Файл: Аббревиатурные процессы в английском языке ..pdf

2.1. Features of the use and translation of abbreviations in fiction

In fiction, quite often abbreviated proper names are used, for example, Ben instead of Benjamin, Bert instead of Albert, Bertram, Herbert, Robert, which, like ordinary proper names, are translated using transcription or transliteration.

Ben's a good runner; few seamen run better than Ben. He should run him down, hand over hand, by the powers! (R. L. Stevenson, ‘Treasure Island’, ch. VIII) - Бен - отличныйбегун. Вряд ли кто из моряков мог бы с ним состязаться. Клянусь, он очень быстро поймает черного Пса, не успеешь глазом моргнуть!

In the examples presented, the translation of the abbreviated name of the proper Ben is carried out by recreating the translation of the pronunciation and spelling of the given proper name, which leads to the same result (Ben).

 ‘Now, Bert, what's the idea of this eloping?’ demanded Mr. Bunting, whose weakness was for striking the moral note in and out of season. (R. Greenwood, ‘Mr. Bunting in the Promised Land’, ch. 21) — - Послушай, Берт, какойсмыслночьютайнобежатьсвозлюбленной? - вопрошалмистерБантинг. Егослабостьюбыломорализироватькстатиинекстати.

Transcription and transliteration is again used, although it would also be possible to translate the abbreviated proper name in its full form, but it would have to compensate for the loss of expressiveness associated with the use of this version of the name indicating trust or familiar relationship between the interlocutors.

Geoff said at once that she looked most awfully well, tweeds suited her down to the ground. (R. Aldington, ‘The Colonel'sDaughter’, part V, ch. 2) — Джефф не задумываясь выпалил, что Джорджи выглядит чертовски здорово и что костюм из твида ей очень идет.
And again, when translating the abbreviated name of your own Geoff (Geoffrey), transcription techniques are used.

We collected Mike from where he and Hertz was [- were] mixing it and we went like a Bondi tram. (K. Tennant, ‘TheHoneyFlow’, ch. 13). 14
— Мы отправились к месту драки Майка с Герцем, посадили Майка в машину и быстро уехали.

The abbreviation Mike (from Michael) is again transmitted using transcription. Replacing it with “Michael” or the Russian analogues “Misha”, “Mikhail” would in many respects worsen the quality of the translation.

Piercing morning air came into the hall where they were standing so that Aunt Kate said: ‘Close the door, somebody’. (Ch. Dickens, NicholasNickleby, 1838-39) — Пронизывающий холодом утренний воздух проник в комнату, где они стояли, и тетя Кейт сказала: "Кто-нибудь, закройте дверь".

The abbreviation Kate (from Catherine) is translated using transcription. The use in translation of the Russian analogues of the given name of their own “Katya” and “Ekaterina” could create in the reader a misconception about the nationality of the heroine, therefore they are not used.

You're a hell of a guy, Ron. (J. Jones, ‘Go to the Widow-Maker’, ch. 26) — Вымировойпарень, Рон.

The abbreviations Ron (from Ronald) and Ed (from Edgar, Edmund, Edward, Edwin) are again reproduced in translation using transcription or transliteration.

However, in the case of the use of the abbreviation Ed, there is a homonymy, since this word is also an abbreviation on behalf of the common editor, which in the following case indicates the need to reflect the semantics of this noun in the translation.

I have six more stories to do for the American Magazine, and ye Ed [= the Editor] has put me right out of my stride by asking me to make them about American characters, little knowing that if I try to do American stuff, the result is awful. (P. G. Wodehouse, ‘PerformingFlea’, ‘1931’) —

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Мне нужно было написать еще шесть рассказов для "Американ мэгазин", но редактор озадачил меня, попросив, чтобы в этих рассказах фигурировали американцы в американской обстановке. Ему было невдомек, что если я берусь за американскую тему, то получается что-то ужасное.

Поскольку в русском языке у слова «издатель», аналога для еditor, нет сокращения, оно воспроизводится в переводе в своем полном виде.

