Файл: Дрёмов С.В., Сёмин И.Р. - Измененные состояния сознания.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 10.10.2020
Просмотров: 2934
Скачиваний: 8
16
8-1+-
+,--.
3*52/
15CG25.A4;
15@91G,
.
1-,
+43/8AC@H.4;
E,3+*+9-46+-
D511G-
,
D5-.4;
+:
4.*/=+0
15@91G0
5158+C
,
C151+;
4+4.-,5.+C+*@H.4;
,
3*+9-,
/.9-.8+2/
2G*5I-1/
4.*-,8-1+-
6 +:
3*+8/I-1+H
2 .-*53-2.+9-46/0
3*56.+6-
.
5@6/,-.*+9-46+0
5158+C
I@*1585
"
*5143-*4/158A15;
34+:/8/=+;
" (
58+,/2
, 1993)
3/65CG25-.
,
9./
3@78+6@H?+-4;
2 1-,
52./*G
/3+*5H.4;
2 42/+:
3*-D3/4G865:
15
,5.-*+58G
2-D@?+:
565D-,+9-46+:
I@*158/2
3/
34+:+5.*++
.
+D-*5,+
.*514
-
3-*4/158A1/=/
153*528-1+;
;28;H.4;
48/I+2<+-4;
3*/B-44+/158G
34+:+5.*G
.
548/@
,
.
445DI+/8+
, .
/8<
, .
*/B
, .
5*.
+ D*
.
9+48-
3*-D.-9
.*5143-*4/158A1/=/
153*528-1+;
4
3/81G,
3*52/,
,/=@.
7G.A
15C251G
.
I-,4
, 3.
!*-0D
, .
&1=
, .
588+251
, .
!*5168
+ D*@=+-
2+D1G-
@9-1G-
[
/2/*;
/ .*5143-*4/158A1/,
153*528-1++
34+:/8/=++
+ 34+:+5.*++
2 42;C+
4 3*/78-,/0
,
3*-ID-
24-=/
48-D@-.
/.,-.+.A
*5C*57/.511G-
CD-4A
25*+51.G
4.*5.+B+65F++
4/C151+;
.
56/2G
,
2 954.1/4.+
, "
65*./=*5B+;
4/C151+;
" .
*/B5
,
<658G
.
5*.5
, "
43-6.*
4/C151+;
" .
+87-*5
.
*-D
-
8/I-11G-
.*5143-*4/158+4.5,+
"
68544+B+65F++
",
152-*1/-
,
,/I1/
49+.5.A
@./91-1+-,
2C=8;D/2
.
&1=5
15
4.*/-1+-
+1D+2+D@58A1/=/
4/C151+;
.
/.;
3/D/71G-
4:-,G
D5H.
8+<A
4.*@6.@*1/-
,
4.5.+9-46/-
3*-D4.528-1+-
/ 4/C151++
,
/1+
/.*5I5H.
=8521G-
8+1++
+ *5C8+9+;
,
3/C2/8;H.
C5
/=
-
*/,1G,
,1/I-4.2/,
4/D-*I51+0
@2+D-.A
F-8/4.1@H
65*.+1@
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
.
7?--
+ F-1
-
1/-
2 1+:
-
E./
@65C51+;
15
3*+4@.4.2+-
2 4/C151++
1-;21G:
,
.*514+1D+2+D@58A1G:
@*/21-0
,
3*/
-
;28-1+;
6/./*G:
/B+F+58A15;
34+:+5.*+;
2 7/8A<+14.2-
48@95-2
*54F-1+25-.
656
34+:/35./8/
-
=+H
.
.D-8A1G0
+1.-*-4
3*-D4.528;H.
2/CC*-1+;
15
+-*5*:+9-46@H
4.*@6.@*@
4/C151+;
.
5*.5
.
4/
-
7-11/4.A
-=/
.-/*++
2 ./,
,
9./
2GD-8-1+-
<658
,
@3/*;D/9+25H?+:
4/4./;1+;
4/C151+;
,
/1
3*/2/
-
D+.
3/
564+/8/=+9-46/,@
3*+1F+3@
. .
5*.
(1994,
4
.210-211)
/.,-95-.
,
9./
/3*-D-8-1+;
"
7/8--
2G4/6/=/
+ 7/8--
1+C6/=/
"
@*/21-0
4/C151+;
C52+4;.
/.
,+*/2/CC*-1+;
9-8/2-65
+ F-11/4.1/0
/*+-1.5F++
6@8A.@*G
2 F-8/,
.
56
,
153*+,-*
,
2 C535D1/0
F-11/4.1/0
<658-
2G4<+,
3*+1;./
49+
-
.5.A
4/4./;1+-
3/81/0
*5F+/158A1/4.+
.
4//.2-.4.2++
4 E./0
<658/0
7/8--
1+C6+,+
;28;H.4;
.2/*9-46+-
4/4./;1+;
(
/7*5?-1+-
6 21@.*-11+,
+,3@8A45,
8+91/4.+
),
-?-
1+I-
-
4/1
,
+1./64+65
-
F+;
,5*+:@51/0
,
34+:/35.+9-46+-
4/4./;1+;
,
4/4./;1+;
,
2GC2511G-
=588HF+1/=-15,+
,
+ ./64+6/
-
=-11G0
34+:/C
. "
/
-
2+D+,/,@
, -
3+<-.
.
5*.
