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The methods used by translators (familiarization and hyponymic translation) are not good enough. The existence of two doors shows inequality in Russian society, but it means nothing for foreign reader without remark. Both translators faced the problem of the importance not to be maximally close to the original, but to save the spirit of that time.
- Bedsit was a kind of flat where residents had one room to themselves and shared washing and cooking facilities with other residents. So, another peculiarity of bedsit was forced neighbourhood of unacquainted people.
In the fourth chapter there is the following phrase:
«на плите в полумраке стояло безмолвно около десятка потухших примусов».
"...On the oven in the semi-darkness silently stood about a dozen extinguished primuses (Commentary: The shortage of living space after the revolution led to the typically Soviet phenomenon of the communal apartment, in which several families would have one or two private rooms and share kitchen and toilet facilities. This led to special psychological conditions among people and to a specific literary genre (the communal-apartment story, which still flourishes in Russia). The primus stove, a portable one burner stove fuelled with pressurized benzene, made its appearance at the same time and became a symbol of communal-apartment life. Each family would have its own primus. The old wood - or (more rarely) coal burning ranges went out of use but remained in place. The general problem of “living space”, and the primus stove in particular, plays an important part throughout the Moscow sections of The Master and Margarita]". (R. Pevear and L. Volokhonsky)
"In the gloom a silent row of ten or so Primuses stood on a marble slab". (M. Glenny)
The first translation is more successful as translators add a commentary for the explaining of communal living peculiarities.
- This kind of neighbourhood gave rise for spying and whistleblowing. They say that every bedsit “had its own mad, drunkard, bastard and sneak”. In the twenty first chapter “Flight” Margarita witnesses the quarrel of two neighbours:
«Свет надо тушить за собой в уборной, вот что я вам скажу, Пелагея Петровна, - говорила та женщина, перед которой была кастрюля с какой-то снедью, от которой валил пар, - а то мы на выселение на вас подадим!»
"You should turn the toilet light off after you, that's what I'm telling you, Pelageya Petrovna,' said the woman before whom there was a pot with some sort of eatables steaming in it, 'or else we'll apply to have you evicted". (R. Pevear and L. Volokhonsky)
"You should put the light out when you come out of the lavatory, I've told you before, Pelagea Petrovna,' said the woman with a saucepan of some steaming decoction,' otherwise we'll have you chucked out of here" (M. Glenny).
Both translators did not solve the main problem: for the foreign readers it is not clear why one woman can threaten another with eviction. This idea can only be explained with full commentary.
The conclusion by the chapter II: in the second part of the work there is the concrete classification of the realities by the different characteristics; the main difficulties if the translation of the reality were observed; and the ways of their transmission with the means of the target language were considered. The examples for the illustration of these methods were taken from the “The Master and Margarita” by M.A. Bulgakov and “The Silence of the Lambs” by T. Harris.
CONCLUSION
The object of research is the realities in the artistic texts. Out interest to the theme of the research is caused by the fact that in the modem translation studying the transmission of the realities is one of the most difficult and disputable questions.
For the research of the ways of the realities translation two artistic texts were chosen: “The Master and Margarita” by M.A. Bulgakov and “The Silence of the Lambs” by T. Harris. This choice is explained by the fact that these romans are highly popular among the readers all over the world and they are on the special place in the American and Russian literature of the XX century.
We can make some more conclusions based on the held research.
The existence of the realities is closely connected with the uniqueness of the linguistic worldviews of the different nations. Linguistic worldview is the totality of the national ideas about the world which found their reflection in the language. The ways if the comprehension of the world in one nation can differ from another, thus, in comparison of the linguistic worldviews we can find concepts in each which have no accordance in the others. Their appearance is influenced by the nature, culture and perception. These concepts are united by the common name “non-equivalent lexis”, and the realities are the part of it.
It is necessary to differ the concepts “reality”, “non-equivalent lexis”, “exotism” and “lacuna”. The word can be a reality for all or for many languages, but non-equivalent within the frameworks of the given language pair. Exotism is the foreign word for the target language because the reality of the source language cannot be an exotism. Moreover, the exotism is the word came into lexis of the target language, when the reality can be occasionalism. In the case of lacuna, the subject or phenomena meant by it is clear for the target language native speaker, but the lexical unit conformed to it is absent for some reason.
There are three main principles of the classification of realities: subject, local and time division. Each of the groups includes smaller groups containing words united by the common characteristics.
The transmission of the realities, as the rule, makes a lot of troubles for the translator, and the main of them are the absence of the accordance on the target language and the necessity of the transmission of the national colouring. The successful input of the reality to the text is when the translator does not use any special methods for its comprehension, and the reader has no problems with the perception of the information.
In general, all the methods of the translation of realities can be grouped into three main: borrowing, translation and omission. Borrowing in the state of the transcription and transliteration is the most appropriate method for the transmission of the national colouring and common atmosphere of the describing situation. Using this method the translator solves two above mentioned difficulties, but unsuccessful input of the borrowing to the text can affect on the right perception. The translation of the realities includes three main methods: the input of the neologism, approximate translation and the transformational translation. The most common is the approximate translation; however, in many cases the national colouring is vanished. The method of omission is better to use only when it does not bring the harm to the concept of the text.
On the basis that all tasks were fulfilled we can say that the aim of the course work - the research of the realities and the ways of their translation - was attained.
The information given in the course work can be useful for students of philological faculties, for teachers of Universities and for translators. The visual aid created by the author of the course work can be used in teaching specialization and other subjects connected with the theory of translation.
THE LIST OF USED LITERATUTE
- “The Silence of the Lambs” by T. Hams;
- “The Master and Margarita” by M.A. Bulgakov in translation of R. Pevear and L. Volokhonsky;
- “The Master and Margarita” by M.A. Bulgakov in translation of K. O’Connell;
- “The Master and Margarita” by M.A. Bulgakov in translation of M. Glenny;
- “Мастер и Маргарита” M.A. Булгаков;
- “Иностранный язык” В.А. Вернигорова;
- “Непереводимое в переводе” С. Влахов, С. Флорин;
- “Лексические проблемы перевода с английского на русский” Е.М. Коломейцева, М.Н. Макеева;
- “Сопоставительная лексикология” В.Н. Манакин;
- “Реалии - американизмы” Г.Д. Томахин;
- “Language, Culture, and Society: Key Topics in Linguistic Anthropology” Cambridge Univercity Press
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- http://www.translationdirectory.com/
- http://www.confcontact.com
- http://philologos.narod.ru
