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Another example: family (Eng), familia (Spanish), familie (German) are used in the sense of a family. A similar Russian word in this sense is rarely used and is considered obsolete.. Such words are called pseudo-national or "false friends." They are lexical units of two languages. They are similar in sound and spelling, but differ in meaning. Such words can be divided into groups depending on the degree of similarity:
1) The words that have the same spelling and pronunciation, but a completely different value ( accurate-точный, а не аккуратный; complexion- цвет лица, а не комплекция; magazine -журнал, а не магазин).
2) The words except spelling and pronunciation are the same in some values, but not always in the most are common ( authority-власть, реже-АВТОРИТЕТ; Pretend -притворяться, реже претендовать, solid-твердый, а не только солидный).
3) The words are close, but not identical in spelling and sound, and therefore have different values. (Adapt - приспособить, Adopt - принимать, data -данные, date -дата, later- позже, the latter -последний из перечисленных, letter- буква, письмо).
4) Names measures consonant but not coincident number pound (англ. из лат. через нем.) 453,59 кг., г, Pfund (нем.) – 500 г,фунт (русс.) – 409,5 г,;centner(англ.из лат.через нем .) – 45,36 кг ,Zentner(нем.) – 50 кг ,центнер(русс.) – 100 кг .)
METHODS of TRANSLATION of the BORROWINGS
Latin borrowings
Latin words appeared in English mainly in the XI - the XIII century in the period of the Norman conquest. Phonetics, grammar and semantics of these words have undergone changes in the Norman language. Most of Latin origin words in English are book borrowing. These words came to the English language, together with the written sources: books, documents. Book borrowing has its own peculiarities. Due to its limited use in literary form they are least susceptible to change, especially semantic. These loans are mostly abstract, abstract meaning or the terms.
In Renaissance England in the XV - the XVI centuries English also included many Latin words. During this period in the English language there were the words from the area of technological disciplines, theology, literature and medicine. For example : Sanatorium, radius, intertia, genus , vacum, curriulum, datum. Latin borrowing have residues morphological features. For example, the verb suffix - ate - the infinitive, formed from the past participle of the Latin verb conjugations 1. Miditate, separate, translate, exaggerate, congratulate.
Borrowings are verbs whose infinitive suffix is - ute -, formed from the stem of the past participle. A communion of these in turn relate to the group of Latin verbs 3 conjugation: to execute , to prosecute , the adjectives are formed from the Latin present participles with a basis on - ant -, - the ent -, such as the patient , Obedient , Evident , triumphant , transparent , Apparent .
Modern English has Latin borrowing, not subjected to any assimilation. They are used as Latin quotes and rarely used .. These words and expressions are used mainly in scientific prose, in business documents, in oratory style. For example, sine qua non (обязательное условие), bona fide(подленно, добросовестно), ex officio (официальный), alma mater.
Let’s Consider some Latin borrowing and means of their translation.
Ad hominem
This borrowing has come into English from Latin. This term was coined by the Roman emperors, and represents an appeal to the emotions, beliefs, prejudices listener, literally, "to the man." In modern English acts as an adjective and means «апелляция к предубеждению, эмоциям, особым интересам, касающихся личных качеств»"
1)ad personem- переход на личности,2)ad hominem circumstantiae- объяснение точки зрения оппонента его личными обстоятельствами,3)ad hominem in quique- “и ты тоже”, указание на то, что сам оппонент действует вопреки аргументу.
It is tralated in 2 variants:
- апелляция к чувствам или предубеждениям читателя или слушателя (descrtive translation)«апелляция к предубеждению, эмоциям, особым интересам, касающихся личных качеств»
2)касающийся личных качеств, а не доводов собеседника (descriptive translation) In the English-language newspaper The Sunday Times we find an example of the use of the loan: The Sunday Times 1 December 2013 “On Your Head: The fancy job title shows that you’re just a drone»
“My own world of academia has not been immune. Can you distinguish between the following types of professor? Adjunct, ad hominem, associate, emeritus, honorary, regius, special, visiting, titular». Furnham: The Sunday Times-Можете ли вы определить различие между следующими преподавателями относительно личных качеств: младший преподаватель, заслуженный преподаватель, почетный преподаватель, королевский профессор, частный преподаватель, репетитор, штатный преподаватель.
