Файл: Дрёмов С.В., Сёмин И.Р. - Измененные состояния сознания.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 10.10.2020
Просмотров: 2937
Скачиваний: 8
26
*/25.A
65IDG0
/.D-8A1G0
B-1/,-1
2 4//.2-.4.2++
4 /7?+,+
6/14.+.@.+21G,+
42/04.25,+
4/C15
-
1+;
.
544,/.*-1+-
2 6/1.-64.-
45,/4/C151+;
3/C2/8;-.
3/4.52+.A
2/3*/4
/ 4@7R-6.+21/0
C159+
-
,/4.+
+C,-1-1+0
4/C151+;
,
4//.1-4.+
@*/21+
D-C+1.-=*5F++
34+:+6+
4 B+8/4/B46+,+
,
6@8A.@*/
-
8/=+9-46+,+
,
+1D+2+D@58A1G,+
E6C+4.-1F+58A1G,+
F-11/4.;,+
+ 4B/*,@8+*/25.A
.-*53-2.+9-
-
46+-
4.*5.-=++
,
4//.2-.4.2@H?+-
.*-7/251+;,
=@,51+C5F++
34+:+5.*++
.
56+,
/7*5C/,
,
,G
*@6/2/D4.2@-,4;
.-/*+;,+
+ C56/15,+
,
6/./*G-
,
1-
24.@35;
2 3*/.+2/*-9+-
4
656+,+
-
8+7/
3/8/I-1+;,+
34+:/35./8/=++
,
/D1/2*-,-11/
1-
/7@48/28-1G
24-F-8/
--
75C+41G,+
7+/8/=+9-46+,+
,
B-1/,-1/8/=+9-46+,+
+8+
68+1+6/
-
1/C/8/=+9-46+,+
3*+1F+35,+
.
545;4A
4@?-
-
4.2-11G:
2/3*/4/2
34+:/35./8/=++
/ *5C8+9-1++
4.5.+6+
+ D+15,+6+
,
1/*,G
+ 35./8/=++
,
,G
*54
-
4,5.*+25-,
+:
2 F-8/4.1/4.+
,
/:25.G25-,/0
B+8/4/B46+,
+ 6@8A.@*/8/=+9-46+,
6/1F-3.@58A1G,
3/8-,
3*/78-,G
.
*+
E./,
,
@9+.G25;
1-5D-625.1/4.A
*5CD-85
35./8/=++
4/C151+;
3*56.+9-
-
46+,
C5D595,
34+:+5.*+9-46/0
3/,/?+
,
-=/
1-4//.2-.4.2+-
2/C,/I1/4.;,
/4,G48-1+;
.-/*-.+
-
9-46+:
3*/78-,
34+:/35./8/=++
,
3/D*5C@,-25;
/.1/4+.-8A1@H
+4.+11/4.A
68+1+6/
-
34+:/35./8/=+9-46/0
35*5D+=,G
,
--
.-/*-.+9-46@H
+ 3*56.+9-46@H
/=*51+9-11/4.A
,
,G
1-
/4.5
-
1528+25-,4;
15
.*5D+F+/11/
+43/8AC@-,G:
2 68+1+9-46/0
,/D-8+
,-./D5:
+448-D/251+;
.
5
/41/2@
7-*@.4;
4.*@6.@*1/
-
B@16F+/158A1G0
+ B-1/,-1/8/=+9-46+0
3/D:/DG
6 4/C151+H
,
E2/
-
8HF+/11G-
,
6@8A.@*1/
-
+4./*+9-46+-
,
/1./=-1-.+9-46+-
+ 68+1+6/
-
34+:/8/=+9-46+-
3/8/I-1+;
,
4@?-4.2-11G-
D8;
+C@9-1+;
51.*/3/=-1-.+9-46/=/
4.51/28-1+;
4/C151+;
,
+ 1-3*-DC5D511G-
68+
-
1+9-46/0
35*5D+=,/0
B+8/4/B46+-
(
=1/4-/8/=+9-46+-
,
/1./8/=+9-46+-
+ F-11/4.1G-
)
43/4/7G
2G*5I-1+;
3*/78-,G
.