(
.5,
I-
), -
E.5
<6585
,/8958+2/
3*+C15-.4;
7/8A
-
<+14.2/,
C535D1G:
+1.-88-6.@58/2
.
/D9-*61-,
-
+,-11/
,/8958+2/
.
./
C159+.
,
9./
/F-16+
E./0
<658G
238-.-1G
2 /7?@H
.651A
4+4.-,G
F-11/4.-0
15<-=/
/7?-4.25
...
/F-16+
3/
E./0
<658-
95?-
24-=/
D-85H.4;
1-;21G,
/7*5C/,
.
/=D5
4+4.-,5
F-11/4.-0
+8+
--
3*-D3/4G86+
+,38+F+.
-
1G
,
9-8/2-6
1-
/4/C15-.
+:
158+9+;
+ 3/./,@
1-
3/D2-*=5-.
+:
4/,1-1+H
.
1
3*/4./
52./,5.+9-
-
46+
2/43*+1+,5-.
,+*
+ ,G48+.
,
/41/2G25;4A
15
E./0
4+4.-,-
4 --
3*-D3/4G865,+
.
53*+,-*
,
9./
7G
1+
465C58
9-8/2-6
,
/ 6/./*/,
+C2-4.1/
,
9./
/1
"
34+:/.+6
",
E./
7@D-.
*544,5.*+25.A4;
656
42+
-
D-.-8A4.2/
-=/
7-C@,+;
,
5 1-
/F-1+25.A4;
45,/
3/
4-7-
" (
.5,
I-
,
4
.211-213).
.
5*.
(
.5,
I-
)
3+<-.
,
9./
*5F+/158A1/4.A
,
3*-2/C1/4+,5;
2 -2*/3-046/0
<658-
F-11/4.-0
,
;2
-
8;-.4;
1-D/4.+I+,G,
,+*5I/,
.
*+
E./,
"
/7G91/-
4/4./;1+-
;28;-.4;
/665C+/158A1/
1-2*/.+
-
9-46+,
2 ./,
4,G48-
,
9./
2 1-,
*5F+/158A1/4.A
/65CG25-.4;
8+<A
*5F+/158+C5F+-0
.-:
3*/F-4
-
4/2
,
6/./*G-
/41/251G
15
7-44/C15.-8A1G:
3/7@ID-1+;:
+ E,/F+;:
".
*/,-
./=/
, "
*5F+/158A1/4.A
2*;D
8+
3*+<854A
3/
D@<-
7/8A<+14.2@
+C
154
-
2-DA
9-8/2-6
4 .56+,
4/C151+-,
7G8
7G
9-,
-
./
2*/D-
6/,3AH.-*5
".
65C51+-,
1-46/8A6+:
F-11/4.1G:
<658
.
5*.
/7*5?5-.
21+,51+-
15
/.1/4+.-8A1/4.A
15@91G:
3*-D4.528-1+0
,
3*+C1511G:
574/8H.1G,+
.
+D+,/
,
3/85=51+-
+4.+11G,
/7R-6.+21/=/
3*+
1-D/4
-
.5./91/,
@9-.-
4@7R-6.+21/=/
F-11/4.1/
-
E.+9-46/=/
543-6.5
-?-
1-
=5*51.+*@-.
4.+1G
.
/4/
-
17
7-11/4.+
E./
56.@58A1/
2 D+4F+38+15:
,
C51;.G:
/7R-6.+25F+-0
4@7R-6.+21/=/
,
2 15@65:
,
=D-
/7R
-
-6.+21/4.A
@.2-*ID5-.4;
8+<A
2 6/1.-64.-
/3*-D-8-11/0
35*5D+=,G
,
,-./D/8/=+9-46+-
/41/25
-
1+;
6/./*/0
24-=D5
4@7R-6.+21G
.
+4./*++
15@6+
+C2-4.1G
48@95+
,
6/=D5
*5F+/158A1/4.A
,
2G*5I5H?5;
/7R-6.+21/4.A
,
4,-<+25
-
854A
4 *5F+/158+C5F+;,+
.
4+:+5.*+;
,
2 954.1/4.+
,
+C/7+8@-.
3*+,-*5,+
,
6/=D5
*5F+/158+C5F++
@9-1/=/
,
3*+C1511G-
15+7/8--
@D591G,+
15
/3*-D-8-11/,
E.53-
3/C151+;
2 6/16*-.1G0
+4./*+
-
9-46+0
/.*-C/6
,
3*-2*5?5854A
E3+=/15,+
2 +D-58
*5F+/158A1/4.+
,
D/=,5.+C+*/258+4A
+ 3/9+.5
-
8+4A
+4.+1/0
2 3/48-D1-0
+14.51F++
.
,-;
2 154./;?-,
68+1+9-46@H
*-58A1/4.A
,
68+1+9-46@H
/F-16@
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
,
,G
/4.52
-
8;-,
7-C
21+,51+;
D+15,+6@
,
--
/41/251+;
2 4@7R-6.+21/0
*-58A1/4.+
35F+-1.5
.
-ID@
.-,
,
3/.*-71/4.A
2 @9-.-
1-;21G:
+C,-1-1+0
34+:+6+
,
1-
B+64+*@-,G:
68+1+9-46+
,
24-=D5
3*+4@.
-
4.2/2585
+ 4.+,@8+*/2585
*5C2+.+-
51.*/3/8/=+9-46/0
34+:+5.*++
,
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/=/
5158+C5
+
3*
.
