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In the 19th century borrowing enriched English Dictionary considerably. There were the words, relating to science, art, politics, domestic sphere of life, such as: marzipan, Vermuth, Middle English (Mittelenglisch), loanword, folk the etymology of (Folksetymologie), Humoresque. Names of animal: poodle, spits.
Words of the 20th century mainly relate to the theme of war. Here are some of them: blitzkrieg, the Third Reich (Third Reich), the Luftwaffe , bunker , Gauleiter , and so on.
Many German borrowings occur in the English-language press. Let us consider some of them.
Kitsch
It comes from the German word kitschen, literally meaning "мазать,пачкать."It appeared in English in the early 20th century. It acts as a noun. It means something inartistic, cheap, tasteless in relation to works of art. Translated into Russian:
1) мазня (о картине)- reception specification
2) kitsch (о кино) - transcription elements with transliteration
3) безвкусица (о книгах, кино) - generalization
Moscow News :Moscow shop Brings back ancient jewelry Traditions
07/06/2013. «Of The inventory a Etnicheskaya Lavka - simply" Ethnic Shop " - . Is not kitsch, HOWEVER, like much of the Soviet paraphernalia in tourist spots around Moscow» Этческая лавка− просто «Магазин народных промыслов−это вовсе не кич, как и большая часть советской атрибутики в туристических местах вокруг Москвы. In this example, the translation method is transcription.
Verboten
From German into English this word came about in the early 20th century. In German Verboten - is the past tense of the verb "to prohibit, impede". In English, the word has an adjective meaning "something which is forbidden." In the Russian language -запрещенный, the participle. The method of translation is a replacement of parts of speech.
Today USA: Top 10 weird / Strange foreign laws /, May 15, 2013
«..Run out of gas in Germany. Precisely more, IT's verboten to the stop on the the nation's fast-paced the autobahns, where clause German motorists to Tend to the get all Fahrvergnugen behind the wheel ».Clark: USA Today-Запрещено останавливаться в быстром потоке на федеральных трассах.
This is a grammatical replacement, as there was a replacement for a participle of the word "prohibited".
Spanish borrowing
Spanish borrowing in English reflect the economic and political ties. Earlier Spanish borrowing entered English through French, some of them are of Arab origin, reflecting the influence of Eastern culture. For example: cotton , zenith, lemon, tare(container).
In the first half of the 16th century thanks to the dynastic ties to the English language there were included Spanish words associated with the traditions of the Spanish society: mulatto , duenna , dona , armada , infanta , renegade , hidalgo . In the 17th century such words , as a toreador, castanet, matador, embargo, parade were included.
Drawings of the 18th century were mainly related to cultural life, family life, social and political life. For example , bolero, guardille, marinade, caramel , picador, cigar, tango, rumba, alligator, banana , cargo, zenith, cotton.
There are recent and widely used borrowings: macho, amigo, dinero, gringo, of el nino.
Let us consider some borrowings.
Macho
This is the Spanish word got into the English language in the early 20th century. Literally means "male animal" as an adjective to mean "manly, mature adult."
Translated into Russian: 1) мачо (transcription), 2) крутой парень (descriptive translation), 4) настоящий мужчина, самец (descriptive translation), 3) мужественность (modulation).
Holliwood news : "The reaction of the fighters on the sudden death of a courageous Rendi Sevidzha" " Macho Man Randy Savage reportedly PASSED away today as he is involved in a-car accident That may have Occurred the when of He had a heart attack".To Gazza : Holliwood news
«Реакция борцов на внезапную смерть мужественного Рэнди Сэвиджа» Настоящий мужчина Рэнди Сэвидж якобы погиб в автомобильной аварии, которая вероятно произошла в тот момент, когда у него случился сердечный приступ.
The method of translation of the header is replacement of parts of speech, and in the text is a descriptive translation.
Amigo
The Spanish word amigo literally means "друг", "соратник", "единомышленник." It was borrowed about in the 30 s of the 19th century. In the English language it is used as a noun and means "friend", "like-minded". In the Russian language it is translated - "друг."
Moscow News of the Hangover Part II of / 28/07/2011 20:28.
"(Originally, Stu (Ed Helms ), the groom, thought that a lackluster brunch at a mediocre diner would pass for a stag party, but his friends, Phil (Bradley Cooper), Alan (Zach Galifianakis), and Doug (Justin Bartha ) were having none of it.) So his three amigos flew to Thailand to attend the wedding and, of course, have a proper stag party "Таким образом, три его друга улетели в Таиланд, чтобы посетить свадьбу, а также устроить предназначенную только для мужчин вечеринку. Khrustaleva: Moscow news. This example uses descriptive translation.
Portuguese borrowing
The words that came out of the Portuguese language are basically the terms of trade.
Trade relations developed between England and Portugal in the era of mass Discovery. But compared to the Spanish borrowings, the Portuguese take up less space in the English language.
