Файл: Исаченко А.Г. Ландшафтоведение и физико-географическое районирование 1991.pdf

(
(
(

53*F(VF(K,'+b,=.'0&(7"'0(5"**33(M#"(KF(4F(B&-<$a(SWSVPJ(

S( X( .$'+-,a( D( X( .,A<,a( G( X( .,A<,( *( #-31&*@8( b3-"2":3*./&''0>( #"-"+a( U( X( :&*"*.&#@( ',( *&-0>( :&*'0>(

*$<:3'2,>a(I(X(:&*"*.&#@(',(9&-'"7&1&a(E(X(9&-'"7&1',;(*.&#@a(E,(X(/0*"2,;(9&-'"7&1',;(*.&#@(j,6,A2,:@;a(^(
X(*$>,;(*.&#@a(G(X(*$>,;(*.&#@(>":13*.,;a(W(X(#":$#$*.0';a(ST(X(#$*.0';a(SS(X(#&*23(#$*.0''"A(7"'0a(SD(X(
<"-'0&(:,'+b,=.0a(SG(X('371&''"*.3(N-3,1$-@;(3(N-3$**$-3A*2"<"(2-,;(*(:&*,13(1,'@9c$-*2"<"(.3#,a(SU(X(
C,19,.2,(

(

$2,7,:( ',( .,2( ',70/,&10&( #-"/3'?3,:@'0&( #-3-"+'0&( -,7:393;( /(
m&-'"7&1'"A( 7"'&a( */;7,''0&( <:,/'01( "6-,7"1( *( +":<".'013( 371&'&'3;13(
2:31,.,F( R#"*:&+*./33( #-"/3'?3,:@'0&( 7,2"'"1&-'"*.3( 37$9,:3( )F( QF(
R0*"?23Aa( KF( HF( N-,*":"/F( Q&2"."-0&(3**:&+"/,.&:3(*.,:3( $+&:;.@( 6":@b"&(
/'31,'3&( <&":"<39&*2"1$( *.-"&'38( 3( -&:@&=$( 2,2( =,2."-,1( =3732"]
<&"<-,=39&*2"A( +3==&-&'?3,?33X( /#:".@( +"( 37$9&'3;( :"2,:@'"<"(
-,7'""6-,73;( $*:"/3A( #"9/""6-,7"/,'3;( 3( 1&*.""63.,'3A( -,*.3.&:@'"*.3a(
*/;7,''"<"(*(132-"-&:@&="1(3(*"*.,/"1(1,.&-3'*23>(#"-"+(M)F(LF(O"-"7"/a()F(
QF( R0*"?23Aa( HF( OF( C-,b&'3''32"/( 3( +-FPF( o+&:;:"*@( /'31,'3&( 3( /0*".'"]
#";*'"A( +3==&-&'?3,?33( /( <"-,>( M4F( `F( j,>,-"/( #-"+":c3:( 3**:&+"/,'3;( /(
d."1(',#-,/:&'33(',(C,/2,7&a(',9,.0&(&%&(RF(RF(!"2$9,&/01P(F((

Q,2"#:&''0A( "#0.( 2"1#:&2*'0>( 3**:&+"/,'3A( /( -,7'0>( -&<3"',>a( *(

-,7'013( #-,2.39&*2313( 7,+,9,13( 3( ',( -,7'0>( .&--3."-3,:@'0>( $-"/';>(
+&.,:@'"*.3( #-3/"+3:( ".&9&*./&''0>( 3**:&+"/,.&:&A( 2( /*&( 6":&&( ./&-+"1$(
$6&c+&'38(

/(

"6n&2.3/'"1(

*$%&*./"/,'33(

7,2"'"1&-'0>(

/7,31""6$*:"/:&''0>( .&--3."-3,:@'0>( *"9&.,'3A( #-3-"+'0>( 2"1#"'&'."/F(
h%&( /( SGWI( <F( `F( QF( C-,*'"/( ',7/,:( .,23&( *"9&.,'3;(