/8/I-1+;
.
5*.5
3/C2/8;H.
3*/;41+.A
48-D@H?@H
4+.@5F+H
.
28;;4A
3+./,F5,+
/D1/0
F-11/
-
4.1/0
4+4.-,G
(
15
535D-
-
E./
153*528-11/4.A
15
+C@9-1+-
, "
C52/-251+-
"
21-<1-0
*-58A1/4.+
),
2*59
+ 35F+-1.
.-*;H.
2C5+,/3/1+,51+-
,
6/=D5
7/8-C1A
,-1;-.
E64.*52-*.+*/2511@H
@4.51/26@
4/C151+;
35F+-1.5
15
21@.*-11HH
.
F-165
-=/
+C,-1-11/=/
4/4./;1+;
4/C151+;
656
7/8--
1+C6/=/
3/
4*521-1+H
4 1/*,5.+21G,
3*-D,-.1G,
4/C151+-,
3*+2/D+.
6 3/4.51/26-
D+5=1/C5
.
56
=/2/*+.
.
5*.
(1994,
4
.213): "
/8+
*543*-D-8-1G
C5*51--
:
35F+-1.G
-
4@,54<-D<+-
,
2*59+
-
CD*52/,G4
-
8;?+-
,
+ +C,-1+.A
@I-
1+9-=/
1-8AC;
".
56
3*52+8/
,
C57G25-.4;
,
9./
3*-D4.528-1+-
/ 1/*,-
C5
-
D51/
/.1/4+.-8A1G,
3*-D4.528-1+-,
/ F-11/4.+
./=/
+8+
+1/=/
4/4./;1+;
,
-=/
C159+,/4.AH
D8;
2GI+251+;
.
57G25-.4;
,
9./
3*+
4-*A-C1/,
34+:+9-46/,
15*@<-1++
@48/2+;
I+C1+
,-1;H.4;
+
7/8--
F-11G,+
-
4//.2-.4.2@H?+,+
4@7R-6.+21G,
3/.*-71/4.;,
-
,/=@.
7G.A
+C,-1-11G-
4/
-
4./;1+;
4/C151+;
.
/D9-*6+25;
+:
E6C+4.-1F+58A1@H
*521/F-11/4.A
4 /7G91G,
4/4./;1+-,
7/D*
-
4.2/251+;
,
,G
,/I-,
248-D
C5
6@8A.@*/8/=5,+
15C25.A
+:
+1G,+
4/4./;1+;,+
4/C151+;
.
*@=/-
42/-/7*5C+-
2/CC*-1+0
.
5*.5
-
E./
4.*@6.@*58+4.465;
+1.-*3*-.5F+;
D+46*-.1/4.+
4/C
-
151+;
. .
5*.
3*-D3/9+.5-.
+C@95.A
+,-11/
D+46*-.1G-
+C,-1-1+;
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
(
)
+
;28;-.4;
/D1+,
+C
4/CD5.-8-0
.-/*++
3*-*G21G:
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
. "
+46*-.1G,
+C,-1-11G,
4/4./;1+-,
4/C151+;
, -
3+<-.
/1
, -
,G
15C/2-,
.56/-
,
6/./*/-
/.8+95-.4;
/.
1-6/./*/=/
6/16*-.1/=/
75C+41/=/
4/4./;1+;
4/C151+;
(
)...
E./
1-65;
1/25;
3/
/.1/<-1+H
6 75C+41/,@
4/
-
4./;1+H
4+4.-,5
,
/785D5H?5;
3*+4@?+,+
./8A6/
-0
:5*56.-*+4.+65,+
:
E./
/3*-D-8-11/-
+C,-
-
1-1+-
3*-I1-0
4.*@6.@*G
4/C151+;
".
.
5*.5
+1.-*-4@H.
C56/1/,-*1/4.+
*5C*@<-1+;
+4:/D1G:
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
+ 4.57+8+C5F++
21/2A
/7*5C/252<+:4;
.
5
@4.51/28-1+-
+ @3/*;D/9+251+-
2C5+,/42;C+
B+C+/8/=+9-46+:
+ 34+
-
:+9-46+:
3*/F-44/2
21@.*+
153*528-1/
,
3/
.
5*.@
(
.5,
I-
),
9-.G*-
4.57+8+C+*@H?+:
3*/
-
F-445
:
3/D9+1-1+-
E1-*=++
"
21+,51+;
-
/4/C151+;
"
2G3/81-1+H
656/0
-
8+7/
C5D59+
;
158+9+-
1-=5
-
.+21/0
/7*5.1/0
42;C+
+ 6/**-6F+;
4.*@6.@*
(
3/D4+4.-,
),
/.68/1+2<+:4;
/.
1/*,
D511/=/
;
3/C+.+215;
/7*5.15;
42;CA
2 2+D-
156/38-1+;
3/8/I+.-8A1/=/
/3G.5
,
3/2G<5H?-=/
EBB-6.+2
-
1/4.A
*57/.G
2
;
153*528-11/4.A
/3*-D-8-11G:
3*/F-44/2
15
/=*51+9-1+-
2/CD-04.2+;
D-4
-
.57+8+C+*@H?+:
B56./*/2
.
58+9+-
3/D/71G:
4.57+8+C+*@H?+:
3*/F-44/2
56.@58+C+*@-.
2/3*/4
/ F-8-4//7*5C1/4.+
4/:*5
-
1-1+;
.
