Пояснения к тексту.

1. digital-цифровой

2. to result in - заканчиваться, приводить к чему-либо

3. prospects - перспективы

Computers

1. The first machine for mathematical computation was built in 1822 by the
   mathematician Charles Babbage. From the description of this machine we know him to
   understand clearly all the fundamental principles of modern digital computers. Babbage
   was born in England in 1792. He taught himself mathematics so well that when he went
   to Cambridge he found that he knew algebra better than his teacher. Babbage
   constructed a model of a computer and devoted the rest of his life to developing an
   universal computing machine. But he was not understood by his contemporaries.

2. Two generations of engineers worked hard to construct a modem computer. Their
   attempts resulted in the development of computing machines which transformed the
   whole course of scientific achievements. If you looked at the machines which people
   had used up to 1946, you would notice that they were not so perfect as the ones
   available today.

3. Having invented computers engineers began to use them in industrial automatic
   processes. They are known to carry out several thousand arithmetic operation in one
   second. If there had been no computers space flights and many other achievements of
   modern science and technology would have been impossible.

4. We often hear that the increasing flood of information will be one of the problems of
   the 21-st century. The computers may help to solve it too.

5. As the electronic computer has opened great prospects for further development of
   science and technology, it may be spoken of as one of the most important inventions of
   our time.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:Why may a computer be spoken of as one of the most important inventions of our time?

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. We know the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.

The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.

2. A problem to be solved 6y#idl§iaf computer must be expressed in mathematical

terms.

II.Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см образец выполнения 2)

1. About 100 years ago, a French scientist Pierre Curie subjecting certain crystalline *
   materials to pressure, observed that they produced an electric charge.

2. Having been subjected to high pressure metals become highly conductive.

3. The average height of the Ural mountains is 800 meters, the highest point being
   1.500meters above sea level.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения
(см образец выполнения 3).

1. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would
   have been increased many times.

2. Were the temperature increased, the velocity of the molecular motion would also be
   increased.

3. It would be impossible to ensure the full supply of energy without atomic power
   stations.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите иписьменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы

Пояснения к тексту

1. tiny fraction of time - очень короткий период времени

2. data processing system - система обработки информации

3. digital - цифровой.

Today's astonishing computers

1. Not long ago computers were not very reliable and comparatively slow in operation,
   Since then, several generations of complex electronic computing equipment have been
   developed, each being significantly better than the one before it. Almost every day a
   new use is found for these astonishing devices to help men.

2. We know a computer to be a complex electronic device that can store and process
   vast quantities of information. Following instructions, computing equipment will perform
   calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and provide the
   answers to a large variety of problems in a tiny fraction of time¹. A computer is known to
   be the "heart" of an electronic data processing system², other parts of equipment being
   auxiliary.

3. There are two types of computing equipment - digital³ and analogue. They work
   differently and yield different results. The digital computer is performing a much broader
   range of functions than the analogue.

4. The analogue computer produces analogues or parallels of the process to be
   described or the problem to be solved. Both digital and analogue computers must be
   programmed. This means they must be set up in such a way that they can produce a
   result from the information fed into them and the information itself must be organized so
   that it can be handled by the machines. These devices working by electronic impulses
   perform at fantastic speed and with great precision.

5. Nowadays computer makers are working at the problem of introducing small
   computers into our life.

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V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What problem are computer makers working at nowadays?

Вариант 5

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. We know neutrino to have a rest mass (масса покоя) of about 30 electron-volts.

2. Conduction is known to be a process by which heat is transmitted through a
   substance by molecular activity.

3. All the changes of temperature and changes of state to be discussed are shown by a
   graph in figure (рисунок) 2.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого
(самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Working with machines, sharp tools, motors one must be careful.

2. The stream of electrons moving along the conductor is called electric current.

3. Powerful nuclear ice-breakers being built in our country, we began a new chapter in
   the history of Arctic exploration.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения
(см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If you had translated the article, you could have used valuable data in your work.

