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Language is an invaluable treasure of any living being in our society. Through the use of language, the formation and perfection of man occurs. For centuries, the best samples of people's experience and human thought have been collected, the ideals of morality have been grinded and passed on to the next generation, including through a huge number of proverbs and sayings.

The definition of proverbs can be approached from several sides. On the one hand, the proverb is a unit of phraseology, stable, idiomatic, reproducible in appropriate communicative situations, on the other hand - a short and imaginative unit of folklore, viewed by researchers as a result of collective experience, the synthesis of collective thinking, the third is a specific way of linguistic representation comprehension of the world.

Proverbs and sayings, being an inalienable attribute of folk folklore, and in turn, an attribute of the culture of a given people, reflect the life of the nation to which they belong, this is the way of thinking and the character of the people. Correct and appropriate use of proverbs and sayings gives speech a unique identity and special expressiveness. Proverbs, being phraseological units with a sentence structure, are particularly difficult to translate from one language to another.

English is very rich in idiomatic expressions, proverbs and sayings that are constantly found in literature, in newspapers, in films, in radio and television broadcasts, as well as in every day communication between Englishmen, Americans, Canadians, Australians. English idiomatics, very diverse, are quite complex for those who study English. From the known languages of science there are no such languages in which there are absolutely no idioms, phraseological turns, proverbs and sayings. But English has bypassed everyone.

My research is devoted to the study of English proverbs as part of phraseology, as well as to the peculiarities of literate use and translation of English proverbs into Russian.

The purpose of this work: to investigate the origin of English proverbs and sayings, to elucidate the peculiarities of using proverbs in modern English.

The research tasks: study of the sources of proverbs and sayings, the study of the structural and semantic features of proverbs and sayings, the definition of their phraseological meanings, the classification of English proverbs and sayings in relation to Russians, the identification of difficulties in translating English proverbs into Russian.

Object of study: English proverbs and sayings.

The subject of the study: the features of the origin of proverbs and sayings, their classification, the features of the use of proverbs in modern English. the possibility of translating into Russian, the practical application of the rules of translation.

Hypothesis: when translating English proverbs into Russian and using them, it is always necessary to think flexibly and to find the best ways of translating to convey to the listener the true meaning of the proverb and maintain the stylistic coloring and emotional content. Communicating to the culture of the country of the studied language without knowledge and use of proverbs and sayings this language is not possible.

Methods of research:

1) analysis of scientific literature on this issue;

2) study and generalization of the experience of scientists;

3) comparative analysis of proverbs and sayings in English and Russian.

The practical importance of this work: lies in the possibility of applying the accumulated material to practice in language schools and language courses, as well as to broaden the horizon, develop better understanding and
convergence of people through a detailed introduction to the history of proverbs and sayings and their semantics. Knowledge of certain subtleties of the language, including proverbs and sayings, is one of the ways of integrating the individual into the system of world and national culture.

1. LINGUICULTUROLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STUDY OF THE PROVERBS.

1.1 Proverbs and sayings as an object of study in linguistics

A distinctive feature of proverbs and sayings of any people is its primordially national origin, in spite of the fact that its motivational base is in many respects universal, and it can meet a certain number of facts of borrowing. Initially, the study of proverbs and sayings was considered the exclusive prerogative of historians and ethnographers, while language materials played a secondary role, served as additional arguments for determining the attribution of certain measurement names to a specific people or culture.

It must be recognized that the study of this layer of vocabulary through the prism of language and culture initially assumes a historical approach to the process of its formation and functioning not only in the distant and recent past, but also at the present stage of the development of languages.

As is known, the proverb and proverb are units of paremiology (from the Greek paremia "moralizing utterance"). Despite sufficient knowledge of the units of paremiology in linguistics, their description remains relevant, since at the present stage of the development of science there are attempts to consider proverbs and sayings from linguistic and cultural positions as stereotypes of the people's consciousness. This study of paremia allows deeper and more accurate reflection of its content aspect, trace sources, uncover the motivation, and consider the issue of background knowledge. Lingvoculturological analysis of proverbs and sayings is aimed at the identification of national and cultural specifics. As linguistic signs proverbs and sayings are considered in linguoculturology as one of the forms of fixation of culturally significant phenomena.