6/1.-64.-
3*-I1+:
*544@ID-1+0
3*-D4.528;-.4;
C56/1/,-*1G,
3*-D3/8/I-1+-
/
18
./,
,
9./
F-8-4//7*5C1/4.A
/3*-D-8;-.4;
+:
5D53.+21/4.AH
.
56
,/I1/
C5,-.+.A
,
24-
4.5
-
7+8+C+*@H?+-
3*/F-44G
@
.
5*.5
153*528-1G
15
@4.51/28-1+-
+ 3/DD-*I51+-
*521/2-4+;
4
21-<1-0
D8;
3/D4+4.-,
D-04.2+.-8A1/4.AH
.
D+1
543-6.
5D53.+21/4.+
4/C151+;
-
@*-=@8+
-
*/251+-
2C5+,/D-04.2+;
9-8/2-65
4 /6*@I5H?+,
,+*/,
-
:/*/</
+C2-4.-1
,
/D156/
/1
1-
/7R;4
-
1;-.
+49-*3G25H?-
1-/7:/D+,/4.A
+C,-1-1+;
4/C151+;
.
*-D4.528-1+;
.
+87-*5
(1996)
+ 2GD-8-11G-
+,
<-4.A
48/-2
(
@*/21-0
)
4/C151+;
- "
.-1A
",
E=/
,
7+/4/F+58A1G0
,
E6C+4.-1F+58A1G0
,
.*5143-*4/158A1G0
@*/21+
+ @*/2-1A
"
,501D
" (
*5C@,
) -
15
-
=8;D1/
3/65CG25H.
=*51+FG
/7R-6.+2+*@H?-0
68+1+9-46/0
35*5D+=,G
.
5158+.+9-46/0
34+:/8/
-
=++
.
&1=5
3/48-D1+0
@*/2-1A
.
+87-*5
4//.1/4+.4;
4
"
45,/4.AH
",
2 ,+*/2G:
*-8+=+;:
+,--.
*5C8+91G-
15+,-1/251+;
(
/=
-
/.-F
,
@DD5
,
885:
),
+C2-4.-1
656
5/
,
.,51
2 2/4./91G:
*-8+=+
-
/C1/
-
B+8/4/B46+:
6/1F-3F+;:
,
656
74/8H.
,
+9./
2 B+8/4/B++
C535D1G:
,G48+.-8-0
.
./.
@*/2-1A
,564+,58A1/
D58-6
/.
4F+-1.+4.46/=/
,+*/2/43*+;.+;
,
1/
,
1-4,/.*;
15
1-D/4.5./6
E,3+
-
*+9-46+:
C151+0
/ D511/,
3*-D-8A1/,
@*/21-
,
7-C
1-=/
B-1/,-1/8/=+;
4/C151+;
7G85
7G
1-3/8
-
1/0
.
8+1+F+4.G
,
+C@95;
34+:+9-46+-
*544.*/04.25
,
D/:/D;.
D/
3/1+,51+;
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/=/
@*/21;
,
5 .*5143-*4/158A1G0
+ @*/2-1A
"
,501D
"
2 43-6.*-
4/C151+;
+448-D@H.4;
2 *5CD-8-
"
34+:/CG
".
*514
3-*4/158
+4.G
2 D/3/81-1+-
6 E./,@
3*-D85=5H.
*54<+*+.A
=*51+FG
3/1+,51+;
+ 3*+1;.+;
3*/;28-1+0
34+:/.+9-46+:
*-=+4.*/2
,
*544,5.*+25;
+:
656
C159+,G-
4/7G.+;
2 6/1.-64.-
8+91/
-
4.1/=/
*/4.5
.
56
3+<-.
/D+1
+C
8+D-*/2
+448-D/251+0
60-
: ==
. .
5*51:/
(19956,
4
.179), "
4/
-
2*-,-11/-
.-*3+,/-
/.1/<-1+-
6 7-C@,+H
3*/+4.-65-.
+C
7/8--
<+*/6/0
.-*3+,/4.+
6 +C,-1-1
-
1G,
4/4./;1+;,
4/C151+;
,
+C
1/2/0
/.6*G./4.+
3-*-D
/3G./,
+ =/./21/4.+
@4.@3+.A
-,@
".
/92/0
D8;
+1.-*3*-.5F+0
D*5,5.+9-46/=/
+ .*514B/*,+*@H?-=/
/3G.5
2
;28;-.4;
3*-D4.528-1+-
/ .*5143-*4/158A1G:
/41/251+;:
34+:+6+
.
/85=5;4A
15
42+D-.-8A4.25
/ F-8+.-8A1/,
+ *5C2+25H?-,
EBB-6.-
,
D/4.+=5-,G:
,-D+.5
-
F+-0
,
D@:/21G,+
3*56.+65,+
,
/3+*5;4A
15
68+1+9-46+0
/3G.
3/,/?+
34+:/.+9-46+,
7/8A1G,
(
1
-
4.+.@.
458-15
2 '
),
.*5143-*4/158+4.G
B/*,@8+*@H.
48-D@H?+-
3/8/I-1+;
.
!@1D5,-1.58A
-
1/-
6*-D/
.*5143-*4/158A1/0
34+:/8/=++
,
3/
.