Type of translation transformation: descriptive translation.
Let us consider another example:
The Sunday Times “Dead bulls” Published: 29 September 2011
"When writing about the first papal attempt to ban bullfighting, he notes that Pius V was heavily implicated in the Inquisition And he manages to combine ad hominem argument with startling arrogance when he writes of Álvaro Múnera -. A prominent bullfighter who later came to condemn the former profession that he "became an animal rights protester because other people told him to".Rowlands : the Sunday Times. -Если речь идет о первой попытке папы запретить корриду ,надо отметить , что ПийV был сторонником инквизиции. И ему удается с поразительным высокомерием выдвинуть аргумент, рассчитанный на чувства, когда он пишет об Альваро Мунера, видном тореадоре, который позже стал осуждать свою профессию, и выступать за права животных вместе с другими людьми. Type of translation transformation: descriptive translation.
Alumnus
This word came into the English language about in the middle of the 17th century. Literally meaning "ученик", "воспитанник". In modern English plays a role of a noun in feminine. It ndicates бывшая студентка, питомица, выпускница колледжа или университета. Masculine noun "выпускник", "бывший студент", питомец" ; plural alumnae . Translated into Russian: 1) бывший студент, 2)выпускник (колледжа, университета). In the first case the descriptive translation; 2) in the second regular lexical correspondences.
The Independent of The Exclusive: Bullying and discrimination are serious to still Issues for women at work, study of the Cambridge FEMALE alumnae Reveals / on Thursday 06 March 2014
"Around 1,000 alumnae of Murray Edwards college , aged from their twenties to their seventies, were asked about the biggest problems they had faced in their lifetimes. The college's most notable graduates since it was founded 60 years ago include scientist Lizzy Hawker, BBC's Radio 4 presenter Mishal Husain, TV's Claudia Winkleman and pianist Joanna Macgregor ". Pagano: The Independent of The Exclusive.
Около 1000 выпускникам колледжа Мюррей Эдвардс, за период с 20-х по 70-е годы были заданы вопросы о самых больших проблемах, с которыми они столкнулись в своей жизни. Поскольку колледж был основан 60 лет назад, то среди наиболее известных выпускников ученый Лиза Хокер, ведущая радио ВВС4 Мишель Хусейн, ведущая Клаудия Уинклман и пианистка Джоанна МакГрегор. In this example is a regular lexical correspondences.
cum laude
It is an Americanism of Latin origin. The English language has got it in the 90-s in the 19th century. In Latin, literally it has the meaning "to praise." Cum- in Latin «with». Cum laude in Russian translated as "с отличием" in the diploma.
Guardan: Barack Obama , 9 May 2007
"At the age of 27, Obama was accepted to Harvard University's law school, where he graduated magna cum laude - with great honours - and was elected president of the Harvard Law Review, responsible for editing US jurisprudence's most prestigious publication".
В возрасте 27 лет Обама был принят на юридический факультет Гарвардского университета, который окончил с отличием - с большим отличием - и был избран президентом Гарвардского журнала Law Review, редактором наиболее престижного журнала по юриспруденции. In this example the method of translating: tracing.
a prima facie case
The word came from Latin to English in the second half of the 15th century. Its meaning is "first appearance" in Latin. It is "at first sight" in English. In Russian it is translated as "на неопределенный срок» - in this case the method of specification is used, "без назначения новой даты».
Hollywood reporter 7/1/2013 of Edward Snowden: Hollywood Joins Asylum The Petition to Ecuador.