From proverbs and sayings, the linguistic picture of the world, which determines the perception of the world by native speakers, is largely formed. In linguistics, there are different definitions of the language picture of the world. In this article, we adopt the following definition: "The language picture of the world is the image of the entire world experience, realized through the centuries-old experience of the people, realized by the means of language nominations, the image of the whole existing as an integral and multistage world in its structure and in the connections of its parts that are understood by the language, representing, in the first person, its material and spiritual vital functions and, secondly, everything that surrounds it: space and time, a living and inanimate nature, a field of myths created by man and society."

1.2 Definition of the proverb

Proverb (Latin - proverbium, adagium, French - proverbe, German - Sprichwort, English - proverb). From the Greek name of the proverb (P.) - paroimia - there is scientific terminology: paremiology is a branch of literary criticism dealing with history and theory of P., paremiography - the record of P., collection and publication of them.

The proverb is a complex unit that is the object of study within the framework of an interdisciplinary paradigm (linguistics, folklore, psychology, ethnography, etc.).

One of the provisions that unites all the works examined is an attempt to define this language phenomenon by revealing the most characteristic features of the proverb that allow one to adequately disclose its linguistic features in a particular culture. Analysis of the definitions of the proverb allows us to distinguish four approaches to its definition:

folklore

linguistic

linguocultural

cognitive

Proverbs, as a rule, are two-part, in which one half gives an image for comparison, the other one calls the essence of the matter directly:

He laughs best who laughs last.

Those who get up early, God gives to God.

The proverb expresses a complete judgment. By saying called a short figurative saying, different from the proverb incompleteness inferences.

A similar definition can be found in all explanatory dictionaries, as well as in many special articles and studies. Proverbs are usually understood as "short sayings applied to various aspects of life, included in the circulation of colloquial speech."

A proverb is always a sentence. She pursues didactic goal (to teach, to warn, etc.).

Proverbs are often complex sentences. In the context, the proverb acts as an independent proposal or part of a complex sentence.

In the context of the proverb, semantically implemented by attaching to variable sentences. Proverbs are often implemented in a super-phrasal context.

The concept of a saying in modern folkloristics is vague, including various structural-semantic types of stable figurative combinations of words. Essentially, the only thing that unites these various combinations of words is that they are not proverbs, although the proximity of both in some cases is not to be denied.

In the English and American linguistic literature there is also no clear distinction between the proverb and the saying. This explains why the English dictionaries of proverbs also include turns of clearly non-clear proverb character.

Proverbs and sayings should be considered those statements that enjoy public popularity. Hence it follows that usually it is an old saying, because in a short time they could not become a part of public consciousness. Of course there are exceptions, and some proverbs and sayings burst into the popular consciousness with unusual speed, but one should exclude such phrases as "I could not careless" or "What's the odds?"

For a long time in the people's environment, the proverb loses all chance (both in form and content), there remains only a profound meaning gathered in an extremely short and memorable form. Folklorists rightly note that the proverb always has an extremely polished form. In proverbs, where, by definition, a deep meaning is concentrated in a single sentence, the utmost correspondence of form and content is achieved, that is, the highest degree of artistry in the sense indicated above.

1.3 The folklore specifics of the proverbial definition

Researchers folklorists consider the proverb first of all as a certain judgment, containing in a collapsed form the centuries-old experience of the people, a concentrated expression of the collective representation with respect to moral or categorical imperatives. For example, F.I. Buslaev defines proverbs as "artistic works of the native word, expressing the life of the people, its common sense and moral interests." G.L. Permyakov points out that "proverbs express a certain pattern that can be perceived as a permanent rule, a custom, a kind of recommendation for everyone". From the point of view of some folklorists, the proverb is one of the evidence of the existence of mythopoetic elements in modern languages .

Before the emergence of writing in proverbs, key rules of etiquette were formulated, which were one of the main sources of information about the mythological regulations.