"I wouldn't have believed it," Ken said, and cradled the phone. (R. Stark, Blackbird, 1969) — "Я бы в это не поверил", - сказал Кен и положил трубку.

A similar situation occurs when using the lexical abbreviation of the telephone phone.

On the dot of seven o'clock the next morning the phone rang. (E. Caldwell, ‘Love and Money’, ch. I) — Наутротелефонзазвонилровновсемьчасов.

In translation, this abbreviation is reproduced completely, and there is a substitution of a part of speech, since this abbreviation is used in the definition function.

Don't repeat a word of this, Smeeth, for the love ofMike! (J. B. Priestley, ‘Angel Pavement’, ch. IX) — Но, ради бога. Смит, никому об этом ни слова!

When using the lexical abbreviation in the phraseologism for the love of Mike (= for the love of God, or Heaven, or Pete), it becomes necessary to define the phraseologism as a translation unit, while retaining its components (abbreviation) in translation turns out to be superfluous. As a correspondence to this inter-phrase phraseologism, they usually use turns of “радибога!, видитбог!; чёртвозьми!”, which contains no lexical abbreviations.

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2.2. Features of the use and translation of abbreviations in journalistic texts

For journalism is characterized by the frequent use of abbreviations, which are rarely found in fiction. When translating them, in contrast to the translation of abbreviated proper names, transliteration is almost never used. As a few examples of its use can be cited:

NASA = NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration - НАСА, Национальное агентство по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства (государственная организация США, занимающаяся исследованием космоса)

OPEC = Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries - ОПЕК, ОСЭН, Организациястран-экспортёровнефти

NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization - НАТО, Североатлантическийсоюз

However, in these examples other methods of translation are also allowed: tracing (North Atlantic - Североатлантический) + logical synonymy and word omission (Treaty Organization - union).

When translating abbreviations, the translator usually has to translate the lexical unit in its full form, usually with a tracing, and then create an abbreviation for this phrase in the form used in the translation language: OPEC> Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries>Организациястран-экспортёровнефти>ОСЭН.

In the latter case, however, it is advisable to use the transliteration of the English abbreviation, OPEC, because of its greater clarity for the reader who is used to the designation of this organization in newspapers and news programs.

Transcription is also used when translating the abbreviation SMS (Short Message Service),
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becausethedecryptionofthisabbreviation (служба коротких сообщений, служба маленьких сообщений, служба мобильных сообщений (технология, позволяющая посылать и принимать с помощью мобильного телефона короткие текстовые сообщения) wouldbelesscleartothereader.

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SMS has long been popular in Europe. I read articles a few years ago about teenagers starting to incorporate SMS shorthand into their spoken vocabulary. It wasn’t been a rage, but it wasn’t a rule. SMS has been slowly been making its way to the U.S.

SMS has long been popular in Europe. A few years ago I learned that teenagers had replenished their vocabulary with SMS shorthand. And, obviously, the teachers' patience broke when they heard this incomprehensible slang. SMS slowly made their way to the United States.

In some cases, the abbreviation is left without translation or transmitted through explication, which occurs when using:

• • XLfromeXtraLarge - "verylarge" "очень большой" (обозначение размера одежды)

• Generation Y = Gen Y; = gen-y generation igryk (named by analogy with the "generation X" (Generation X); Americans and Canadians born in the period of intensive growth of high technologies (1980s - 90s), did not know the economic downturns and needs)

• Generation X = Gen X; = gen-x X generation (after the title of the Canadian writer Douglas Copeland’s novel of the same name; Americans and Canadians born during the demographic decline of 1961–1981 that followed the period of the post-war demographic explosion; a generation that grew up in conditions of increasing comfort and received a good education, but indifferent to money and professional career, not found a use in life)

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• Gen-Xer = GenerationX'er - представитель поколения икс

• GenerationXL (suchassurfingtheinternet) andplayingcomputergames) - поколение икс-эл (поколение Интернет-пользователей и любителей электронных игр)

The use of explication is legitimate and permissible, since the meaning of these lexical units of most readers of newspapers and magazines may not be clear.