Portuguese borrowing mainly relate to the theme of life, manners and customs of the indigenous population of the colonies. Also, a lot of words denoting the names of plants and animals are of colonial territories trade items. Many of these loans have come through the French language. Through the Portuguese language in English penetrated the words belonging to languages of the peoples of Africa, Guiana, Brazil, and India.
Here are some borrowing from the Portuguese: marmalade, flamingo, madeira, buffalo , coco (nut), port
(Wine), guinea, caste, mandarin.
Let us consider some of them.
Flamingo
This borrowing, which literally means, "painted in the colour of fire," came into the English language in the mid-of16th century. In English, the word is used as a noun. This zoological term, so called large, similar in size to the stork bird with fiery plumage.
Travel Weekly / Another Anantara in Abu Dhabi / 02 July 2013
"The hotel has 30 villas on the eastern shore of the island with 21 on the beach and nine, including the only two bedroom villas, over look the lagoon where the flamingos hang out». Weekly the TravelВ отеле имеется 30 вилл на восточном берегу острова . 21 вилла расположена на пляже. В том числе девять вилл имеют 2 спальни с видом на лагуну , где неподалеку гуляют фламинго. In Russian it is translated as "фламинго" - a transliteration.
Marmalade
In Portuguese it means "варенье из айвы ''In English it has come at the beginning of the 16th century. It acts as a noun with the meaning "canned jelly, which are small pieces of fruit, fruit pulp, such as that of oranges and lemons." The method of translation into Russian is modulation.
New York Times / February 19, 2014 / of Orange Marmalade the Cake / a recipe.
"This beautiful, tender, citrus- scented loaf cake filled with bits of candied orange peel is everything you want with your afternoon tea. The key is finding the right marmalade; it needs to be the thick-cut (also known as coarse-cut) marmalade made with bitter oranges, which will be laden with big pieces of peel ". Clarc: the New York Times - Настоящий джем должен быть густым, сделанным из апельсинов с толстыми горькими корками и содержать в себе цукаты этих корок.
When transferring the borrowing we used modulation .
Conclusion
The vocabulary of the English language is rich and varied. It came to us from ancient times, great tales and ballads. It's the language spoken by kings and historical figures, each of which is itself a legend. Hundreds of masterpieces of world literature were written in English . This language is one of the world's major languages of communication.
In a rapidly changing world the vocabulary of a language reflects the historical changes. Words come out of active use with the concepts denoted by them or phenomena. And new words appeared, reflecting the peculiarities of his time.
Updating language vocabulary stock is in many ways - derivation and borrowing. Borrowing foreign words reflect not only historical processes, but also geographical location of socio-cultural country in the world.
The process of borrowing is very diverse. This process has its own reasons, stages of development and results. The borrowings appear due to internal and external influences on the language system.
As a result, borrowing is constantly updated dictionary of the English language. Language adapted to the realities of each new era is alive and growing with the cultural community of people.
We have analyzed the English loan words and ways of their translation into Russian, as independent lexical units, as well as in the context of the examples of the printed English-language press.
It may be noted that the formal lexical transformations occur more frequently than others. From formal lexical transformations often occur elements of transcription and transliteration. Thse are basically the words that have become international, such as the nouveau riche, kitsch, macho, flamingos, monsoon, the meaning of which is clear and without translation in many languages. Flamingo and monsoon are terminological tokens.
Also, when translating frequent borrowing lexical and grammatical transformation we often use descriptive translation. Descriptive (explanatory translation) conveys the meaning of a word or phrase that is difficult to find equivalents in the target language. This can be seen in such borrowings as of ad hominem, bete noire , a pied - a - terre , Favela . These words do not fully assimilated into the English and their translation needs some clarification of the meaning.
It should also be noted that the translation of the English language borrowing is very rarely encountered regular lexical correspondences. This is probably due to the fact that loans have their own shades of meaning, despite the presence of English words with a similar meaning.
For example, amigo - in the sense of "cоратник" is synonymous with this borrowing friend - "friend, companion, friend, colleague, companion, friend" and others.
We note that borrowing supplement and enrich any language. A translation task is to convey shades of meaning of a word in a particular context.
Translation transformations- are such transformations, which allow to move from the original text units to the units of the text in another language. All translation transformation are divided into lexical, grammatical and complex, lexical and grammatical. Lexical transformations include: translator transcription and transliteration, tracing and lexicosemantic substitution (concretization, generalization, and modulation). Grammatical transformations contain a literal translation, the sentence division , the sentence union , grammatical replacement (word forms, parts of speech, of the sentence). There are also complex lexical and grammatical transformations, including antonymic translation, descriptive translation and compensation. Most often combine different types of transformations in translation.
In this work, by analyzing the translation transformation, we came to the conclusion that in the translation of foreign borrowing from English into Russian often used formal lexical transformation. This type of transfer has been met 26 times among 65 translational transformations of all our examples Thus, the hypothesis is confirmed.
The complex nature of translation transformations make translation difficult and interesting pastime. The process of borrowing is inevitable, it develops language. The contacts between peoples lead to interaction between their languages. In all languages there is a expanding supply of loanwords. This is a unity of the human civilization, which is embodying the historical experience of mankind.
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