*/B@
(1994,
4
.179),
2 ./,
,
9./
3*+
785=/3*+;.1G:
@48/2+;:
+ =*5,/.1/0
3/DD-*I6-
6*+C+4
1-2*/.+9-46/=/
+ D5I-
34+:/.+9-46/=/
,54<.575
4/CD5-.
2/C,/I1/4.+
D8;
+C8-9-1+;
+ E2/8HF++
4/C151+;
. "
15<-
2*-,;
, -
3+<-.
.
/8<
(Walsh, 1990,
*
.90), -
@D+2+.-8A1/
7/8A</-
9+48/
3*/B-44+/158/2
2 /7854.+
34+:+9-46/=/
CD/*/2A;
4D-858+
4:/D1/-
C568H9-1+-
.
465C58
"
@D+2+.-8A1/
",
3/./,@
9./
E.5
2/C,/I1/4.A
4/2-*<-11/
+468H95-.
-
4;
2 .*5D+F+/11G:
34+:+5.*+9-46+:
*57/.5:
.
-,
1-
,-1--
,
D/4.5./91/-
9+48/
+448-D/25.-8-0
(
+
1-6/./*G-
D/2/8A1/
+C2-4.1G
)
D/3@465H.
,
9./
34+:/8/=+9-46+-
15*@<-1+;
,
268H95;
D5I-
34+:/
-
CG
,
,/=@.
+43/81;.A
*/8A
*5C2+25H?+:
4/4./;1+0
,
C56519+25H.4;
2-8+950<+,
34+:/8/=+9-46+,
CD/*/2A-,
...
E./0
./96+
C*-1+;
./
,
9./
3*-D4.528;8/4A
656
*544.*/04.2/
+ C57/8-251+-
,
3/CD1--
,/I-.
7G.A
+1.-*3*-.+*/251/
656
4.@3-1A
6 *5C2+.+H
+ */4.@
".
-/D1/*/D1/4.A
B/*,
+ 43/4/7/2
3-*-I+251+;
6*+C+41G:
+C,-1-1+0
4/C151+;
/.6*G25-.
15*;D@
4 34+:/35./8/=+9-46/0
-?-
/D1@
3-*43-6.+2@
,
/ 6/./*/0
34+:+5.*G
2 7/8A<+14.2-
42/-,
1-
=/2/*;.
.
-ID@
.-,
,
+4./*+;
6@8A.@*G
+,--.
C159+.-8A1/-
6/8+9-4.2/
7+/=*5B+9-46+:
3*+,-*/2
,
+ 2/3*/4
/ 2/C,/I1/4.+
785=/3*+;.1/
-
=/
+4:/D5
6*+C+45
3*-D4.528;-.
C159+.-8A1G0
+1.-*-4
656
2 .-/*-.+9-46/,
,
.56
+ 2 3*56.+9-46/,
3851-
.
42;C+
4 <+C/B*-1+-0
/7
E./,
3+458
.
*I-C+F6+0
(Brzezicky, 1962),
/.,-95;
,
9./
<+C/B
-
*-1+9-46+0
"
D-B-6.
"
3/7@ID5-.
6 :@D/I-4.2-11/,@
.2/*9-4.2@
,
,/I-.
+,-.A
4/F+58A1/
3/C+.+2
-
1G0
:5*56.-*
. "
/D/71G-
3*+,-*G
,-
3+<-.
.
-,3+146+0
(1988,
4
.63),-
,/I1/
150.+
656
4*-D+
2G
-
D5H?+:4;
,
.56
+ /7G91G:
8HD-0
.
56
15CG25-,G0
D-B-6.
2 .56+:
48@95;:
2G*5I5-.4;
2 3/42;?-
-
19
1++
4-7;
F-8+6/,
+ 7-C
/4.5.65
656/0
-
8+7/
+D--
:
4/F+58A1/0
,
15@91/0
,
:@D/I-4.2-11/0
D-;.-8A
-
1/4.+
".
.
/8<
(Walsh, 1990,
*
.91)
3*+2/D+.
+43/8AC@-,G-
2 8+.-*5.@*-
15+,-1/251+;
+C,-1-1+0
4/C15
-
1+;
,
4/3*/2/ID5H?+:4;
6*+C+41G,+
4/7G.+;,+
+ 2G:/D/,
2 3/C+.+21G0
*/4.
.
1+
/3+4G25H.4;
656
"
3/C+.+215;
D-C+1.-=*5F+;
", "
2/44.51/2+.-8A1G0
3*/F-44
", "
2/C*/ID-1+-
", "
4/C+D5.-8A15;
7/
-
8-C1A
", "
,+4.+9-46+0
/3G.
4 34+:/.+9-46+,+
9-*.5,+
", "
7/I-4.2-11G-
7/8-C1+
", "
D@:/21/-
6*+.+
-
9-46/-
4/4./;1+-
"
+
"
.*5143-*4/158A1G0
6*+C+4
". .
/8<
3*-D/4.-*-=5-.
/.
1-*5C7/*9+2/=/
4,-
-
<-1+;
34+:/C/2
,
6/./*G,
3/D2-*I-15
3/8/2+15
24-:
34+:+5.*+9-46+:
35F+-1./2
,
/.
/3+4G25-,G:
6*+C+4/2
.
1
15CG25-.