Many modern researchers tend to believe that proverbs are valuable folklore material, they allow us to penetrate into the depth of the language symbolism and are able to generate rules of human behavior in the new realities of the surrounding world (Blagov, Nikolaev). M.V. Bukovskaya emphasizes the need for mandatory study of proverbs in the school as examples of social norms of behavior.

The definitions of the proverb given by the representatives of the folklore approach allow us to single out such basic features as nationality, imagery, brevity, edification. The proverb is viewed as the result of collective experience, the synthesis of collective thinking, the mythopoetic element, the archetype. Being an integral element of folklore.

1.4 National culture through the prism of proverbs

National culture most fully and vividly manifests itself in such units of language as words, phraseological units and language aphorisms, which include proverbs, sayings and winged expressions. It is this layer of language that directly reflects the extra-linguistic reality, calls the objects and phenomena of the world around us, fixes the content that goes back to the conditions of life of the people, the bearer of this or that language, being the mirror and the keeper of the national culture.

The components of the language aphorisms "proverbs and sayings are oral and brief sayings that go back to folklore, in a generalized form, stating the properties of people or phenomena, giving them an assessment and prescribing the mode of action."

However, referring to proverbs and sayings, it is hardly possible to dispense with the interpretation of this linguistic phenomenon by the great connoisseur and collector of the Russian word, V.I. Dal, whose definitions are the most complete, accurate and expressive. "With this notion of a proverb, we must agree that it does not compose, but is forced by force of circumstances, like a cry or a cry, involuntarily torn from the soul; they are whole sayings, shot down in one lump, in one interwine. The collection of proverbs is a collection of people's experienced wisdom and extravagance, these are groans and sighs, weeping and sobbing, joy and
grief and consolation in the faces; it is the color of the people's mind, an original statue; this worldly people's truth, a kind of judicial, not convicted by anyone. "What does not hurt, then does not cry"; that did not reach the people, did not concern his life-being, he did not stir nor the mind, nor his heart, and that in proverbs there; that is entangled, good or bad, in his life, you will find in the proverb ... Who composed it - is not known to anyone; but everyone knows it and obeys it. This work and the common property, as well as the most joy and sorrow, as experienced by a whole generation of experienced wisdom, expressed such a sentence. The composition then only becomes a proverb when it went into action, accepted and adopted by everyone."

The importance of proverbs and sayings as a country-specific language unit is difficult to overestimate. "The historian looks for proverbs and sayings about the distant antiquities and memorable events of antiquity.The lawyer values proverbs and sayings as unwritten laws of the people's life.The ethnographer sees in folk sayings and meticulous definitions and characteristics the reflection of already disappeared customs and practices." The philosopher through proverbs and sayings tries to understand the system of popular thinking. "

Proverbs and sayings are an ancient genre of folk art. They arose in a long time, and go back centuries. Many of them appeared even when there was no written language. Therefore, the question of primary sources is still open. One can single out such basic sources of English proverbs and sayings: folk, literary, Biblical origin, borrowing and using Shakespeare's quotations as proverbs and sayings.

Attention is paid to those expressive means by which the persistence or memorability of proverbs and sayings is achieved. One such means is exact or assonant rhyme:

Little strokes fell great oaks.

A stitch in time saves nine.

A simple balanced form of proverbs and sayings is the most commonly used technique, for example:

More haste, less speed.

Easy come, easy go.

Like father, like son.

Brevity is an essential aspect of remembered utterances. Only very few proverbs and sayings are verbose, most of them contain no more than five words:

Boys will be boys.

Dead men tell no tales.

Better late than never.

Practice makes perfect.

1.5 Types of deformation of proverbs

The substantive part of the proverb in its living existence is determined not so much by the culturally valid meaning of the image or logical structure of a particular variant, as by the goals of the addressee and by the meaning of the situation in which the text is used. The same proverbs can be used in completely different, sometimes even mutually exclusive situations. The contingent fund consists of a set of numerous options. Variation, variability is one of the main features of the proverb.

By the criterion of sustainability / variability, we can distinguish three groups of proverbs: the most established, or traditional: All for the better, the variables: Goes mischief on the misfortune and drives the mischief, Trouble raises woes, mischief drives. and deformed (transformed), which are the subject of this work.