*-D3/85=5;
.-,
45,G,
2/C,/I1/4.A
B+8/4/B46+:
+ ,-ID+4F+38+15*1G:
/7/7?-1+0
,
,G
/*+-1.+*@-,4;
24-
I-
15
C5D59+
,
/7@48/28-11G-
68+1+9-46/0
3*/78-,5.+6/0
+
3*56.+9-46+,+
3/.*-71/4.;,+
.
+./=-
,-./D/8/=+9-46+0
3851
+448-D/251+;
3*-D4.528;-.
4/7/0
21-68+1+9-46+0
43/4/7
*544,/.*-1+;
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+:
C56/1/,-*1/4.-0
+ 34+:+5.*+9-46+:
3*/78-,
2 6/1.-64.-
+C@9-1+;
.
./7G
*-58+C/25.A
D511G0
*56@*4
*544,/.*-1+;
3*/78-,
34+:/35./8/=++
+ 1-
42-4.+
3*+
E./,
4/D-*I51+-
*57/.G
./8A6/
6 3/2./*-1+H
+C2-4.1/=/
2 1/2G:
.-*,+15:
,
@./91+,
1-6/./*G-
15+7/
-
8--
25I1G-
+C
1+:
.
56
+C2-4.1/
,
,1/=/8-.1;;
D+46@44+;
*-3-8+15
+ /:-
C56/19+854A
.-,
,
9./
4/CD5.-8A
1/C/8/=+
-
9-46/=/
3*+1F+35
2
1920
=
.
/3@78+6/258
*57/.@
,
2 6/./*/0
3*+C158
,
9./
"
,1/=/9+48-11G-
3*/;28-
-
1+;
34+:+9-46+:
*544.*/04.2
C52+4;.
/.
*5C
1524-=D5
3*-D@4.51/28-11G:
,-:51+C,/2
" (
F+.
.
3/
:
51157+:
, 1994,
4
.181).
56
2 34+:+5.*+9-46/0
15@6-
C56*-3+8/4A
3*-D4.528-1+-
/:-
/ 4@?-4.2/
-
251++
3*-D@4.51/28-11G:
4+,3./,/6/,38-64/2
(
/:-
)
+8+
*-=+4.*/2
(
*-3-8+1
),
C58/I-11G:
2
65ID/0
34+:+6-
+ 56.@58+C+*@-,G:
2 35./8/=++
.
8-D@-.
/.,-.+.A
,
9./
&
.
51157+:
,
=/2/*;
/7
E./,
,
D/3@465-.
1-./91/4.A
,
/./ID-4.28;;
3/1;.+-
1/C/8/=+9-46/0
-D+1+FG
4 3*-D4.528-1+-,
/
*-=+4.*-
.
-*25;
,
.-,
1-
,-1--
,
/3*-D-8;-.4;
2 *5C2+.++
,
-0
42/04.2-115
6/1.+1@58A1/4.A
,
5 *-
-
=+4.*
(
4+,3./,/6/,38-64
)
2G*5I5-.
4.5.+6@
,
B+645F+H
3*/;28-1+;
3*/F-445
2/
2*-,-1+
.
./7G
@,-1A<+.A
2-*/;.1/4.A
3/D/71/0
3@.51+FG
,
3*+2-D-,
@65C511G-
3/1;.+;
2 4//.2-.4.2+-
4
/7?-0
.-*,+1/8/=+-0
521/F-11/
"
*-=+4.*@
"
3/1;.+-
"
4+1D*/,/6/,38-64
"
+8+
"
D+46*-.1/-
+C,-1-11/-
4/4./;1+-
4/C151+;
" (
3/
.-*,+1/8/=++
.
5*.5
).
8+C6+,
3/
C159-1+H
,
1/
7/8--
3*-D3/9.+.-8A1G,
3/
4*521-1+H
4
"
1/C/8/=+9-46/0
-D+1+F-0
"
3*-D4.528;-.4;
.-*,+1
"
.+3
*-56
-
F++
".
./
48/2/@3/.*-78-1+-
2/4:/D+.
6 3*-D4.528-1+;,
.
