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Typical tasks:
1. Fill in the gaps with correct words: extra-linguistic, linguistic causes.
2. State out the secondary ways of word-building from the given list: b) d) e) g) h)
3. Match the definitions with terms of Lexicology, but remember one letter is extra. 1)b 2)a 3) c 4) e 5) f
4. Match the definitions with the terms: 1) idiom D) 2) sound-interchange G) 3) root B) 4) polysemy A) 5) conversion F)
6) synonym C)
5. Match the classification types with the problems of Lexicology. 1)context G) 2) motivation F) 3)result of semantic change C) 4. Homonyms D)
6. Put the following problems of Lexicology according to the structure that Lexicology deals with:
1) Phraseology
2) Change of meaning
3) Affixation
1.4) Semasiology
5) Lexicography
7. Put the following problems of Lexicology according to the structure that Lexicology deals with:
1) Change of meaning 2) Semasiology 3) Affixation 4) Phraseology 5) Lexicography
8. Match the problems of Lexicology with their functions
1) a word - B. communicative, C. expressive, F. significative, I. pragmatic
2) a phraseological unit - A. notional, H. motivated
3) a compound word - D. idiomatic, E. morphological, G. syntactic
9. Match the definitions with the terms:
1) blending F. the way of word-formation when we clip the end of the first component and the beginning of the second component
2) compound word A. the way of word-formation when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word
3) reduplication G. the ways of word-formation when words are made by doubling stem or a vowel or consonant
4) sound imitation E. the way of word-formation when a word is formed by imitating different sounds
5) conversion D. the way of word-formation when one part of speech is formed from another part of speech by changing its paradigm
6) back-formation B. the way of word-formation when a word is formed by dropping the final morpheme to form a new word
7) pejoration C. the transfer of the meaning when it comes worse in the course of time
10. State out the basic ways of word-formation from the given list: 1) conversion 2) compound words 3) affixation
11. Match the classification types with the Phraseological units
1) Classification of A.V.Koonin G. nominative, communicative, nominative- communicative, interjectional
2) Classification of V.V.Vinogradov D. fusions, collocations, unities
3) Classification of A.I.Smirnitsky A. one-top and two-top Phraseological units
4) Classification of L.P.Smith B. thematic or etymological
5) Classification of I.V.Arnold E. verbal, adverbial, noun, adjectival
F. meaningful, borrowed, dialectal
C. synonymic and antonymic
12. Put the following grouping of English vocabulary according to the structure that words are grouped:
1) non-semantic
2) morphological
3) lexico-grammatical
4) ideographic and thematic
5) emotionally neutral and emotionally marked
6) stylistically neutral and stylistically marked
13. Match the change of word meaning with their equivalents
1) specialization of meaning - C. narrowing, I. for definite purpose
2) pejoration of meaning - D. degradation, G. worse in the course of time
3) generalization of meaning - A. extension, B. widening, F. common use
4) amelioration of meaning - E. elevation, H. better in the course of time
14. Match the definitions with the terms:
1) metaphor E. the transfer of the meaning on the basis of comparison
2) amelioration D. the transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the course of time
3) phraseology F. a part of Lexicology which deals with the ready-made units, set expression
4) loan words G. borrowed word which come from other languages in the process of translation
5) lexicography A. the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries
6) slang C. words which serve to create fresh names for some things that are frequent topics of discourse
7) suffixation B. the type of affixation which serves to form one part of speech from another and to change the lexical meaning of the same part-of-speech
15. State out the types of word meaning from the given list:
3) lexical 5) grammatical
16. Find out the characteristic features of formal and informal vocabulary
1) Formal - A. in the form of the monologue, D. often prepared in advance, G. occur in books and magazines, H. the vocabulary is elaborate, C. associated with professional communication
2) Informal - B. in the form of dialogue, E. relaxed, free and easy, F. the listener can interrupt and demand additional information