2. If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiment would be
   more accurate.

3. It would be impossible to explain chemical phenomena without using the laws of
   physics.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с1-го по 5-й абзацы текста Перепишите иписьменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы

Пояснения к тексту

1. to account for - объяснять

2. to put an end - положить конец

3. as early as - ещё.

The moon

1. The moon is the only astronomical body whose distance from the Earth can be
   measured in thousands of kilometers. Long before the dawn of written history the Moon
   was paid much attention to by man who was interested and attracted by the presence in
   the sky of a planet that was so clearly seen from the Earth.

2. In the middle ages the moon was supposed to have a smooth crystalline surface like
   a mirror and that the dark spots on the Moon were accounted for¹ by the fact that the
   Earth was reflected on its surface. However, with the help of the first little telescope that
   was turned by Galileo upon the Moon this conception was put an end² to as early as³1609. Galileo thought that he saw mountains and valleys, seas and continents on the
   Moon.

3. The view of the Moon has been obtained with the help of a series of automatic lunar
   stations named "Luna".

1. Having been transmitted by these stations, the photos and panoramas have shown
   that the surface of the Moon is uneven and rugged, with many hills and cavities like
   volcanic craters, a few of them measuring some kilometers in diameter. A great number
   of stones lying on the Moon's surface proved the lunar ground to be firm enough and it
   would not sink if it were stepped on, walked across or put some heavy weight upon.
   Man's knowledge of the Moon is rapidly progressing, new data being constantly
   reported.

2. The mutual attraction of the Moon and the Earth for one another is accounted for by
   the force of gravitation. American astronauts landed on the Moon and brought
   specimens of Moon rock and a series of photographs for further study.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос: What is the mutual attraction of the Moon and the Earth accounted for?

Контрольное задание № 5

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание 5, необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.

2. Обороты с инфинитивом и причастием, равнозначные придаточным
   предложениям

3. Различные значения слов: as, because, because of, due to, for, since, both ... arid,
   either... or,

neither... nor.

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Since

1. Man used wood for construction since С древних времён человек использовал

ancient times. древесину для строительства.

2. Since the experiment was finished the Так как эксперимент был закончен,students left the lab. студенты ушли из лаборатории.

Both... and

1. Electronics helps us to study both the Электроника помогает нам изучить как atomic nucleus and elementary particles. атомное ядро, так и элементарные

частицы.

Either... or

1. Motors run on either direct or alternating Моторы работают или на постоянномcurrent. или

переменном токе.

Neither... nor

1. There is neither oil nor coal in this В этом районе нет ни нефти, ни угля, region.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would

1. The engineer should know both the advantages and the disadvantages of the
   materials used.

2. Without mathematics there would be no science, no electronic computers, no
   conquest of space.

3. If we placed this material in vacuum, its mechanical properties would be changed.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая вовнимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным
предложениям.

1. The method used depends on the length to be measured.

2. Silicon is known to be the basic material for electric industry.

3. Any element is characterized by a certain number of protons in the nucleus, this
   number being the same as the number of electrons in the atom.

4. Unless treated this material must not be used in space technology.

5. We believe Pythagoras to have been the founder of a school to train students in
   mathematical thinking.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание
на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. Radar is used in airplane and ship navigation as well as in other fields of science and
   engineering.

2. The transformer is a device used for raising or lowering voltage.

3. The new plastics will be used as insulators both in electrical and electronic circuits.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста.Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,4 и 5 абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. vacuum tube - электронная лампа

2. operating current - рабочий ток

3. transistorized circuitry - цепь, собранная на транзисторах

4. tunnel diode - туннельный диод

5. ring radio set - радиоприёмник, встроенный в кольцо.

Electronics

1. То separate electronics from the concepts of electricity is extremely difficult. The
   field of electricity is generally concerned with magnetism, light, heating and the
   production of electricity by generators and chemical action.