&'$&%()*+',-*6*/

-$631'-,(6*/

M#"+-,7$1&/,;(

.&--3."-3,:@'0&(

&+3'3?0a(

6:3723&(

2(

+"2$9,&/*231( 7"',1P( F( R( ',9,:&( '0'&b'&<"( *.":&.3;( d.,( 3+&;( /"#:".3:,*@( /(
#"';.33( "(

1(54G()#'>/

R( .&9&'3&( +&*;.3:&.3;( SWTU( X( SWSU( <<F( ',$9'"&(

#-&+*.,/:&'3&( "( :,'+b,=.&( /( '&*2":@2"( -,7'0>( ="-1,>( 60:"( /0+/3'$."(
'&7,/3*31"( +-$<( ".( +-$<,( 1'"<313( $9&'013a( 3( .-$+'"( ".+,.@( 2"1$]:36"( 37(
'3>(#-3"-3.&.a(36"(3+&;(:,'+b,=.,(#"*:&(-,6".(RF(RF(!"2$9,&/,($c&('"*3:,*@(
/(/"7+$>&F((

g*'"/"#":"c'32( ',$9'"<"( :&*"/&+&'3;( 3( /7<:;+,( ',( :&*( 2,2( ',( e;/:&'3&(

<&"<-,=39&*2"&f( )F( LF( O"-"7"/( *93.,:( 2"'&9'"A( ?&:@8( &*.&*./&''"]
3*."-39&*2"<"( 3**:&+"/,'3;( .&--3."-33( &&( -,*9:&'&'3&( e',( ?&:$8(
*"/"2$#'"*.@( :,'+b,=."/a( 3:3( <&"<-,=39&*23>( 3'+3/3+$$1"/fF( K,'+b,=.0(
X( d."( &*.&*./&''0&( &+3'3?0a( ',( 2"."-0&( -,*#,+,&.*;( #-3-"+,( :86"A(
.&--3."-33a( "'3( #-&+*.,/:;8.( *"6"A( e2,2( 60( ="2$*0a( 3:3( $7:0a( /( 2"."-0>(
*2-&%3/,8.*;( /7,31'0&( /:3;'3;( "6%&<"( 3( 1&*.'"<"( 2:31,.,a( *( "+'"A(
*."-"'0a( -&:@&=,a( <&":"<39&*23>( $*:"/3A( X( *( +-$<"Aa( -,*.3.&:@'"*.3( 3(
c3/".'"<"( 13-,( X( *( .-&.@&A( 3( .F( +Ff(

S

F( `/."-( "*"6&''"( #"+9&-23/,:(

'&"6>"+31"*.@(<&'&.39&*2"<"(#"+>"+,(2(37$9&'38(:,'+b,=."/i("'(#-&+/3+&:a(
9."( *3*.&1,.32,( e<&"<-,=39&*23>( 3'+3/3+$$1"/f( 6$+&.( "*'"/0/,.@*;( ',( 3>(
<&'&73*&a(3:3(#-"3*>"c+&'33F((

B:3c,Ab3A(

&+3'"10b:&''32(

)F(

LF(

O"-"7"/,(

/0+,8%3A*;(

-,7'"*."-"''3A( $9&'0Aa( *"7+,/b3A( .&"-&.39&*23&( "*'"/0( -,7/&+&'3;( :&*,( /(
*.&#3a( )F( QF( R0*"?23A( *,1"*.";.&:@'"( -,7/3/,:( #-&+*.,/:&'3&( "( :,'+b,=.&a(
2"."-0A(#-&+#"93.,:(',70/,.@(-$**231(.&-13'"1(e&*.&*./&'',;("2-$<,fa(3:3(
e1&*.'"*.@fF(g'(*93.,:a(9."(-,7:39'0&(