E./
/<+76/0
,
2 6/./*/0
"
35./8/=+9-465;
*-=*-44+;
6 D/E=/+6
-
4.5D+;,
*5C
-
2+.+;
4,-<+25-.4;
4 *5C2+.+-,
D/
.*514E=/+6
-
@*/21-0
,
2 6/./*G:
D/E=/+6
-
*-=*-44+;
<+C/B*-1+
-
6/2
4,-<+25-.4;
4 .*514E=/+6
-
*-58+C5F+-0
42;.G:
".
511/-
C5,-951+-
,
3*-D4.528;H?--
4/7/0
@3*/?-11/-
3/1+,51+-
2/3*/45
,
,/I-.
7G.A
2G*5I-
-
1/
2 2+D-
4:-,G
:
/.
+4:/D1/=/
@*/21;
E=/
-
34+:+6+
/.:/D;.
D25
3*/.+2/3/8/I1G:
2-6./*5
-
*-=*-4
-
4+21G0
,
153*528-11G0
21+C
,
+ 3*/=*-44+21G0
,
153*528-11G0
22-*:
.
D1/,@
4//.2-.4.2@-.
@=8@7
-
8-1+-
34+:+9-46/=/
15*@<-1+;
,
D*@=/,@
-
8+91/4.1G0
*/4.
.
43/8AC@;
@3*/?-11/-
2-6./*1/
-
./3/=*5B+9-46/-
*-<-1+-
2/3*/45
+ 3*+CG25;
34+:+5.*/2
*5C8+95.A
D2-
153*528-11/4.+
, .
/8<
/.,-95-.
,
9./
9-.6+-
*5C=*51+9+.-8A1G-
6*+.-*++
-?-
./8A6/
2G*575.G25H.4;
.
56/1/,-*1/
2/C
-
1+65-.
2/3*/4
,
656/-
3*+,-1-1+-
,/I-.
150.+
3/D/71/-
*5CB51+9-1+-
,
1546/8A6/
/1/
/3*52D51/
4 3*56.+9-46/0
./96+
C*-1+;
?
-DA
+ 3-*-I+25H?-,@
.*5143-*4/158A1G0
6*+C+4
,
+ ./,@
,
6./
+,-
-
1@-.4;
<+C/B*-1+6/,
,
/D+156/2/
.*-7@-.4;
3/,/?A
.
*-D85=5-,/-
*5C=*51+9-1+-
1-
+C,-1+.
1+
4+1D*/,/8/=+9-46+:
B/*,@8+*/2/6
,
1+
68+1+9-46/0
/F-16+
,
1+
4@?-4.2@H?-0
2 *5,65:
68+1+9-
-
46/0
35*5D+=,G
35./8/=+9-46/0
6/11/.5F++
D@:/21G:
1568/11/4.-0
.
./.
,
+ D*@=/0
9-8/2-6
4
/D+156/2/0
2/C,/I1/4.AH
,/I-.
/65C5.A4;
2 3/8-
C*-1+;
34+:+5.*5
,
*-<5H?-=/
6/16*-.1G-
.-
-
*53-2.+9-46+-
C5D59+
.
-@I-8+
2 /.1/<-1++
6 /D1/,@
35F+-1.@
7@D-.
3*+,-1-15
/D15
.-*53-2
-
.+9-465;
.56.+65
,
5 2 /.1/<-1++
6 D*@=/,@
-
+15;
?
*/,-
./=/
,
=D-
.-
/41/251+;
,
6/./*G-
3/C2/8;
-
H.
49+.5.A
,
9./
34+:/.+6
,
7@DA
/1
4./3*/F-1.1G0
<+C/B*-1+6
,
1-
D/8I-1
2/43*+1+,5.A4;
656
9-
-
8/2-6
,
+43G.G25H?+0
D@:/21G0
6*+C+4
?
/8/I-1+-
/48/I1;-.4;
.-,
,
9./
"
/7R-6.+21/-
"
*5C=*5
-
1+9-1+-
*-8+=+/C1/
-
,+4.+9-46+:
+ 35./8/=+9-46+:
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
,/I-.
7G.A
3*/2-D-1/
./8A6/
4 +43/8AC/251+-,
@48/21/4.-0
,
C52+4;?+:
/.
4/74.2-11G:
,+*/2/CC*-19-46+:
3/C+F+0
2*595
+ /.
3-*43-6.+2
,
/.6*G25-,G:
2-D@?-0
35*5D+=,/0
.
8-D@-.
C5,-.+.A
,
9./
+ 3/48-D/25.-8A1/4.A
*544@ID-1+0
,
+ 6/16*-.1G-
E,3+*+9-46+-
D511G-
,
3/8@9-11G-
2 *5,65:
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
35*5D+=,G
[
+ 6@8A.@*/8/=+9-46+-
E646@*4G
/7;CG25H.
=/2/*+.A
/ *5C=*51+9-1++
+1/=/
*/D5
.
./
1-
48-D/258/
7G
4,-<+25.A
,
+ ./
8+<A
3/
=1/4-/8/=+
-
9-46+,
4//7*5I-1+;,
,
.56
E./
D25
3/.-1F+58A1/
*5C8+9+,G:
E.535
-D+1/=/
3*-/7*5C@H?-=/
3*/
-
F-445
.
-*2G0
+C
1+:
-
D-C+1.-=*+*@H?+0
,
2 :5/4-
6/./*/=/
*/ID5-.4;
34+:/35./8/=+9-465;
4+,
-
3./,5.+65
.
./*/0
-
+1.-=*+*@H?+0
,
6*-5.+21G0
,
43/4/74.2@H?+0
3*-/D/8-1+H
6*+C+45
+ 2GCD/
-
*/28-1+H
.
