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When analyzing deformed proverbs, we can distinguish other features. In most cases, only one or two words are replaced, in a number of aphorisms, a comparison with the words of the source is implied, many newly formed aphorisms are based on the play of words, for example: "Where the scoop is there and the garbage." (both words are reinterpreted - scoop as utensils and slang the designation of the Soviet system and rubbish in its direct meaning and slang (militia) .The general meaning of the proverb can be preserved or changed, and the change in meaning is usually associated with the replacement of the source's key words. In the case of changing the meaning, the rejection of the stable behavioral model, expressed in the proverb, the ironic attitude of the author to the source and to the cliched speech as a whole is traced. So, in a number of works of modern English literature this tendency is looked through. “You forget that you can not teach an old dog new tricks. And now look what you've done! You've made me use an ugly, vulgar proverb.”

Proverbs are peculiar regulators of human behavior and understanding of the world and are cliched judgments that express the people's experience in relation to moral or categorical imperatives. Naturally, over time, this relationship can vary depending on the political, economic and social changes occurring in the world or within a single culture, in this case Russian or English-speaking. Cultural concepts are a category unchanged. Change only the value preferences expressed in them through proverbs and cliched expressions.

So, on the basis of a continuous sample of sources, it can be concluded that most English deformed proverbs refer to such concepts as "god", "honesty", "money", "good", "marriage"; Russian to the concepts of "money", "time" (which will be discussed below). There are not many common concepts, which is due, first, to the initial difference in the volume of the proverbial asset of each language for a certain aspect, and secondly to the change or preservation of the nation's value preferences with respect to this aspect.

2. PECULIARITIES OF USING THE PROVERBS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2.1 Features of the functioning of proverbs in English

Proverbs are completely or partially reinterpreted formations that are extracted from memory in their entirety, characterized by constancy of the composition and the presence of two or more basic stresses. According to the majority of researchers, proverbs refer to one of the types of communicative phraseological units.

Proverbs structurally and thematically occupy a special place among other types of phraseological units. The first feature of the proverb is that it does not relate to the word, but to the sentence, it expresses not a concept, but a whole judgment. The inadmissible property of a proverb can be considered its edifying character. The expressiveness of proverbs is created by special artistic means: the proverbial rhythm and rhyme characteristic of the imagery.

The wide use of special expressive means in the proverb is not accidental. The proverb is a kind of oral folk poetry that causes some linguists to doubt the proverbs' affiliation to the phraseology of the language. We will not dwell on the argumentation of opponents of the phraseological nature of the proverbs, the flimsyness of which is shown by A.V. Kunin in the book "English phraseology" we refer proverbs to phraseology and after A.I. Smirnitsky believe that "proverbs ... act as units of language precisely because, because they are reproduced as a means for a more vivid expression of thoughts in the process of communication ... ".
V.V. Vinogradov refers proverbs to phraseological unity: "To the area of ​​phraseological unity there are many phraseological cliches, clichés, typical for different literary quotes and winged expressions, and folk sayings proverbs."

Proverbs of modern English language have repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers.

The most studied side of proverbs is a stylistic side, i.e. their use in artistic works to create a particular stylistic effect. Separate works analyze the semantic features of English proverbs and their structural characteristics. Recently there has been an increased interest of scientists in the problem of the national mentality and its deep links with phraseology. It is not easy to simply list all those directions and theories that have had a significant impact on the study of language communication: cultural studies, aesthetics, semiotics, cybernetics, various directions in psychology, sociology, philosophy, etc. Obviously, in modern science its interdisciplinary character has reached a higher, qualitatively new level, and this most directly relates to linguistics and its interesting section, like paremia. At the turn of the century and millennia, in the conditions of the revolutionary development of new information technologies, the world is witnessing a revision of the foundations of the organization of one of the oldest social institutions - language.

The science of language and linguistic communication belongs to the circle of humanitarian disciplines, the content of which is largely determined by the correlation of methodology, philosophy, and a whole complex of sciences that form the scientific picture of the world, which is clearly demonstrated by the history of linguistics of the last three centuries, during which the leading positions emerged as at least three paradigms: genetic, taxonomic and communicational-functional. Moreover, the transition from one dominant paradigm to another does not mean its complete replacement or complete negation, but rather is expressed in changing and changing scientific metaphors, language points, new priorities, methods and perspectives.