/1:€BB-*5
,
2C=8;D5,
34+:/5158+.+
-
27
9-46/0
<6/8G
,
34+:/7+/8/=+9-46+,
2/CC*-1+;,
.
-0-*5
,
<+*/6/
+43/8AC@-.4;
2 5,-*+65146/0
34+:+5.*++
+ /.*5I-1/
2 3/48-D1-0
-ID@15*/D1/0
68544+B+65F++
7/8-C1-0
,
=D-
45,/
48/2/
"
7/8-C1A
"
3/9.+
3/81/4.AH
C5,-1-1/
7/8--
@1+2-*458A1G,
.-*,+1/,
"
*544.*/04.2/
".
545;4A
954.1/0
34+:/35./8/=++
,
*544,/.*+,
3*+,-*
<+C/B*-1++
.
8-D@-.
@9+.G25.A
--
3/8+
-
E.+/8/=+91/4.A
,
1-D/4.5./91/-
C151+-
35./=-1-C5
,
/7/C159-1+-
/D1+,
15C251+-,
=*@33G
=-.-*/
-
=-11G:
*544.*/04.2
,
6/./*G-
1-
,/=@.
7G.A
15C251G
/.D-8A1G,+
C57/8-251+;,+
,
3/46/8A6@
656+-
-
8+7/
-4.-4.2-11G-
=*51+FG
,-ID@
1+,+
1-+C2-4.1G
.
4:/D;
+C
E./=/
,
7/8--
@,-4.1/
=/2/*+.A
1-
/ *5C1G:
B/*,5:
<+C/B*-1++
,
5 / -D+1/,
<+C/B*-1+9-46/,
.+3-
*-5=+*/251+;
( .
-0-*
),
/4
-
1/21/0
34+:/8/=+9-46+0
,/,-1.
6/./*/=/
/3+451
656
"
4:+C+4
" ( .
8-08-*
).
*-D85=5;
243/,1+.A
:5*56.-*+4.+6@
656
1-43-F+B+9-46/=/
*-5=+*/251+;
,
,G
23*52-
3*-D4.52+.A
<+C/B*-1+9-
-
46/-
*-5=+*/251+-
/D1/0
+C
2/C,/I1/4.-0
*5C2+.+;
+C,-1-1+0
4/C151+;
.
*+
E./,
1-/7:/D+,/
@9+.G25.A
1-/D1/*/D1/4.A
3/1;.+;
"
<+C/+D+;
"
+
,
3/8AC@;4A
*5CD-8-1+-,
. .
*@:5146/=/
(1934),
3*+,-1+.-8A1/
6 D511/,@
48@95H
,/I1/
=/2/*+.A
/ <+C/+D1/,
8+<A
656
/ .+3-
*-5=+*/251+;
+ /
4.*@6.@*1/
-
34+:/8/=+9-46/,
*5C2+.++
.
/
.
-*F-
(1934),
E./
*-56.+21G-
<+C/B*-1++
,
*5C2+
-
25H?+-4;
656
"
4:+C/B*-115;
34+:/.+9-465;
3-*-*57/.65
3-*-I+251+0
34+:/=-11G,
(
34+:/*-56
-
.+21G,
)
3@.-,
".
56+,
/7*5C/,
,
C5
3*-D-85,+
.-,G
/4.5H.4;
=*@33G
<+C/B*-1++
4 /*=51+
-
9-46+,
42/-/7*5C+-,
,
3*-D4.528;H?+-
"
51/,58+H
*5C2+.+;
".
.1/4+.-8A1/
/.D-8A1G:
B/*,
<+C/B*-1++
1-/7:/D+,/
@9-4.A
,
9./
*5CD-8-1+;
,
2GD525-,G-
C5
=*51+FG
7/8-C1-0
,
;28;H.4;
=*51+F5,+
34+:+9-46+:
4/4./;1+0
48+
3*+1;.A
,
9./
D511G-
4/
-
4./;1+;
/3*-D-8;H.4;
6/14.51.1/4.AH
4/C151+;
(
85./1/2
, 1972),
./
23/81-
@,-4.1/
@3/.*-78-
-
1+-
.-*,+15
"
D+46*-.1/-
+C,-1-11/-
4/4./;1+-
4/C151+;
"
2,-4./
3/1;.+;
"
B/*,5
<+C/B*-1++
"
(
3/48-D1;;
,
656
+C2-4.1/
,
/3*-D-8;-.4;
3/
2-D@?-,@
4+1D*/,@
).