Explication and / or tracing of the name in its full form without a subsequent abbreviation (using part of a word or abbreviation) is used when translating a significant part of abbreviations used in journalism.

• A&R - artistsandrepertoire - артисты; профессиональныемузыканты, певцы, танцоры, актёры, художникииихрепертуар

ThepainterevolvedhisideasaboutformandcolouroutofearlierA&R. — Этотхудожникпочерпнулсвоиидеиоформеицветеизработболеестарыхмастеров

The use of indie in lexical abbreviation in journalism obliges the translator to explication, since its translation using transliteration would not be understandable to a wide readership.

indie - (independent labels) –индии, т.е.

• • a) a common name for small independent record studios that record alternative rock music or jazz that is not interesting for commercial reasons to large studios - общееназваниедлянебольшихнезависимыхстудийграмзаписи, которыезаписываютальтернативнуюрок-музыкуилиджаз, неинтереснуюпокоммерческимсоображениямкрупнымстудиям
• • b) music recorded at such independent studios - музыка, котораязаписываетсянатакихнезависимыхстудиях
  • c) = indie-rock, indy direction in alternative rock music (developed in the 1990s)
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  направлениевальтернативнойрок-музыке (сложилосьв 1990-егг.)

Rap encountered some industry resistance, giving rise to many indie labels.

However, due to the cumbersome translation with the help of explication, as we can see, preference is often given to transcriptions with the replacement of part of speech as necessary.

The use of the pro (from professional) lexical abbreviation allows the use of translator for translating “professional” with a possible lexical abbreviation to “pro” and explication “expert in his field”, “who knows how to do something perfectly.”

When it comes to typing, Robert 's a pro. - Робертотличнопечатаетнамашинке.

When using abbreviations, the translator usually has to trace the phrase that lies behind each individual abbreviation, and then use the abbreviation for the Russian name, provided that the abbreviation is known to a wide audience.

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NSA (fromNationalSecurityAgency) - Управлениенациональнойбезопасности (УНБ)
Her plastic encryption key was in its proper slot, and the phone was already linked and synchronized with another such phone at NSA headquarters. [TheNewYorkTimes 16-10-2009]

 Её пластиковый ключ шифрования был вставлен в нужное гнездо, так что телефон оказался соединенным и синхронизированным с другим подобным аппаратом в штаб-квартире управления национальной безопасности.

OSCE (from Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) - ОБСЕ (ОрганизацияпобезопасностиисотрудничествувЕвропе)

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Newly available accounts by OSCE independent military observers of the beginning of the war between Georgia and Russia this summer call into question the longstanding Georgian assertion that it was acting defensively against separatist and Russian aggression. [TheNewYorkTimes 6-11-2008]

Появившиеся недавно оценки независимых военных наблюдателей из ОБСЕ вновь заставляют обратиться к вопросу о том, как началась война между Россией и Грузией, и ставят под сомнение заявления Грузии о том, что она лишь оборонялась от нападений России и сепаратистов.

When using abbreviations from numerals in translation, either the full arithmetic number or the abbreviation of a given word, which is customary for the target language, is used.

Vladimir Putin on Thursday announced a $20bn economic stimulus package for Russia... [TheFinancialTimes – 21 November 2008]

Владимир Путин сообщил в четверг о пакете мер по стимулированию российской экономики на сумму 20 млрд долларов…

2.3. Features of the use and translation of abbreviations in scientific texts

The use of abbreviations in scientific texts in most cases is due to the presence in the original language of similar terms, the translation of which obliges to calking, taking into account the terminology used in the language of translation. In the presence of a similar term of a different structure, its use is preferable to the use of tracing paper from an English term, which may be incomprehensible to a wide range of specialists in this scientific field.