'The petition to Korea on Snowden 's behalf, in support of which has already collected 23,000 signatures, in particular said "The charging someone of spying ,who have not committd acts of espionage, is a prima facie case vidence of political persecution.”- В прошении к Корее от имени Сноудена, в поддержку которого уже собрано 23000 подписей, в частности говорится: «Обвинение кого-то в шпионаже, кто не совершал шпионских действий, с первого взгляда является серьезным доказательством политического преследования». Here the method of translation is tracing .
Alma mater
In Latin, the expression literally means "кормящая благодетельная
мама". It is an ancient name of the informal education institutions (universities, which initially gave mostly theological and philosophical education) as organizations that feed the spirit. In today's lexicon means figuratively institution in which a person has received or is receiving education; the place of employment for professional scientists.
In English it began to be used for the first time in 1710. This expression is used as a noun. It has the following values: 1) school, college or university where someone was trained, so usually talk about already finished high school, 2) the official anthem at school or college - in American values.
In Russian it literally means, in the context of matters "university, college or any other educational institution in which someone was trained.
The Independent: Once upon a time, Stephen Hawking was just another schoolboy... the Sunday, 2 February 2014.
"Stephen Hawking is about to speak at a fundraising event for his alma mater in St. Albans. The school is often overlooked in the formation of the famous physicist, says his former classmate Michael Church". Church: The Independent- Стивен Хокинг собирается выступить на мероприятии по сбору средств для своей альма-матер в Сент-Олбанс . Часто не замечают, какое значение имела в формировании личности известного физика»,-- говорит его бывший одноклассник Михаил Чоч. The method of translating is semantic development.
French borrowing
In 1066 the Normans conquered England. Normandy was a French duchy. In 912 the territory was given to Normand Vikings by the French King Charles the Simple. By 1066 the Vikings have long mixed with the local population and took over the French. In England they came as carriers of the French language and French culture.
The Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror dismissed all British authorities and the priests, and in their place put his. From the Norman dialect formed the Anglo-Norman language, which became the official language and lasted until the end of the 14th century. During this time, the English language has borrowed a huge number of French words. In English there are about 80000 of the most common words. About 25000 of them are the French borrowings. French borrowings reflect all aspects of life. Let us consider some of them found in the English-language print media.
A la carte
This French phrase was adopted into the English language in 1826, a decade before it became used as an English word menu. A la carte in French meaning "on the card". In English, it serves as a:
1) The adjective "offered for selection (usually in a restaurant)
2) The role of the adverb "по выбору из меню"
3) The Russian language has the meaning of "заказ из предварительного списка''.
The Hollywood Reporter Study: Only 14 Percent of Cable Customers Satisfied; 73 Percent Want a la Carte 9/25/2013.
"A la carte restaurant television programming is a popular concept for Among Consumers the who presume for They'd the save money by ditching the channels for They do not watch, But Given That only 38 percent would be willing to pay more than $ 3 per channel each month, it'sе not likely the idea will catch on with TV providers who are not inclined to stray from bundling "Bond: the Hollywood Reporter. -Телевизионные программы на заказ популярная услуга среди потребителей, которые могут сэкономить деньги, отказавшись от ненужных каналов. Учитывая, что только 38% были готовы платить больше, чем 3 доллара за канал в месяц, провайдерам не придется ловить потребителей, не желающих платить за весь комплект каналов.This lexical translation transformation, the principle of semantic specificity.
Bete noire
This borrowing has come into English from French in the middle of the19th century, literally it means "черная скотина" (о человеке). In modern English, it acts as a noun meaning "a person or thing is particularly unpleasant or terrible." Translated into Russian 1) "предмет особой ненависти или отвращения" (descriptive translation), 2) пугало (modulation).