C@9-1+-
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+:
*-56F+0
,
+8+
+C,-1-1+0
4/C151+;
,
+:
/B/*,8-1+-
2 B-1/,-1/8/=+9-46/,
4.5.@4-
+ 4/D-*I5.-8A
-
15;
+1.-*3*-.5F+;
2 659-4.2-
;28;H.4;
,
3/I58@0
,
15+7/8--
5D-625.1G,
4/2*-,-11/,@
@*/21H
C151+0
43/4/7/,
3*-/D/8-1+;
"
@7+04.2-11/=/
D8;
34+:+5.*++
"
D@58+C,5
(
@
, 1975).
51
-
1G0
43/4/7
3/C2/8;-.
/42/7/D+.A4;
/.
35*5D+=,5.+9-46/0
D-.-*,+1+*/2511/4.+
,
/4.51/2+.A
1-
-
3*/D@6.+21G-
D+46@44++
/ 3-*2/4.-3-11/0
25I1/4.+
./=/
+8+
+1/=/
3*+9+11/
D-04.2@H?-=/
B56
-
./*5
+ /7*5.+.A
21+,51+-
15
4.*@6.@*1/
-
B@16F+/158A1G-
+ E6C+4.-1F+58A1G-
543-6.G
.
[1]
56
3+458
.
*-3-8+1
(1902),
3/,-<5.-8A4.2/
+C,-1;-.
45,G,
6/*-11G,
/7*5C/,
24-
/.1/<-
-
1+;
7/8A1/=/
.
/=8541/
.
5.@4-6@
(1963,
F+.
.
3/
:
'.-*17-*=
, 1964),
3/,-<5.-8A4.2/
3/
42/-0
4@
-
.+
C568H95-.4;
2 +C,-1-1+;:
F-8/4.1/=/
"
7G.+;
-
2
-
,+*-
".
[2]
48+
=/2/*+.A
/ 35*5D+=,58A1/0
C5D511/4.+
=@,511/=/
/.1/<-1+;
,
./
1-/7:/D+,/
+,-.A
2 2+
-
D@
,
9./
45,/
3/1;.+-
=@,51+C,5
,
4/=8541/
)
.
5*+.-1@
(1994,
4
.53).
;28;-.4;
"
,1/=/4,G48-11G,
"
+
"
C52+4+.
/../=/
,
656/0
6/1F-3F++
9-8/2-65
,G
3*+D-*I+25-,4;
".
3/48-D@H?-,
*544,/.*-1++
,G
3/D*/71/
/4.51/2+,4;
15
3/C+F++
51.*/3/8/=+9-46/0
B+8/4/B++
,
2 4/=854++
4 6/./*/0
4.*/
-
+.4;
15<-
3/1+,51+-,
4@7R-6.+21/4.+
+ 3*/78-,
.
[3]
D-4A
1@I1/
/.,-.+.A
,
9./
5D-625.1/-
+4./86/251+-
2/3*/4/2
.-*,+1/8/=+9-46/=/
3/*;D65
,
/B/*,8-1+-
-D+1/=/
65.-=/*+58A1/=/
5335*5.5
3*+C251/
/7-43-9+.A
+1.-=*5F+H
*5C1G:
3/D:/
-
D/2
.
/1;.+01G0
+ .-*,+1/8/=+9-46+0
.-C5@*@4
4.51/2+.4;
/D1+,
+C
,5.-*+58/2
,
1-3/4*-D4.2-1
-
1/
+C@95-,G:
2 +448-D/251++
.
1+,5.-8A1/-
4/3/4.528-1+-
.-*,+1/2
,
/.1/4;?+:4;
6 *5C1G,
15
-
@91G,
D+4F+38+15,
,
6 6/16*-.1/
-
15@91/,@
+ B+8/4/B46/,@
C151+H
,
48-D@-.