S.G. Ter-Minasova singled out different types of deformations of phraseological units, among them two main groups are distinguished: the components of the FU or: 1) actualize the "potential" value, i.e. appear in the "new" meaning ("meta-metaphor"), or 2) revitalize the old, original values, i.e. they are filled with the specific-lexical meaning that they have lost. The second type: deformation, which leads to the syntactical breakdown of the phraseological unit, but is not accompanied by structural breakdown, and deformation, in which both the semantics and the construction of phraseology change.

In relation to one of the types of FU, proverbs, the same types of transformations are distinguished, which were classified in the work of SG. Ter-Minasova, but apply them to purely proverbial material - deformed, or antipodes. In English they are called "anti-proverbs" or "twistedwisdom".

Analysis of the proverbs of this species allowed to carry out a structural and semantic classification and to identify the five most productive models of deformation.

The first, the most common way occurs due to the add-on, or increment, in which to the settled version in its full form is added, one more parallel judgment is added.

For example: Old age is not joy, but youth is muck; Children are the flowers of life, but let them blossom in a strange frontage; Forty-five-a woman's berry again, forty-eight-again autumn; A friend can not be bought, but it can be sold; A friend is someone who knows everything about you. And still loves; Live for a century, learn, and you'll die a fool.

Honesty is a fine jewel, but much out of fashion ; The more the merrier, the fewer the better fare; History repeats itself, the first time as tragedy, the second time — as farce; Man's home is his castle, -let him dean it; Never marry for money, you '11 borrow it cheaper; Never marry for money, but marry where money is; If you can't be good, be careful . If you can't be careful, have fun and name it after me.

The second type of deformation is characterized by cutting off the proverbial part and adding a new judgment: A friend in need is a friend indeed. A friend in need is a friend to be avoided; Virtue is its own reward. -> Vice is its own reward;

Do you want to make friends ... -> lead them away; Do not have 100 rubles, but ... - "Have 100 friends: they will always give you one each / have an impudent face / have all the enemies; Not knowing the ford, ... pass a friend ahead; Friendship is friendship, but tobacco is apart. - »Friendship friendship, but ... -» energy carriers apart / legs apart; Do not dig another pit ... -4 work less / so that he does not use it as a trench.

The third kind, the reduction of the proverb, due to the omission of some elements of the proverbial structure, may be due to the fact that either part of the proverb was simply forgotten over time, or its semantic content lost its relevance or relevance: Morning of the evening is wiser - the grass of the straw is greener; The more the merrier, the fewer the better fare; Moscow beats with a sock and does not believe in tears. (only half of these proverbs remained).

The fourth kind is the combination of two different truncated proverbs into one new one with a different, often ironic, content. The breakdown of the proverb, under which the words are replaced, generates a game character and almost always has an entertaining function. Funny semantics are created by violating the traditional canonical logic of the text. The truncated part of the proverb: “Do not spit into the well” suggests a definite imaginary ending “water will be drunk”. Replacing this ending with the second part of another proverb “The word is not a sparrow: fly out - you will not catch” creates a re-accentuation of the figurative semantics of proverbs, as a result of which it turns out. “Do not spit into the well: it will fly out - you will not catch it.” and a new comic sense arises. Often in such texts elements of proverbs are combined with modern realities: “Marry in haste, but repent at leisure.” - Marry in haste, but repent in the suburbs / in Reno” (a small town known for the ease of a divorce process); “A man is as old as he feels, and woman as old as looks. - A man is only as old as a woman he feels.”

The fifth type of deformation is performed by replacing and substituting lexical components, followed by playing consonants, punning, paronymic attraction: “There is a place like home. - There is no police like Holmes; A woman's place is in the home. - A woman's place is in the House ... and Senate; Time heals all wounds. - Time wounds all heels.”

Recognition of proverbs-sources is ensured first of all by preserving the syntactic structure, characteristic for practically all examples, as well as alliteration with the words of the source:

“Knowledge is power. - Rank is power; Too many cooks spoil the broth. - Too many clicks spoil the browse.”