17. Match the definitions with the terms:
1) motivation D. the way in which a given meaning is represented
2) syntagmatics F. emotive charge and stylistic value of the
word
3) conversion E. a word changes its part of speech in this process
4) prefix B. a morpheme preceding the root
5) connotation G. defining the word meaning in the flow of
Speech
6) morpheme C. the smallest meaningful unit of the form
7) homonym A. words identical in pronunciation and
spelling, but different in the meaning
18. State out the types of form or functional words from the given list:
form: 1) nouns, 3) verbs, 4) adjectives, 6) adverbs, 7) pronouns
Functional: 2) articles, 5) prepositions, 8) conjuctions
19. Match the classification types of grouping of English vocabulary.
1) non-semantic: h) alphabetical, rhyming, frequency
2) morphological: f) morpheme, notional, functional, word-family, e) morphological, phonetic, semantic
3) lexico-grammatical: a) thematic, ideographic,
4) emotionally neutral and coloured: d) intensifiers, interjections, evaluatory words
5) stylistically neutral and coloured: c) formal, informal,
20. Match the functions with the problems of lexicology
1) Motivation- F. they show the relationship with morphemes
2) Phraseology - A. they are highly motivated, G. they can be classified according to their functions, syntactics
3) Morpheme-H. they denote both positive and negative meaning
4) Word - C. they carry nominative and communicative character, B. they can be classified according to structure, meaning, E. they can stand alone as a complete utterance, D. they are meaningful units
21. Match the definitions with the terms:
1) reduplicative compounds- E. words made up by the repetition of the same base
2) dictionary - G. books or words, usually listed alphabetically with definitions, pronunciation, equivalents in other languages.
3) professionalism - F. words which are specifically employed by a particular to this activity
4) etymology - B. the historical development, the origin of the word
5) stem- C. the part of the word that remains unchanged throughout its paradigm
6) synonym - D. words different in their sound form, but identical in their meanings
7) syntactic compound - A. words which keep articles, prepositions, articles in their structure
22. State out the types of notional words from the given list.
1) nouns 3) verbs 4) adjectives 6) adverbs 7) pronouns
23. Match the classification types with problems
1) homonyms - E. full, partial
2) synonyms - H. Ideigraphical, absolute, stylistic;
3) antonyms - F. absolute, derivative
4) phraseology - C. thematic, etymological
5) slang - A. general, special
24. Match the types of compounds with their definitions:
1) neutral - b) the compounds which are realized without any linking elements by mere two stems
2) morphological - c) the compounds in which two compounding stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant
3) syntactic - d) the compounds which keep articles, prepositions and adverbs in their structure
4) idiomatic - a) the compounds whose meaning do not correspond to the separate meanings of their constituent parts
25. Give possible definition and functions of the synonym. Match the lexemes with the differences:
1) A dialect difference - b) autumn ad fall, sandwich and butty
2) A stylistic difference - a) insane and loony, salt and sodium chloride
3) A collocational differences - d) youth and youngster, enough and sufficient
4) A difference of emotional feeling or connotation - c) rancid and rotten, butter and bacon, kingly and royal
26. Choose the suitable function of phraseological units from the following list:
- the ready made units
- more emotional
- the degree old semantic change may vary in it
27. Match the beginning and the end of the following phraseological units:
1) play cats d) and mouse
2) to show b) one’s teeth
3) to wash e) one’s dirty linen in public
4) a skeleton c) in the cupboard
5) to lead a) smb a dance
28. There is the definition of one of the following phraseological units. Find out the idiom “to examine a present too critically”: d) to look a gift horse in the mouse
29. Match the definitions with the terms:
1) metaphor E. the transfer of the meaning on the basis of comparison
2) amelioration D. the transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the course of time
3) phraseology F. a part of Lexicology which deals with the ready-made units, set expressions
4) loan words G. borrowed word which come from other languages in the process of translation
5) lexicography A. the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries
6) slang C. words which serve to create fresh names for some things that are frequent topics of discourse
7) suffixation B. the type of affixation which serves to form one part
30. A word has linguistic functions. nominative, significative (polysemantic), expressive, communicative, descriptive, pragmatic.
31. Pick up the examples of sound imitation from the list: giggle , ping-pong, buzz, hiss, tinkle, bark.
32. State out the types of form or functional words from the given list:2) articles 5)prepositions 8) conjunctions
PRAGMO-PROFFESSIONAL
1. Give the major criteria for distinguishing between phraseological units and free word groups and proverbs. Consider the following examples and analyze if they are phraseological units or proverbs: 1) proverb 2) phraseolog 3)proverb 4)proverb 5)phraseology
2. Give your points of view on the learned words and their role in the student’s functional and vocabularies.Analyze the extract and say what type of grouping they belong to and style of it: Stylistically neutral and stylistically colored grouping :formal,learned words, fiction, prose
3. Put the following problems of Lexicology according to their nature that Lexicology deals with and give a brief explanation of them: 4.Phraseology, 3.Change of meaning, 1.Affixation, 5.Lexicography, 2.Semasiology.
