implementations of DSL can be either Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) or Symmetric DSL (SDSL).

Symmetric DSL (SDSL) splits the upward and downward streams evenly, providing equal speeds to both send and receive data. However, in most cases, the users like to download more data than to upload. So in those cases, the service providers offer Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) service. ADSL service offers a wider frequency range for downstream transfers, which tends to offer downstream speeds which are several times faster. Theoretically, an SDSL connection may provide 2 Mbps upstream and downstream while an ADSL connection may offer 20 Mbps downstream and 1.5 Mbps upstream.
Advantages:

• The speed is far better than that of normal modems.

• You can use the internet and the phone line at the same time.

• DSL technology doesn’t require new wiring, as it uses the existing phone line that you already own.

• Service providers provide the DSL modems.

• You can choose between different connection speeds and pricings from various providers.

• It is cheaper than cable connections.
Disadvantages:

• DSL connection works better when the PC is near to the provider’s office.

• DSL connection receives data faster, but it lacks speed during transmission.

• Availability is an issue in remote areas.

Transmission methods can vary depending on the region, the carrier, the market, and the equipment. These are 2B1Q, CAP (Carrier less Amplitude Phase Modulation) and TC-PAM (Trellis Coded Pulse Amplitude Modulation). The most common kind of all these transmission methods is called DMT (Discrete MultiTone modulation).

Task 1. Read and translate text F.

Task 2. Discuss the meaning of the words and phrases. Give definitions to the words.

DSL connection, service level implementation, the gauge of the copper wire, bit rate range, consumer DSL, the cable modem, versatile technology, digital data, Internet Service Provider, Symmetric DSL, DSL modems, Asymmetric DSL.

Task 3. Make 10 sentences with these words.

Task 4. Scan the text to mark the statements below true or false

1. In a DSL connection, you can not use both the internet and the telephone line simultaneously.

2. The bit rate range of a consumer DSL can be from 256 Kbit/s to over 100 M/bit.

3. DSL is a medium to provide internet access by transmitting analogue data through a phone line.

4. You can connect to the internet only with the help of the cable modem.

5. Only line condition can influence the bit rate.

6. DSL connects through USB ports.

7. Implementations of DSL can be either Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) or Symmetric DSL (SDSL).

8. DSL connection receives data faster, but it lacks speed during transmission.

Task 5. Summarize the advantages of DSL connection. Think about its downsides.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connection
Advantages	Disadvantages

Task 6. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. The bit rate range of a consumer DSL can be…..

2. In a DSL connection, you can use both the internet and the telephone line…

3. The gauge of the copper wire is…

4. There can be various factors which can influence the bit rate, as such as line condition…

5. DSL connects through…

6. Implementations of DSL can be either…

References

1. Руков, Н.И. Шахова. Learn to Read Science. Курс английского языка для аспирантов: Учебное пособие. – 3–е изд. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – 360 с.

2. Eric H. Glendinnning, John McEwan. Oxford English for Electronics. Oxford University Press. – 2005 – 208 с.

3. http://www.explainthatstaff.com/Articles

4. http://www.electronics-notes.com

5. https://www.electronics.howstuffworks.com

6. http://www.autodesk.com

7. http://www.tech-faq.com

8. http://www.historyofthings.com

9. http://www.en.wikipedia.org.

Сведения об авторах

Миролюбова Наталья Алексеевна, старший преподаватель, кафедра иностранных языков института РТС МТУ МИРЭА.

Кудинова Татьяна Викторовна, старший преподаватель, кафедра иностранных языков института РТС МТУ МИРЭА.

Дидык Наталья Валерьевна, старший преподаватель, кафедра иностранных языков института РТС МТУ МИРЭА.