(

S

(O"-"7"/(

W>/T>/

H**:&+"/,'3&(:&*"/(R"-"'&c*2"A(<$6&-'33pp(K&*'"A(c$-',:F(SWSVF(q(V(X(UF(4F(UESF(

(

V^(

(

1&*.'"*.3( +":c'0( ".:39,.@*;( >,-,2.&-"1( /'$.-&''&A( #&*.-".0( 3:3(

"+'""6-,73;($*:"/3A(1&*."#-"37-,*.,'3;(3(*""./&.*./$8%3>(d.31($*:"/3;1(
-,*.3.&:@'0>( *""6%&*./F( R( d."A( 10*:3( 7,2:89&'"( #-&+*.,/:&'3&( "(
1"-=":"<33(:,'+b,=.,a(#":$93/b&&(-,7/3.3&(7',93.&:@'"(#"7+'&&F(4(+-$<"A(
*."-"'0a( e&*.&*./&''0&( "2-$<3f( R0*"?23A( -,**1,.-3/,:( 2,2( ',9,:@'0&(
&+3'3?0( /*&A( *3*.&10( -,A"'3-"/,'3;J( "'3( "6n&+3';8.*;( /( &*.&*./&''0&(
"6:,*.3a( ,( #"*:&+'3&( X( /( *.-,'0F( R0*"?2"1$( #-3',+:&c3.( 3+&;( *"7+,'3;(
*3'.&.39&*23>(2,-.a(2"."-0&(/#"*:&+*./33(*.,:3(31&'"/,.@*;(:,'+b,=.'013(
2,-.,13F((

H'.&-&*'0&(*""6-,c&'3;("(:,'+b,=.,>(10(',>"+31(/(/0*2,70/,'3;>(`F(

!>/

B"-7"/,a( HF( OF( C-,b&'3''32"/,a( 5F( HF( `6":3',F( g+',2"( //&+&'3&1(

',$9'"<"(#"';.3;(e:,'+b,=.f(/(<&"<-,=39&*2$8(',$2$(10("6;7,'0(<:,/'01(
"6-,7"1( KF( 4F( B&-<$a( 36"( "'( /#&-/0&( /( SWSV( <F( /0*2,7,:( 10*:@a( 9."( 31&''"(
:,'+b,=.0(#-&+*.,/:;8.(*"6"A(

3%'46'#/*,,1'4$"(5*=/&'$&%()**>/

eH7$9&'3&(

#-393'aX( #3*,:( "'aX( 2,23&( #-3/"+;.( 2( ."1$a( 9."( -&:@&=a( 2:31,.a(
-,*.3.&:@'0A( 3( #"9/&''0A( #"2-"/( +,8.( "#-&+&:&''0Aa( &*:3( 1"c'"( .,2(
/0-,73.@*;a( :,'+b,=.'0A( "-<,'371a( 3**:&+"/,'3&( /7,31"+&A*./3Aa( 2,23&(
"2,70/,8.( -,7:39'0&a( *:,<,8%3&( #-3-"+'0A( :,'+b,=.( =,2."-0( +-$<( ',(
+-$<,aX(/".(7,+,9,(',$9'"A(<&"<-,=33f(

S

F((

KF(4F(B&-<("#-&+&:3:(:,'+b,=.(2,2(e"6:,*.@a(/(2"."-"A(>,-,2.&-(-&:@&=,a(

2:31,.,a( -,*.3.&:@'"<"( 3( #"9/&''"<"( #"2-"/,( *:3/,&.*;( /( &+3'"&(
<,-1"'39&*2"&( ?&:"&a( .3#39&*23( #"/."-;8%&&*;( ',( #-".;c&'33( 37/&*.'"A(
7"'0( j&1:3f

D

F( 4&A9,*( d."( "#-&+&:&'3&( #-&+*.,/:;&.*;( ',1( '&+"*.,."9'"(

9&.231a( '"( '&( *:&+$&.( 7,60/,.@a( 9."( d."( #&-/"&( "#-&+&:&'3&F( N-3( /*&1(
'&*"/&-b&'*./&( "'"( *"+&-c3.( 9-&7/09,A'"( /,c'"&( $2,7,'3&( X( ',( */;7@(
1&c+$( :,'+b,=."1( 3( #-3-"+'"A( M:,'+b,=.'"Aa( #"( B&-<$P( 7"'"AF( l&-13'"1(