The New York Times: June 1, 1991 "Japan's Newest Bete Noire Is French Prime MINISTER"
"The verdict that finally goes against libel tourism: Fatal blow for individuals with little or no link to UK trying to bring claims"
«Browder, who runs of Hermitage Capital Management, became a hated man of the Russian leadership after the loud campaign for the officials and inspectors responsible for tax evasion in the amount of $ 140 million and as a result of the death of Magnitsky, who suffered because of the beatings in prison and died after he was denied medical treatment. Браудер, который руководит Hermitage Capital Management, стал ненавистным человеком из российского руководства после громкой кампании по проведению к ответственности чиновников и следователей за уклонение от уплаты налогов на сумму 140 миллионов долларов и в результате смерти Магницкого, который пострадал из-за избиения в тюрьме и умер после того, как ему было отказано в медицинской помощи. In this context, the English expression beter noir is translated as an adjective ненавистный. This is a replacement of parts of speech.
Bon voyage
This phrase comes from the French in English in the second half of the 17th century. Literally means "приятное путешествие." In Russian it is translated as "доброго пути" - the method of modulation.
The Moscow News: Breaking the ice on the Moscow River 16/11/2009.
"Could it be the perfect romantic date for breaking the ice - a winter tour on the Moscow River aboard an ice-breaking cruise ship.
A fleet of five ships - Scarlet, Ferdinand, Bon Voyage, Celebrity and Capella - has been constructed by a Turkish dockyard over the course of 1 ½ years at a cost of $ 2 million apiece »Tohey: The Moscow News. -Это может стать идеальным романтическим свиданием- зимний тур по Москве-реке на борту ледокола. Эскадра из пяти кораблей – «Скарлет», «Фердинанд», «Бон Вояж», «Знаменитость» и «Капелла », каждый из которых стоимостью в 2 млн долларов, были построены на турецкой верфи за полтора года. In this case, the translation method is transliteration.
Deja vu
It came into English from French in the early 20th century. Literally means "что-либо уже увиденное." In English it is a noun having the values:
1) psychological sense- impression that this event has already happened.
2) emotionally - negative feeling of the repeated event.
In Russian it is translated дежавю, the method of translation transliteration.
The Independent 14/03/2014 / A Lovely Way To Burn, By Louise Welsh: Book review
"There are downsides to Welsh's sixth novel, chiefly an inescapable sense of deja vu". Kidd: The Independent - Есть недостатки в шестом романе Уэлша, главным образом неизбежное чувство однообразия. The method of translation is the holistic rethinking.
Express the Daily / " the Bayern Munich You take Arsenal back to the future» 1.20.2014
Nouveau riche
It came from the French in the early 19th century. Literally means "new rich", quickly became rich people usually in times of social change, revolution. In the English language it is a noun. The meaning of the word - the rich "upstart'' from the nonaristocratic surroundings." In the Russian translation:
1) новоявленный богатый (tracing)
2) нувориш (transcription with transliteration elements).
The New York T imes: How a Nouveau Riche China Is Investing in Art Published: October 30, 2013
"It's apparent that we've" seen this movie before. "The Times is to be commended for exposing how a nouveau riche China is falling into the predictability of another boom and bust cycle of artwork speculation, monetized investment and boneheaded thinking»Это очевидно, что мы «видели этот фильм раньше . Газета Times заслуживает похвалы за разоблачение нуворишей Китая.
There a lexical transformation-- transcription with elements of transliteration is used.
German borrowing
In English, there are many German borrowings. This is mainly philosophical and socio-political concepts. Most of them are preserved in the English language in the form of tracing. This is due to the close relationship of the English and German languages. The first German words entered the English language in the 16th century. These are the words relating to trade, military affairs. For example: junker (юнкер), kreuzer (крейцер, название монеты), groschen (грош), the drilling (тренировка), plunar (грабеж), staff (штаб), fieldmarshal (фельдмаршал) and others.
In the 16th century in England developed ore mining, iron and steel industry. During the times of the Queen Elizabeth Tudor two industrial companies, led by the Germans were organized. The new German words began to enter into the English language as a result of direct communication between people, certain terms of the mining industry are firmly entered in English written sources from the 17th century. For example, zinc, bismut, cobalt. In the second half of the 18th century in the English language penetrated such terms of geology and mining as wolfram, iceberg, nickel.