BASIC = Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code - Бейсик (языкпрограммирования)

CSO (телекоммуникации)
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• • ICaltechSubmillimeterObservatory - радиообсерватория на базе радиотелескопа субмиллиметрового диапазона с диаметром зеркала 10,2 м (США)

• II color separation overlay цветоваярирпроекция

• IIIcomputingservicesoffice компьютерный сервисный комплекс

• • CSO (Polytechnic) colorseparationoverlay цветовая рирпроекция, цветная электронная рирпроекция

The presence of a wide range of scientific fields obliges the translator to take into account the context - the definition of a specific scientific field with which one or another abbreviation. Neglecting this may result in too many matches for each individual abbreviation.

For example, in the polytechnic sphere, the following interpretations of the abbreviation C can be found:

C (политехн.)

Icapacitance (электрическая) емкость

IIcapacitor конденсатор

IIIcapacity 1) (электрическая) ёмкость 2) производительность 3) мощность

IV carbon углерод

V case 1) корпус 2) регистр

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VI cathod катод

VII cell элемент, ячейка

VIII chrominance сигнал цветности
IX circuit схема; цепь

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X code код
XI coefficient 1) коэффициент 2) константа, постоянная (величина)

XII coil катушка (индуктивности); секция обмотки

XIII collector коллектор

XIV computer электронно-вычислительная машина, ЭВМ

XV concentration 1) концентрация 2) обогащение

XVI conductivity удельная электрическая проводимость

XVII conductor 1) проводник 2) провод

XVIII contact контакт

XIX control 1) управление; регулирование 2) контроль 3) орган управления; регулятор

XX coulomb кулон, Кл

XXI course простирание

XXII crosscut квершлаг; орт

XXIII current (электрический) ток

XXIV cycle цикл; период

Even a change in the spelling of an abbreviation (using a capital letter instead of a capital letter) entails a change in the understanding of this term - from:

I capacitance 1) емкость 2) емкостное сопротивление

II capacity 1) емкость 2) производительность 3) пропускная способность

III case 1) корпус 2) регистр

IV circuit схема; цепь; контур
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V coefficient коэффициент

VI current (электрический) ток

VII contact контакт

VIII cycle цикл; период

When using this abbreviation in the field of high technology, many of these values ​​are discarded, but the possibility of new interpretations arises:

C (высокаятехнология)

1) (see) смотри, посмотри, увидимся (аббревиатура, принятаявэлектроннойпочте (например, C U later)
2) C language is a procedural programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie from 1969 to 1973 at Bell Laboratories. ISO / IEC 9899 standard. Widely used for developing system programs: operating systems, compilers, software for embedded systems. The forerunners of C were languages ​​B (named for Bell Lab.) AndBCPLK&R

3) C– диапазон Ku

4) (cyan) голубой, циан один из основных (первичных) цветов системы CMYK

 When using the abbreviation C in telecommunication, other interpretations arise again:

I capacitance, capacity электрическаяемкость

II capacitor конденсатор

III cathode катод

IV cell элемент, ячейка

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V chirp линейно-частотно-модулированный импульс, ЛЧМ-импульс

VI chrominance цветность

VII circuit 1) схема; цепь; контур 2) линия 3) канал 4) сеть

VIII code код

IX coefficient коэффициент, константа

X coil 1) катушка; электромагнитная катушка 2) спираль 3) виток; обмотка 4) трансформатор

XI collector 1) коллектор 2) токоприемник, электроприемник 3) анод

XII conductivity удельная электропроводность

XIII conductor проводник

XIV container контейнер (для хранения транспортных сигналов)

XV control контроль; регулировка; управление

XVI core 1) сердечник (катушки, трансформатора) 2) жила

XVII coulomb кулон, Кл

XVIII current электрический ток

XIX cycle цикл; такт; период, периодический процесс

The use of the abbreviation C in medicine again changes the options for its possible interpretation:

1) [calorie] калория

2) [capacity] мощность; емкость

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3) [carbon] углерод

4) [cathode] катод

5) [center] центр

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