9-2+D1/
,
9./
E.+
@48/21/
2GD-8;-,G-
E.53G
D58-6/
1-
24-=D5
3*-D4.528-1G
2 65I
-
D/,
+1D+2+D@58A1/,
48@95-
. "
8@9+8/4A
.56
, -
3+<-.
.
!@6/
[
] (1997,
4
.351), -
9./
XIX
2
.
4 -=/
D@
-
:/,
4-*A-C1/4.+
*546/8/8
15D2/-
...
-D+1@H
+ 1-D-8+,@H
/7854.A
...
3*/2-D;
21@.*+
1-*5C*G21/=/
F-8/=/
574.*56.1@H
=*51+F@
35./8/=++
.
4-*-D+1-
XVIII
2
.
E./
-D+14.2/
21-C531/
,
48/21/
243G<
-
6/0
,
7G8/
2G:259-1/
+C
.A,G
;
/D156/
3/15D/7+8/4A
-?-
7/8--
3/8@2-65
,
3*-ID-
9-,
6./
-
./
D-*C
-
1@8
21/2A
24,/.*-.A4;
2 1-=/
:
3-*2G,
15
E./
/.25I+84;
-8D-*8+1
,
C5
1+,
-*258A
,
+F<-
,
51
/=
,
-0,/1
@44-8A
,
1./1-1
*=/
,
+ 24;6+0
*5C
D-*C/4.A
2-85
6 .*5=-D++
-
.
.
-
.
6 /.9@ID-1+H
/3G.5
1-*5C@,+;
2 /.*-9-1++
7-C@,+;
".
20
I-
.
-=-8A
(1977,
4
.177)
3*-D4.528;8
34+:+9-46@H
7/8-C1A
656
4@?-4.2-11@H
4.@3-1A
2 *5C2+
-
.++
D@<+
.
./
I-
2*-,;
/1
3+458
,
9./
D511/-
3/1+,51+-
"
1-
48-D@-.
,
*5C@,--.4;
,
+4./86/2G25.A
2 ./,
4,G48-
,
7@D./
E.+,
,G
:/.-8+
465C5.A
:
65IDG0
D@:
,
65ID5;
D@<5
D/8I15
3*/0.+
9-*-C
E./
4/4./;1+-
2-8+950<-0
21-<1-0
*5C/*2511/4.+
".
/91/
.56
I-
1-
48-D@-.
3/1+,5.A
,
9./
65ID5;
34+:+9-465;
7/8-C1A
,
65IDG0
68+1+9-46+0
48@950
3*-D4.528;-.
4/7/0
*-58+C5F+H
D@:/21/4.+
.
./
/4@?-4.28-1+-
3*+4@.4.2@-.
3/.-1F+58A1/
656
51.*/3/8/=+9-465;
2/C,/I1/4.A
4.51/28-1+;
9-8/2-65
,
3*-D4.528;H?5;
4/7/0
+ D5*
+ @=*/C@
/D1/2*-,-11/
.
56
3+458
. .
&1=
(1995
7
), "
48/25
"
1/=+-
3*+C251G
,
1/
1-
,1/=+-
+C7*51G
"
/.1/4;.4;
7/8--
24-=/
+,-11/
4HD5
,
+7/
*5C2+.+-
8+9
-
1/4.+
/.
+4:/D1G:
C5D5.6/2
D/
3/81/0
4/C15.-8A1/4.+
-
E./
:5*+C,5
+ /D1/2*-,-11/
3*/68;.+-
...
E./
.56/-
4954.A-
,
C5
6/./*/-
,/I1/
D/*/=/
C5385.+.A
".
'+C/B*-1+9-46+0
/3G.
,
4/=8541/
.
E1=@
(1995), -
E./
3-*2G0
<5=
3/
D/*/=-
''
.@D5
+ /7*5.1/
",
3/
D/*/=-
,
6/./*5;
2-D-.
6 E6C+4.-1F+58A1/,@
2/C*/ID-1+H
+ =+3-*34+:+9-46/,@
CD/*/2AH
+1D+2+D5
+ 6/./*5;
;28;-.4;
B5C/0
*5D+658A1/=/
+C8-9+251+;
34+:+6+
.
,-4.-
4 .-,
,
*5C2+.+-
,/I-.
+4
-
9-*3G25.A4;
3-*2/0
B5C/0
+ C56/19+.A4;
"
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
4,-*.AH
".
,+B/8/=+9-46/,
/3+45
-
1++
D5115;
4+.@5F+;
3*+*521+25-.4;
6 @=*/C5,
B+C+9-46/,@
4@?-4.2/251+H
,
4/3*/2/ID5H?+,
3@.-<-4.2+;
=8521G:
=-*/-2
.
65C/91G,
3-*4/15I-,
D511/=/
*;D5
;28;-.4;
4/CD511G0
2G,G4
-
8/,
51=8+046/=/
8+1=2+4.5
I
. .
/86+-15
(1991)
:/77+.
+8A7/
E==+14
.
?-
D/
24-:
42/+:
=-*/+
-
9-46+:
4.*514.2+0
+8A7/
+,--.
*/D/2@H
3-95.A
+156/2/4
-
.+
,
6/./*5;
/.8+95-.
-=/
/.