X1(54G()#5(=/

7"',f( KF( 4F( B&-<( #"+9&-23/,&.( d.$( */;7@F( R( +-$<"A( -,6".&a(

#"*/;%&''"A( -,7+&:&'38( 5"**33( ',( :,'+b,=.'0&( 7"'0a( <+&( "'( /#&-/0&(
<"/"-3.( 3( "( :,'+b,=.&a( 7"',( "#-&+&:;&.*;( 2,2( e"6:,*.@( #-&"6:,+,8%&<"(
-,7/3.3;("+'3>(3(.&>(c&(:,'+b,=."/f(

V

F(K,'+b,=.(7+&*@(".'"*3.*;(2(7"'&(2,2(

9,*.@( 2( ?&:"1$F( l,231( "6-,7"1a( KF( 4F( B&-<( "-<,'39&*23( *"&+3'3:( $9&'3&( "(
:,'+b,=.,>(*(7"',:@'"A(2"'?&#?3&AF((

R( -$**2"A( <&"<-,=33( +""2.;6-@*2"<"( #&-3"+,( &%&( '&( *$%&*./"/,:"(

-,7-,6".,''"<"( $9&'3;( "( :,'+b,=.&a( '"( 3+&;( :,'+b,=.,( *.,:,( />"+3.@( /(
',$9'0A( "63>"+( <&"<-,="/( 3( +-$<3>( ',.$-,:3*."/a( "',( *"7+,/,:,( "6%$8(
.&"-&.39&*2$8( #:,.="-1$( +:;( "6n&+3'&'3;( /7<:;+"/( #-&+*.,/3.&:&A(
-,7:39'0>( ".-,*:&/0>( +3*?3#:3'( 3( +:;( -,7-,6".23( #-3'?3#"/( 3( 1&."+"/(
2"1#:&2*'0>(.&--3."-3,:@'0>(3**:&+"/,'3AF(

(

S

(

N'%&/

KF(4F(N-&+1&.(3(7,+,93(<&"<-,=33pp(H7/&*.3;(5$**2"<"(<&"<-F("6]/,F(SWSIF(lF(ISF(R0#F(EF(4F(U^SF((

D

(l,1(c&F(

V

(B&-<(KF(4F(g#0.(-,7+&:&'3;(4363-3(3(l$-2&*.,',(',(:,'+b,=.'0&(3(1"-=":"<39&*23&("6:,*.3pp(46"-'32(

/(9&*.@(^T]:&.3;(!F(QF(`'$93',F(OFa(SWSVF(4F(SSGF(VG(

(

N,-,::&:@'"( *( #"';.3&1( "( :,'+b,=.&( /"7'32:,( 3',;( =3732"]

<&"<-,=39&*2,;( 2"'?&#?3;a( *"<:,*'"( 2"."-"A( #-&+1&."1( d."A( ',$23( ;/:;&.*;(
e',-$c',;( 7&1',;( "6":"92,fa( *"*.";%,;( 37( :3."*=&-0a( <3+-"*=&-0a(
,.1"*=&-0( 3( 63"*=&-0a( 2"."-0&( #-"'32,8.( +-$<( /( +-$<,( 3( ',>"+;.*;( /(
#"*.";''"1( /7,31"+&A*./33F( l,2$8( ."92$( 7-&'3;( /0*2,7,:( /( SWST( <F( NF( HF(
B-"$'"/a(#-&+/"*>3.3/a(.,231("6-,7"1a($9&'3&("(<&"<-,=39&*2"A("6":"92&F(Q"(
/( ."( /-&1;( 10*:@( NF( HF( B-"$'"/,( '&( /*.-&.3:,( #"'31,'3;( 3( #"++&-c23F(
O&c+$( :,'+b,=.'"<&"<-,=39&*2"A( 3( "6%&7&1:&/&+9&*2"A( 2"'?&#?3;13(
*$%&*./"/,:( -,7-0/F( B":@b3'*./"( <&"<-,="/( *2:"';:"*@( 2( ."1$a( 9."(
<&"<-,=3;( +":c',( 7,'31,.@*;( .":@2"( ".+&:@'013( .&--3."-3;13a( .F( &F(
-&<3"',:@'013(3(:"2,:@'013(-,7:393;13(',(j&1:&F((