4. Pick up the derivatives from the following sentence, divide them into morphemes and analyze:
Friend(root)-ly( adj forming suff), listen(root)-er(noun forming suff), dis(prefix)-incline(root)-d(adj forming suff)
5. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units and make up a sentence or situation to show that you understand the meaning of them.
1.A bull in a china shop- a clumsy person, very awkward, 2.to take the bull by the horns- to face a difficultor dangerous situation directly and with courage, 3.the last straw breaks the camel’s back- the last in a series of bad events,etc.that makes it impossible for you to accept a situation any longer, 4.as old as the hills – very old,5. to have butterflies in the stomach- to have a nervous feeling in your stomach before doing sth.
6. Give the meaning of the following phraseological units and give equivalents in your mother tongue. Kick the bucket – to die, red tape- official rules that seem more complicated than necessary and prevent things from being done quickly, play cats and mouse- to play a cruel game with sb in your power by changing your behavior very often, so that they become nervous and do not know what to expect, to wash one’s dirty linen in public-to discuss one’s personal affairs in public, esp sth embarrassing, to show one’s teeth -a threatening tone or show an intention to injure
7. Choose the best suitable functions of phraseological units from the following list and comment on them:
1. the most colourful; units
2.ready-made
3. is used in transferred meaning
9. Speak on the ways of formation and principles of classification of phraseological units in comparison with other languages. Match the classification types of the phraseological units according to the semantic, structural and thematic principles. There are some variants which are extra. 1) Classification of A.V.Koonin –g)
2) Classification of V.V.Vinogradov - d)
3) Classification of A.I.Smirnitsky –a)
4) Classification of L.P.Smith –b)
5) Classification of I.V.Arnold - e)
10. State out the origin of the following translation-loans. Then give the reasons of borrowings according to their importance.
Five- -year plan -russian, wonder child- german, masterpiece-italian, first dancer-italian, collective farm-russian, fellow-traveller-french.
11;35.There are given one of the ways of forming phraseological units. What way is it and explain or prove your version. Sad sack, culture-vulture, fudge and nudge, walkie-talkie. By means of alliteration
12. Give possible definition and functions of the semantic field, then, give the differences in their stylistic type of the lexems belonging to the semantic field of “madness”. Match the lexemes with the categories:
1) Literary, academic or technical in character -b
2) Colloquialisms -d
3) Dated or archaic -c
4) Relatively recent in origin - a
5) Stylistically neutral -e
13. Give possible definition and functions of the synonym. Match the lexemes with the differences:
1) A dialect difference -b
2) A stylistic difference- a
3) A collocational differences -c
4) A difference of emotional feeling or connotation -d
14. You have already known about antonyms and types of it. The following group of words do not belong to the types of antonyms we have discussed at all, but they are opposites. Your task is to explain what are they and match the examples with the types of opposites.
1) Gradable antonyms -b
2) Complementary antonyms -c
3) Mixed antonyms -a
4) Conversness -d
15. Choose the examples of phraseological units according to the following categories and prove your answer.
1) phraseological units with proper names: Cassandra warnings, dumb Dora, Uncle Sam, spoil the Egyptians, come Yorkshire over smb
2) phraseological units with the names of animals: to take the bull by the horns ,as cold as wolf, as dull as a mouse, proud as a dog with two tails
3) phraseological units with the name of parts of body: proud as a dog with two tails, hearty as a back, the right-hand man, , never poke one’s nose out, to have blood on one’s hands, to wear heart on smb’s sleeve, to hand in glove with someone, to keep someone at arms length, , not a dry eye in the house, put heads together,
4) phraseological units with the names of birds or fish: as busy as a bee, lame duck, to teach a bite, to kill the goose that laid on the golden egg, as drunk as a boiled owl
16. There given three controversial problems in the field of terminology. Give your specific characteristic on each problem and say which of them do you mostly close to and why.