The purpose of the study is to distinguish from an idiomatic component of the English language such an interesting group of phraseological units as proverbs, the general semantics of which are extralinguistic in nature, they are all socially justified, dictate the stereotypical behavior of a person. Studies of phraseological microsystems require new methods of analysis. This is primarily the cognitive sphere of human behavior and its prosocial stereotyping. Language ways of expressing a person's social behavior were not the subject of close analysis in linguistics. Nevertheless, the need for such an analysis of paremia exists, since, in the phraseological composition of the English language, there is a huge number of proverbs and sayings that denote the social and normative behavior of a person. It is known that the floorboards are a value as a source of phraseological derivation, they are the basis for the new phraseological units and thus significantly enrich the vocabulary of the English language. Moreover, over time, many of them are not obsolete, they remain relevant. For example: "It is too late to lock the stable door when the horse is stolen." It occurs as "It was like closing the barn doors after the horse had been stolen" in "The Child by Tiger" by Thomas Wolf. In this proverb there is a lexical and morphological substitution. Or well known to everyone, "There is no place like home" goes into the elliptical design "No Place Like Home" in "There Are Lot Of Ways To Die" by Neil Bissondath. Proverbs are also widely used proverbs- invariants in "Timbuktu" by Paul Auster: "Habits die hard". "To kill two birds with one stone". "To teach an old dog new tricks" - with an elliptical structure. Many proverbs are so popular that they are reworked in a new way. Similarly, in a new historical section, the ambassadors can change their form, and sometimes the meaning.

2.1 The grammatical structure of proverbs in English

By nature, among the proverbs, there are narrative, motivational and interrogative sentences.

A particularly large number of proverbs - simple affirmative sentences. Subjected to them in the overwhelming majority of cases is a noun, which can occur as without definition (a cat may look at a king - "a cat can look at a king", "look at no one is forbidden"; money makes the mare go - "with money in everything can be achieved"), and with various definitions, such as the adjective, participles, numerals, etc. (bad workman quarells with his tools -" the bad master has all the tools to blame "; a creaking door hangs long on its hinges - "a squeaky tree stands for a long time"; a penny saved is a penny gained - "a penny saved is like a penny earned"; a priest pocket is not easy to fill - "you can not fill the priest's pocket"; two dogs over one bone seldom agree - "two dogs do not share one bone")

Proverbs are widely used as independent sentences, both without the addition of secondary members of the sentence, and with their additions, as well as in complex sentences. These cases can be illustrated by the example of the proverb "The proof of the pudding is in the eating."

"You must not forget that there's the Catalan Perez was decieved. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. "

"You are acting like hell ..." - "After all, the proof of the pudding is in the eating. Do you know how many curtain call I got tonight? "(W.S. Maugham)

“The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” which is a precept to trust only to absolute experience. (W.G.Smith, “The Oxford Dicctionary Of English ProverbsЭ)

They will tell you that the proof of the pudding is in the eating, and they are right. (B.Shaw)

Often proverbs have the form of simple negative sentences. As a subject in such proverbs act as pronouns (you can not flay the same ox twice, "you can not judge a tree by its bark" "one can not judge a tree by its bark"), and nouns with the definition (great barkers are no biters - "do not be afraid of the dog that barks", hungry bellies have no years "a hung-up belly has no ear"; a watched pot never boils "when you wait for time slowly"; no man can serve two masters - "no one can serve two masters") or without (plenty is no plague - "excess does not matter", "you can not spoil the porridge".)

Sometimes proverbs act as complex sentences. Proverbs that are complex sentences are dominated by complex sentences. But there is a small number of compound sentences with different parts communication.

For example:

Hope is a good breakfast, but a supper. - "hope is a good breakfast, but a bad dinner" (adversarial-concessional communication)

“The pitcher goes often to the well, but is broken at last.” (a defensively-limiting link)

“God sends meat and the devil sends cooks.” - "God sent people food and the devil cooks." (connection and investigation link)

“There is one good wife in the country and every man thinks he has her.” - "every husband thinks that his wife is better than the world." (connection-relative relationship);

“Once bit (or bitten), twice shy.” - "the frightened crow of the bush is afraid", "burned in milk, you will blow on the water" (uncomply compound sentence);

Among compound sentences, one should first of all single out a group of sentences with a subordinate clause introduced by the relative pronoun that and with the pronoun he in the function of the underlying main sentence. In such proverbs, the subordinate clause can follow the main one (he is lifeless, that is faultless, "he was not born yet a man who never makes a mistake"; he jests at scars, that never felt wounded. " was wounded ") or stand between the subject of he and the rest
members of the main sentence (he that dies, pay all debts - "death reconciles everything" ("from the dead and from the naked nothing can be repaid"); he that lies down (or sleeps) with dogs must ries up with fleas - , with fleas you will get up"(compare " with whom you are led, from that and you will be typed "); he that would eat the fruit must climb the tree as -" without labor there is no fruit ").