C( #-,/3:@'"1$( #"'31,'38( &+3'*./,( "6%3>( 3( 1&*.'0>( <&"<-,=39&*23>(

7,2"'"1&-'"*.&A(/(SWSU(<F(#-36:373:*;(5F(HF(`6":3'(MSGGEX(SWVWP(F(g'(//&:(
#"';.3&("(2"1#:&2*'"A(:,'+b,=.'"A("6":"92&(7&1'"<"(b,-,a(2"."-$8(',7/,:(
d#3<&'&1"AF( R( *""./&.*./33( *( b3-".'"A( 7"',:@'"*.@8( d.,( "6":"92,(
-,*#,+,&.*;( ',( ed#37"'0fa( ,( /( -&7$:@.,.&( <&":"<39&*2"A( 3*."-33a(
"6$*:"/3/b&A( e:3."<&''$8( "*'"/$fa( .F( &F( >,-,2.&-( <"-'0>( #"-"+a(
.&2."'39&*2"&( *.-"&'3&a( "-"<-,=38( X( ',( ed#3"6:,*.3fF( R( 7,/3*31"*.3( ".(
*"9&.,'3;( *#&?3=39&*23>( 1&*.'0>( =,2."-"/( /( 2,c+"A( d#3"6:,*.3(
="-13-$8.*;( -,7:39'0&( ed#3.3#0f( M',#-31&-( 6":".,Pa( 2"."-0&( /( 2"'&9'"1(
*9&.&( *2:,+0/,8.*;( 37( d:&1&'.,-'0>a( +,:&&( '&+&:310>a( "+'"-"+'0>(
.&--3."-3,:@'0>(&+3'3?(X(ed#31"-=fF((

5F( HF( `6":3'( /#&-/0&( ',1&.3:( #"*:&+"/,.&:@'$8( *3*.&1$( =3732"]

<&"<-,=39&*23>( &+3'3?( */&->$( +"'37$( X( ".( :,'+b,=.'"A( "6":"923( +"(
#-"*.&Ab&<"( <&"<-,=39&*2"<"( 2"1#:&2*,( M#"( *"/-&1&''"A( .&-13'":"<33( X(
=,?33P( F( N-3( d."1( "'( /&-'"( $2,7,:( ',( +/&( <:,/'0&( 7,2"'"1&-'"*.3(
-&<3"',:@'"A(=3732"]<&"<-,=39&*2"A(+3==&-&'?3,?33b3-".'$8(7"',:@'"*.@(
3( ."a( 9."( *&A9,*( "609'"( 31&'$&.*;( ,7"',:@'"*.@8F( g+',2"( *3*.&1,( 5F( HF(
`6":3',( "*.,:,*@( '&+"*.,."9'"( -,7-,6".,''"AF( C( ."1$( c&( "',( /( .&9&'3&(
+":<"<"( /-&1&'3( '&( #"#,+,:,( /( #":&( 7-&'3;( <&"<-,="/( 3( '&( 1"<:,( "2,7,.@( ',(
'3>(/:3;'3;F((

