1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.

2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.

3. We had to use a computer to make these calculations.

4. One never knows what he can do.

IV.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1.1 think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.

2. The phenomenon Roentgen discovered is widely used in medicine.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. То design new buildings is the work of an architect.

2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.

3. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals.

4. She is leaving for the conference to be held in Moscow.

VI.Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. to propel - приводить в движение

2. self-propelled - самоходный, самодвижущийся

3. engine - машина, двигатель.

The early days of the automobile

1. One of the earliest attempts to propel¹ a vehicle by mechanical power was
   suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled² vehicle was constructed by the
   French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine³ which had
   three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The
   carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient.
   The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop 100 yards to
   make more steam.

2. From 1800 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars
   in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the
   four-stroke cycle of operation. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars
   with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large
   cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve
   them.

3. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars,
   brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly
   used are four-cylinder engines.

4. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any
   single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion
   engine-cars, as they had come to be known, caused huge capital flow into the
   automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rise from 200
   thousand to 20 million; by 1960it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever
   developed at such a rate.

VII. Прочитайте З и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. Was the motor car the product of any single inventor?

2. What vehicles were developed gradually?

3. What did the development of these vehicles cause?

4. How many cars were manufactured in 1960?

5. Had other industry ever developed at such a rate?

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.

2. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.

3. Numerous questions were being discussed by the commission.

4. The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be
   published.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

2. We had to find newjnethods of investigation because the old ones were
   unsatisfactory.

3. One may work in this laboratory only observing certain rules.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание
на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. We had to change the design of this machine.

2. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.

3. We have introduced a new system of work.

4. He does morning exercises every day.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,'обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

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1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.

2. The substance they had to work with had an unpleasant odour.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык,обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

2. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings.

3. The new channel to be constructed here will be the longest in the country.

4. To operate the complex device was rather difficult.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно
переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. ultrasonics - ультразвук

2. a transducer - датчик

3. quartz-кварц

4. to come across - натолкнуться, встретить

5. proves to be - оказывается

Ultrasonics¹

1. The source of the ultrasonic sound is called a transducer². One of the transducers is a quartz³ crystal. This is a solid body whose property is to change its dimensions under the influence of electricity. A quartz crystal is pressed against the surface of the metal to be tested. An electric current of ultrasonic frequency is applied to the crystal to make it vibrate with the same frequency. From the crystal a short burst of sound travels into the

specimen. If it comes across⁴ an air bubble, a crack or some other defects it is reflected from that region, thus locating the defect. If the specimen has no defects the signal is not reflected back until it reaches the opposite surface of the specimen.

2. Ultrasonic method is applied to study the ocean bottom, to locate shoals offish or to
detect some danger of navigation. However the early wish to detect icebergs by
ultrasonic equipment failed to be realized. The reason for the failure is to be explained
by the following acoustic fundamentals - water and ice have nearly the same density
and sound travels at nearly the same speed through both. Thus a sound wave passes
freely from one medium into the other with only a small amount of reflection. >

3. Ultrasonic waves are used in various industries. Ultrasonic cleaning proves to be⁵
especially successful in treating metal parts of irregular shape. The cracks which are
inaccessible to cleaning by all the usual methods come out clean when treated by
ultrasonics. To clean by ultrasonics seems to be very simple. But a physicist knows thai
in attempting to explain this simple process of ultrasonic cleaning he has to go into the
fundamentals of acoustics and thermodynamics.

VII. Прочитайте З абзац текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. Where are ultrasonic waves used?

2. What metal parts are successfully cleaned by ultrasonics?

3. How can cracks in metals be cleaned⁷

4. Does cleaning by ultrasonic seem to be very simple or very complex

5. What does a physicist know?

Контрольное задание №4

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты,
   равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот,субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

2. Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

3. Условные предложения

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образец выполнения 1 (купр.1)

1. A laser beam is known to be widely Известно, что лазерный лучused in medicine. широко используется в медицине.

2. Specialists believe synthetic fibres Специалисты полагают, чтоto be widely used in different синтетические волокна будутindustries. широко использоваться в

различных отраслях промышленности.