3*/9+:
3/9
-
.-11G:
/7+.5.-8-0
/77+.51++
. "
.*511/4.A
,
6/./*5;
./8A6/
ID585
48@95;
4-7;
3*/;2+.A
",
3*+
-
28-65-.
6 +8A7/
21+,51+-
24-C15H?-=/
2/8<-71+65
,
/.3*52+2<-=/
-=/
C5
@.-*;11G,+
4/6*/2+
-
?5,+
,
2 4.*514.2+;
"
.@D5
+ /7*5.1/
".
/48-
,1/I-4.25
+43G.51+0
1-
*5C
435452<+0
42/+:
D*@C-0
+ 43545-,G0
+,+
+C
1-/I+D511G:
6/88+C+0
,
2G<-D<+0
3/7-D+.-8-,
2 4*5I-1+;:
4 4+85,+
.A,G
,
+8A7/
41/25
/65CG25-.4;
@ 42/-0
:/77+9A-0
1/*G
.
*+/7*-.-11/-
+,
2 :/D-
465C/91/=/
3@.-<-
-
4.2+;
/8<-71/-
6/8AF/
(
4+,2/8
21@.*-11-0
F-8/4.1/4.+
)
;28;-.4;
D/4.5./91/0
6/,3-145F+-0
@.*5.G
*-3@.5F++
785=/15D-I1/=/
/7G25.-8;
.
@D*G,
3*-D/4.-*-I-1+-,
/.
4@,54<-4.2+;
,
15
-
3/,+151+-,
/ 1-/7:/D+,/4.+
I+.A
2 3*+2G91/,
/6*@I-1++
,
C2@95.
C568H9+.-8A1G-
48/25
2/8
-
<-71+65
: "
3/*@
1-.
,
,+4.-*
E==+14
,
8+91/4.A
2G
3*-2/4:/D15;
,
+ ; 254
/9-1A
8H78H
...
1/
1-
C5
-
7G250.-
,
3/I58@04.5
,
9./
,+*
/=*/,-1
,
5 2G
3-*4/15
1-
4./8A
@I
6*@315;
!" (
.5,
I-
,
4
.254).
56
1+
/.28-9-11/
+ 1-15@91/
2G=8;D;.
465C/91G-
4HI-.G
,
1/
,-ID@
1+,+
+ .-,/0
4@?-4.
-
2@-.
3*;,5;
+ 3*/C*5915;
5158/=+;
.
.*514.2+;
=-*/-2
,
4*-D+
6/./*G:
,/=8+
7G
7G.A
15C251G
+
D*-21-=*-9-46+0
,+B/8/=+9-46+0
3-*4/15I
*-4.
,
+ :+.*/@,1G0
D+44-0
,
+ 4.*514.2@H?+0
*G
-
F5*A
5*F+B58A
,
*@446+0
251@<65
-
D@*59/6
+ ,1/=+-
D*@=+-
,
-4.A
1-
9./
+1/-
,
656
6@8A.@*/8/=+
-
9-46+0
D+46@*4
*544,/.*-1+;
-
,+B/8/=+9-46/-
/3+451+-
1-+C7-I1G:
2
+43G.51+0
+
2/C2*5?-1+-
6 +4:/D1/,@
3@16.@
3@.-<-4.2+;
,
6 3*+2G91/,@
/6*@I-1+H
+ /7GD-11/,@
4/C151+H
.
"
@
+ 3*-6*541/
! -
2 C52-*<-1+-
24-=/
=/2/*+.
./86+-1/246+0
+8A7/
. -
5./
@ ,-1;
/.8+91G0
.5
-
759/6
!" (
/86+-1
, 1991,
4
.254).
-C
3*-@2-8+9-1+;
,
2/3*/4
/ ./,
,
7@D-.
8+
3*/F-44
+C,-1-1+;
4/C151+;
D/2-D-1
D/
8/=+9-46/=/
C52-*<-1+;
8+7/
/4.51/2+.4;
2 15+7/8--
D*5,5.+9-46+0
3-*+/D
*5C2+.+;
,
+,--.
3-*2/4.-3-11/-
C159-1+-
2/
2*59-71/0
3*56.+6-
.
4.A
4@?-4.2-11/-
I+.-046/-
*5C8+9+-
,-ID@
34+:/35./8/=+9-
-
46+,
C52-*<-1+-,
+C,-1-1+0
4/C151+;
+ 3/;28-1+-,
1/2/=/
2/C2G<5H?-=/
/3G.5
@ /7G91/=/
9-8/2-65
,
4 -=/
C56/11G,+
3/.*-71/4.;,+
2 4954.A-
,
@D/28-.2/*-11/4.+
+ I+C1-11/0
/7-43-9-1
-
1/4.+
.
D-4A
3*+/7*-.5H.
25I1/4.A
7+/8/=+9-46+-
,
4/F+/6@8A.@*1G-
B56./*G
,
*/8A
3*/B-44+/
-
158/2
.
C5+,/D-04.2+-
E.+:
B56./*/2
/3*-D-8;-.
D+15,+6@
+C,-1-11G:
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
+
CD/*/2A-
6/16*-.1/=/
35F+-1.5
,
/D156/
45,+
E.+
B56./*G
2 D511/,
6/1.-64.-
3*+2:/D;?+
+ 2./
-
*+91G
,
/1+
8+<A
/B/*,8;H.
./
,
9./
15C251/
4.51/28-1+-,
8+91/4.+
,
D@:/21G,
*5C2+.+-,
.
/C
-