N-"6:&10(=3732"]<&"<-,=39&*2"<"(+&:&'3;(7&1'"A(#"/&->'"*.3(/(',9,:&(

}}(/F(+"/":@'"("c3/:&''"("6*$c+,:3*@(/(7,-$6&c'"A(<&"<-,=33a("*"6&''"(/(
`'<:33a( )&-1,'33a( 4r`F( Q,36":&&( 3'.&-&*'0A( "#0.( -,A"'3-"/,'3;( /*&A(
*$b3( j&1:3( #-3',+:&c3.( ,'<:3A*2"1$( <&"<-,=$( kF( !cF( )&-6&-.*"'$(
M"#$6:32"/,'( /( SWTI( <FPF( R( *>&1&( )&-6&-.*"',( M-3*F( UP( /0+&:&'3&( 2-$#'0>(
-&<3"',:@'0>(&+3'3?(*"9&.,&.*;(*(#"#0.2"A(+,.@(3>(.3#":"<38F(R("*'"/&(&&(
X( b3-".'0&( #";*,( M#":;-'0Aa( >":"+'"]$1&-&''0Aa( .&#:"]$1&-&''0Aa(
.-"#39&*23A(3(d2/,."-3,:@'0APa(,(/'$.-3('3>(/0+&:;8.*;(+":<".'0&(".-&723a(
6:3723&(2(*"/-&1&''01(*&2."-,1(M',#-31&-(1$**"''0&a(/'$.-3]1,.&-32"/0&a(
7,#,+'0&( #-3"2&,'39&*23&PF( `',:"<39'0&( *&2."-0( -,7'0>( 1,.&-32"/(
"6n&+3';8.*;( /( "+3'( e.3#( &*.&*./&''0>( -,A"'"/f( M',#-31&-a( 7,#,+'0&(
"2-,3'0( 1,.&-32"/( /( #-&+&:,>( .&#:"]$1&-&''"<"( #";*,( *( 731'313( "*,+2,13(
"6n&+3'&'0(/(*-&+37&1'"1"-*23A(

(
(
(
(
(

(
(

5'*F(UF(l3#0(&*.&*./&''0>(-,A"'"/(M#"(kF(!cF()&-6&-.*"'$a(SWTIPJ(

Y/8/3$1=%59'Z/(/8/

-,/'3'0(M.$'+-"/0A(.3#Pa(6(X(<"-0(M.3#(:&+;'0>(#"2-"/"/Pi(D(X(

<$1$45$@A6'%'559'2/(/8/

7,#,+'0&( "2-,3'0( 1,.&-32"/( M7,#,+'"&/-"#&A*23A( .3#Pa(

0/ 8/

/"*."9'0&( "2-,3'0( M2/&6&2*23A( .3#Pa( /( X(

/'$.-&''3&( -,A"'0( M*363-*23A( .3#Pa(

&/ 8>/

/'$.-&''3&( <"-0( M,:.,A*23A( .3#Pi(

[/ 8/ #'31$@A6'%'559'Z/ (/ 8/

7,#,+'0&("2-,3'0(*(731'313("*,+2,13(M*-&+37&1'"1"-*23A(.3#Pa(

0/8/

/"*."9'0&("2-,3'0(*(:&.'313("*,+2,13(

M23.,A*23A( .3#Pa( /( X( /'$.-&''3&( -,A"'0( M.$-,'*23A( .3#Pa(

&/ 8/

/'$.-&''3&( #:,."( M3-,'*23A( .3#Pi( U( X(

#%$3*+',-*'Z/ (/ 8/

7,#,+'0&( .-"#39&*23&( #$*.0'3( M*,>,-*23A( .3#Pa(

0/ 8/

/"*."9'0&( .-"#39&*23&( -,A"'0(

M1$**"''0A(.3#Pa(/(/'$.-&''3&(.-"#39&*23&(#:,."(M*$+,'*23A(.3#Pi(

\/8/"9,$-*'/#%$3*+',-*'/*/,A0#%$3*+',-*'/

&$%9/

M.36&.*23A(.3#Pi(

0/8/H-"(#$%*(1759'/%(.$59/

M,1,7"'*23A(.3#P(

(