3. The device to be bought must be Прибор, который нужно купить,
checked beforehand. следует предварительно проверить

Образец выполнения 2 (к упр.2)

1. Countries wishing to cooperate Страны, желающие сотрудничать
with us will always find the с нами, всегда найдут должное

necessary understanding. понимание

2. New technological processes Когда были разработаны новыеhaving been developed, new types технологические процессы, в цех

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Вариант 1

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.
Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют
придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. Light and radio waves are said to be of similar nature.

2. We know this young man to work in the field of quantum generators.

3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having done a number of calculations our astronomers have shown that the basic
   mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

2. The weather permitting, we shall go to the country.

3. The narrow intense beam being produced by the laser travels great distance witheut
   spreading.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см.образец выполнения 3).

1. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for
   growing plants in space conditions will be solved.

2. The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with
   all the necessary equipment.

3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите иписьменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту.

1. many times- во много раз

2. to combat against- бороться против

3. Russian-made inhibitors- ингибиторы, изготовленные в России

Corrosion

1. During a year almost 200 million tons of metal objects are considered to be
   destroyed by corrosion. Considering that about 600 million tons of metal a year are
   produced in the world, it is easy to understand the losses of objects without which our
   life could not be imagined.

2. The situation is very serious, because not only metal is destroyed but also a great
   amount of articles, instruments and tools whose cost exceeds many times the cost of
   the metal used for their manufacture.

3. Combating against the corrosion of metals has now become a key problem in all
   industrialized countries.

The scientific and technical achievements in the field of raising the corrosion resistance of construction materials are the basis of technical progress in different branches of industry, an indicator of the country's economic potential.

4. A large amount of "anti-corrosion" work is being carried out in Russia. The results
   are evident: Russian-made inhibitors, varnishes, paint covers are being well known
   throughout the world. Gas pipelines, metal structures, the bodies of atomic reactors and
   ships, etc. have been reliably protected against corrosion.

5. Russia also exports special equipment and some kind of technology designed to
   weaken corrosion. Anti-corrosion varnishes, paints, insulating materials and equipment
   are sold abroad.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What materials weakening corrosion does Russia sell?

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be obtained on
   a new installation.

2. Scientists found beta-rays to consist of negative particles.

3. A problem to be solved by digital computer must be expressed in mathematical
   terms.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having used a laser beam scientist obtained accurate calculations of Jupiter's
   temperature.

2. The beam travelled 800,000 km in space, its velocity approaching that of light.

3. Being used in measuring the diffusion of metals isotopes gave much more accurate
   data.

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III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см.образец выполнения 3).

1. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have
   occurred at a temperature of 1,000 K.

2. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers its freezing point.

3. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without
   intensive studies in our research laboratory.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и
письменно переведите 1,2,3, 4-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту.

1. the laser-лазер

2. partial mirror- полупрозрачное стекло

3. power supply- источник питания

The laser today and tomorrow

1. The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in
technology.

Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The laser forces its atoms to emit rays having the same length and travelling in the same direction. The result is a narrow, extremely intense beam of light that spreads out very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.

2. The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube, containing 10 per
   cent helium gas and 90 per cent neon gas. At the end of the tube there is a mirror, and
   at the other end there is a partial mirror. The electrons get energy from a power supply
   and become "excited", giving off energy as light. This light is reflected by the mirror at
   one end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror at the other end of the
   tube.

3. The first laser was built in 1960. Since then scientists have developed several types
   of the laser which make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass, a mixture of
   various gases and finally semiconductors.

4. Having been developed at The Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum
   generators occupy a special place among the optical generators. While the size of the
   ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimeters and that of the gas generator is about a
   meter long, the semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimeter long, the density of its
   radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.

5. But the most interesting thing about semiconductor laser is that it is able to
   transform electrical energy directly into light wave energy. The semiconductor laser
   opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:What possibilities does the semiconductor laser open?

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The Sun and stars are proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by
   means of certain nuclear reactions.

2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.

3. Lasers are known to have found wide application in medicine.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to
   calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.

2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increased the output of cars and buses.

3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory
   became of great importance for the national economy.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см.образец выполнения 3).

1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would
   have been different.

2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first
   prize.

3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new
   device.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите иписьменно переведите 1,2,3,4-й абзацы текста.

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