We find similar structural types even in the case when the subordinate clause is introduced by the relative pronoun who, the second type being much more common than the first:

He laughs the best who laughs last.

He who plays the piper calls the tune.

He who is pleased with everything, he died before he was born as "you can not please everyone";

In many proverbs of the English language, the adjective determinative pronoun pronounced by who, faces the main sentence but not the other way around:

“Who breaks, pays.” - "he has himself made porridge, himself and dissolve";

“Who was never tasted bitter, did not know what it sweet.” - "not having tasted the bitter, you do not recognize and sweet";

“Who with the wolf will learn how to howl.” ("with the wolves live on the wolf howl" ("with whom you are led from this and you will be typed").

The following conditional group consists of complex sentences with a conditional clause provided by the union if and the preceding main sentence:

“If wishes were horses, beggars might (or would) ride.” - "if mushrooms grew in their mouths";

"If you can not bite, never show your teeth -" you can not bite, do not show your teeth ";

In rare cases, the conditional subordinate sentence is after the main:

“It is easy to swim if another holds your chin” - "it's easy to swim when somebody hold you on to the chin."

Among the proverbs there are also complex sentences with subordinate clauses of time introduced by the union when, for example:

“When candles are out all cats are gray” - "all cats are gray at night"; “When guns speak it is too late to argue” - "when guns started to argue too late"

Within the relationship of simultaneity, it is also possible to use the union while, for example;

“While the grass grows the horse (or steed) starves” - "as long as the grass grows the horse starves" (compare "until the sun rises, the dew's eyes will eat")

A variety of this group are complex sentences in which the adjectives can be introduced by the pronoun what, for example;

“What is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh” "the humpbacked grave will correct"; "Everything is secret becomes clear"; "murder will out";

"Everything secretly becomes clear"; "Murder will disappear";

Complex sentences, in which the subordinate clause and the main clause have a cause-effect relationship and are joined by the help of the unions as or so, constitute a separate group of the proverbs of the English language:

“As you sow, you shall mow” - "what you sow, you'll reap"

“As the fool thinks, so thу bell clinks” - "a fool thinks that everything will be as he pleases" (compare "the fools do not write the law")

In addition to these major groups, there are separate proverbs of different structural types, for example:

“A straw shows which way the wind blows” - "a straw shows where the wind blows"

“He dances well to whom fortune pipes” - "to whom happiness serves, he does not grieve about anything"

A special group consists of proverbs that differ in their maximum conciseness:

“A boney tongue, a heart of gall” - "on the lips of honey, and in the heart";

“In for a penny, in for a pound; no cross, no crown” - "without labor there is no fruit," "unhappiness is afraid - there is no happiness";

“One of sight, out of mind” - "out of sight out of mind"

Although these missing items can not be added to the missing members of the sentence, as it can be done in incomplete variable sentences, they are nevertheless predicative FE, semantically equivalent to the sentence. In such cases, there is no omission of any member of the proposal, but its absence.

Many proverbs were drafted in the form of incentive proposals. This is understandable, since proverbs are instructive statements. Among the proverbs - incentive proposals for the number of grammatical bases also distinguish simple and complex.

Here, to simple sentences, you can include two subgroups: proposals without negation ("let sleeping dogs lie ") - "do not wake the sleeping dog" (compare "do not wake up evil while asleep") and offers with negation (do not teach your grandmother to suck eggs - "eggs do not teach the chicken".

On the basis of the presence or absence of negation, they are divided into subgroups that are compounded (take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves - "save the pence, and the pounds themselves will save themselves (compare" a penny a ruble protects "); " grasp the nettle and it won’t sting you -" the courage of the city take" and complex sentences (look before you leap -" first look and then jump "(compare " do not know the ford not be poked into the water”,"measure seven times, one cut "; when the fox preaches, take care of your geese - "when the fox is making sweet speeches, drive the geese".