2. Electronics usually deals with the application of electricity in communications, in
   radio, television and other devices where vacuum tubes¹ and transistors are employed.
   We know the vacuum tube and the transistor to be major components of various
   electronic devices.

3. The many disadvantages of vacuum tubes include high cost, bulky construction,
   high amount of operating current², limited life and high operating temperature. However
   the vacuum tube is ideal in many situations where electrical energy is readily available
   and where heat is no problem.

4. A more recent invention - the transistor is known to have replaced the vacuum tube
   in many situations. The transistor operates on a minimum amount of electrical energy,
   emits very little heat and has a long life. The transistor is tiny compared to the size of
   the vacuum tube of equivalent energy output. This feature has permitted an electronic
   circuit to be so small that the electronic technician uses magnifying lenses to aid him in
   his circuit construction and repair.

5. Later research has revealed a device which has revolutionized the field of transistor,
   Lew Esaki, discovered a simple semiconductor class of crystal that is even more
   amazing than the transistor. The tunnel diode⁴, as it is called, operates on a negligible
   amount of electric current, its diameter being some few thousandths of an inch. With
   such a transistor man will be able to see telephones to be worn on wrists, pocket-size
   TV sets and ring radio sets⁵.

6. Several recent developments in the field of electronics have led to better ways to
   communicate efficiently over long distances. The maser and the laser permit man to
   beam extremely coherent and concentrated energy with almost no loss of intensity.
   Lasers and masers are known to have been used for transmitting power, radio waves
   and other waves used in communication.

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V. Прочитайте 6-ой абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос: Where will lasers and masers be used?

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. Mention should be made that during the war the radar was being used for detecting
   airplanes.

2. Any explanation of how the sun generates heat by fission would have been
   impossible 60 years ago.

3. If we had used solar energy on a wide scale we should have found a solution to our
   energy problems.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во

внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным

предложениям.

1. The atoms are usually combined chemically into groups called molecules, these

molecules being in constant motion.

2. In order to calculate the volume of any object you must measure its height, width and
   depth.

3. The rays passing through the object being examined produce an image on X-ray film.

4. The engineers are interested in plastics because they offer a rare combination of
   properties found in no other materials.

5. Electrical forces seem to play a very important part in holding crystals together.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание
на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. As to this device it is capable to convert sunlight to another form of energy.

2. Neither plastics nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks
   for.

3. The structure of the atom is similar to a planetary system since electrons orbit around
   a central nucleus.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста.Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Crookes tube - трубка Крукса

2. an X-ray film - рентгеновская плёнка

3. forgery - подделка

4. strain - биологический штамм

X-Rays

1. The modern atomic age which we live in began because of an accidental discovery
   In 1895 a German scientists named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-
   rays. Many scientists had studied these rays but no one had discovered that when
   these cathode rays struck the glass wall of Crookes tube¹ X-rays were created.

2. Roentgen also revealed that these X-rays could pass through solid matter and
   expose an X-ray film². This discovery led immediately to the use of X-rays in medicine,
   the use we are all familiar with.

3. Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X-rays he did not know what rays
   were. He therefore called them X-rays, the X standing for their unknown nature. Today
   scientists know X-rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and
   therefore of extremely short-wave length. X-rays are considered to be produced
   whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material. The greater the atomic
   weight of the material, the more plentiful the X-rays, the greater the speed of the
   electrons the higher the frequency of the X-rays.

4. As mentioned above X-rays were in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine
   since their discovery. Industrial radiology has been discovered later particularly for
   inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and airplane industries. Flaws and
   cracks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X-ray techniques. Famous
   paintings are often X-rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries³.

5. Using X-rays irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well-
   known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc. They could obtain materials of greater
   strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.

6. Radiation is known to -be a multagenic agent. In microbiology mutations are
   increased by irradiation. When a large-scale production of penicillin was introduced the
   best strain⁴ yielded 100-200 units of penicillin. Being Irradiated with X-rays, the same
   strain produced more than 1,000 units. Many new uses have been found for this
   treatment in agriculture.

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