Being mostly independent of the context a term can have no contextual meaning whatever. The only meaning possible is a denotational free meaning. No emotional colouring or evaluation are possible when the term is used within its proper sphere. A term can obtain a figurative or emotionally coloured meaning only when takes out of its sphere and used in literary or colloquial speech.
17. Match the following phraseological units with their meanings. Then give their equivalent in your mother tongue and prove you understand the meaning of them.
1) a dark horse -c
2) a bull in a china shop -j
3) a white elephant -h
4) the green-eyed monster -f
5) to let the cat out of the bag -g
6) to bark up the wrong tree- d
7) to cut somebody dead -b
8) to drop a brick -i
9) to wash someone’s dirty linen in public -e
10) to be in the soup –a
18. Give a plan of a seminar devoted to the problems of terms. Identify its aims and objectives, summary and list of problematic questions.
There are several controversial problems in the field of terminology.
1) whether a term loses its terminological status when it comes nto common usage. Under the circumstances numerous terms pass into general usage without losing connection with their specific fields.
2) there are linguists in whose opinion terms are only those words which have retained their exclusiveness and are not known or recognized outside their specific sphere.
3) according to some linguists, an ideal term should be monosemantic. Polysemantic terms may lead to misunderstanding and that is a serious problem in professional communication.
Being mostly independent of the context a term can have no contextual meaning whatever. The only meaning possible is a denotational free meaning. No emotional colouring or evaluation are possible when the term is used within its proper sphere. A term can obtain a figurative or emotionally coloured meaning only when takes out of its sphere and used in literary or colloquial speech.
19. Comment on the general classification of homonyms and compare the following examples with the type:
1) night-knight, piece-peace, sent-cent, rite-write ( the same in sound but different in spelling) -homophones
2) lead-lead, sewer-sewer, tear-tear, wind-wind ( different in sound but same in spelling) -homograps
3) ball-ball, bank-bank, rose-rose, back-back (the same in spelling and sound) –homonyms proper
20. Define the results of semantic change from denotational and connotational points of view. Match the change of word meaning with their equivalents, supply with your own examples. 1) generalization of meaning –a,d,i
2) specialization of meaning – c,e
3) pejoration of meaning –b, h
4) amelioration of meaning –f,g
21. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units and say if the equivalents the same or different in your mother tongue.
1) play cats and dogs-
2) to lose one’s heart – to fall in love with sb/sth
3) a wolf in sheep’s clothing –a person who seems to be friendly or harmless but is really an enemy
4) to skate in thin ice-to take a risk
5) to look a gift horse in the mouth –to refuse or criticize sth that is given to you for nothing (usually negative)
22. Give the reals or realities of English, Kazakh or Russian languages. How can we give these notions from one language into another. Explain your reasons.
Every language has its own reals or realities. Reals are the fragments of objective reality which is reflected in the results of experience in brain only of one nation. Examples of reality are events of social life, state and public places, national traditions and customs and also things and actions which are connected with everyday life of nations. Sometimes two languages have words which have similar forms, may be different only in pronunciation typical for languages. F: decade – Декада, conductor – кондуктор, post- почта, poet –поэт. But also cases when the form is same but meaning is different. F: operator-in Russian (a person who shoots the film)- снимающий фильм, in English operator is a person who works in telephone switchboard, diet- не всегда диета but also - пища, стол, institute, academician.
Also some differences in phonetical and grammatical features.
23. There is one new direction and source or reason of appearing contrastive analysis or researches. Give other directions and reasons. Then explain your choice. Comment on the given ideas.
Contrastive methods or analysis is not the idea which is new but rather the systematization and the underlying principles. It is common knowledge that comparison is the basic principle in comparative philology.
The method comparison, contrastive we meet in different studies, not only on lexicology. F: contrastive linguistics, contrastive methodology, contrastive phraseology, contrastive culture studies. We should point out that contrastive methods in modern linguistics play an important role, because there are a lot of languages nowadays and the level of international relations, exchanges between countries, learning the foreign languages lead us to compare languages, culture, religion, investigations, values of two nations. According to these methods nowadays there are new directions in linguistics as ethnolinguistics, linguocultural studies, linguocountry studies and cross-cultural communication. They are considered to be new linguistic researches, new linguistic directions of the XXI century.