Interrogative sentences among English proverbs are extremely rare.

“What can you expect from a hog but a grunt?” - "what can you expect from a pig except grunting?"

These proposals, questionable in form and in meaning, are narrative sentences. This, in particular, is confirmed by the fact that proverbs in questionable form are possible options - narrative sentences, for example proverb in narrative form. “The moon does not need the barking of dogs” is an option to the following proverb in the questionnaire form: “What does the moon care if the dogs bark at her?”

2.1 Expression of the modality on the proverbial material in English

In English we consider the use of modal verbs: can, may, must, need in proverbs and sayings. Modal verbs, unlike ordinary verbs, denote not actions, but only abstract modal values ​​of necessity, expediency, possibility, probability, and so on.

In some cases, modal verbs are also used to express various emotions: surprise, doubt, etc.

The verb can expresses: a real possibility, physical or mental ability.

The verb may express the idea of ​​the possibility, the assumption of possibility or supposition.

The verb must is used to express: 1) the obligation; 2) a large degree of probability.

All these MVS (modal verb structures) consist of combinations:

> infinitive + modal word

> participle + modal word

> the verb of conditional mood + modal word

> infinitive + modal word + auxiliary verb

> infinitive + modal word + union particle

> participle + modal word + union

> verb conditional mood + modal word + auxiliary verb

Here are some examples of proverbs to this section.

1. The devil can cite scripture for his purpose. – “Even the devil can refer to the scriptures for the sake of achieving his goal.”

2. If we can not as we would. – “If we do not know how to do it as we would like, we must do as we can.“

3. Measure the cloth. – “Measure out the cloth ten times, you can cut it only once.”

4. Never put off till tomorrow. – “Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.”

5. No living man all things can. – “No living person can do everything (that is, it is impossible to be a master of all trades).”

6. No man can serve two masters.- “ You can not serve two masters.”

7. What's done is undone. – “In a word, what's done, you can not restore it.”

8. You can not catch old birds with chaff. – “It is impossible to catch the old birds on the chaff (You can not fool a sparrow on a chaff).”

9. You can not flay the same ox twice. –“From one ox two skins are not torn.”

10. You can not judge a tree by its bark.

2.2 Difficulties in translating English proverbs into other languages

The centuries-old experience of communication between peoples speaking and writing in different languages ​​shows that a good interpreter must not only understand the meaning of the translated text, but also own the phraseological richness of the language to which the translation is made.

English has its own laws, Russian and German have their own laws. The English language has its own order of words, while the Russian language has a different order of words. In English phrase there can never be two negations, and in Russian we have just used them two: "never", "not." The English phrase would literally sound like this: "There can never be two negatives in an English phrase."

The Russian language is flexible, and it allows you to save the English word order in a phrase, but not always. The English phrase "He was not ready" literally translates as "he was not ready." This is the order of words that cuts the rumor, and we change it to "He was not ready."

Difficulties in translating English proverbs and sayings arise and have always arisen. And, considering all the peculiarities of a particular language, it is very difficult to translate what is considered part of the culture of one people to another language. For example, the English proverb: “The pot calls the kettle black.” The literal translation of this proverb sounds like this: “The pot calls this kettle black”

If for Englishmen the sense of the proverb is understandable, then for the Russian people this proverb seems to be something new, so the meaning is not always fully revealed. So, in order for the Russian to understand what the English wanted to say by proverb, we should look for the Russian equivalent: “Anyone’s cow may moo, but yours should keep quite” This option is more understandable and closer to the Russian people. But if you translate it again into English, you get the same translation. “Anyone’s cow may moo, but yours should keep quite”

But here is another example of the difficulty of translation:

Once upon a time, John Lennon came across a catalog selling firearms. Witty John immediately introduced a woman instead of advertising a pistol, and it seemed like a good love song called “Happiness Is A Warn Gun".”When I hold you in my palm, when I feel my finger on your clasp (trigger can be translated and as a "trigger," and as a "clasp"), then I know that no one will do me any harm ... “.And this song is not about a gun, as one presenter of the radio station "B-A" translated: "Happiness is a warm gun." And he added from himself: "You see, what a stupid song. For someone, happiness is to shoot out of a warm gun ... ".