*544,5.*+25.A
1-
2
659-4.2-
4:/854.+9-46+:
+CG4651+0
,
5 656
2/C,/I1/4.A
@2+D-.A
C5
B/*,58A1G,
/.8+9+-,
43/4/
-
7/2
2G*5I-1+;
/7?1/4.A
+ ,-ID+4F+38+15*1G0
:5*56.-*
+1.-*-4@H?+:
154
2/3*/4/2
.
[4]
/3*/4
/ *-58A1G:
=*51+F5:
7/8-C1-0
CD-4A
1-
/74@ID5-.4;
.
28
3.
"
#
8
,
2$
$2
!
4
%
2
,
-
34
2
, -
9
,
$
24
23
.
6
.
3.1.
!
"
-
$ !% " &'( )*
& &' +
"+ &
,
-"
+.
*
158+C
D+46*-.1/=/
+ 6/1.+1@58A1/=/
,/D@4/2
4/C151+;
2 34+:+5.*++
3*-D85=5-.4;
3*-D4.52+.A
656
+C@9-1+-
4.*@6.@*1/
-
B@16F+/158A1G:
543-6./2
4/C151+;
.
9+.G25;
3*-D/3*-D-8-11/4.A
8H
-
7/0
4.*@6.@*G
B@16F+/158A1G,
15C159-1+-,
,
3*-ID-
24-=/
/7*5.+,
21+,51+-
15
B@16F+/158A
-
1G-
:5*56.-*+4.+6+
4/C151+;
,
4/:*51;H?+-4;
2 8H7/,
.
/=8541/
/7?-B+8/4/B46/,@
3/1+
-
,51+H
,
4/C151+-
656
3*/F-44
-4.A
3/C151+-
,
.
.
-
.
/1/
3*-D4.528;-.
4/7/0
3/C1525.-8A1@H
(
=1/4.+
-
9-46@H
)
B@16F+H
34+:+9-46/=/
5335*5.5
.
C
-
C5
42/-0
/9-2+D1/4.+
3/48-D1;;
7G25-.
1-C5,-.15
2
F-8/4.1/0
D-;.-8A1/4.+
4/C151+;
,
1/
24-=D5
3*/;28;-.4;
1-=5.+21/
2 35./8/=++
34+:+9-46+:
B@16F+0
,
3*+
+:
D-C+1.-=*5F++
(
-=*57;1
, 1978,
4
.79-80).
5*56.-*1/
,
9./
2 7+78+/=*5B+9-46+:
@65C5.-8;:
"
3/C151+-
", "
3/C1525.-8A15;
D-;.-8A1/4.A
"
+
"
4/C151+-
"
C51+,5H.
/D1@
*@7*+6@
,
+ E./
1-
*-C@8A.5.
B/*,58A1/0
@D/71/0
+1.-*3*-.5F++
,
5 *-<-1+-
2/3*/45
3/
4@?-4.2@
.
56
3+<-.
. .
-*15F6+0
(1967,
4
.110), "
42;CA
4/C151+;
4 3/C151+-,
C159+.-8A1/
=8@7I-
,
9-,
8+<A
21-<1--
4//.1/<-1+-
B/*,
./=/
+ D*@=/=/
,
+
,
46/*--
,
-4.A
+,,51-1.15;
42;CA
,
/3*-D-8;H?5;
4/7/0
45,@H
3*+*/D@
4/C151+;
+ 43/4/7G
-=/
/4@?-4.28-1+;
".
/
I-
,/I1/
3*/9-4.A
2 B+8/4/B46/0
:5*56.-
-
*+4.+6-
4/C151+;
.
/=8541/
.
5*64@
(1956), "
43/4/7
,
656+,
4@?-4.2@-.
4/C151+-
+ 656+,
1-9./
4@?-4.2@-.
D8;
1-=/
,
-4.A
C151+-
".
6/8A6/
7G
1+
=/2/*+8/4A
/ ,-./D/8/=+9-46/0
1-3*52/,-*1/
-
4.+
3-*-1/45
B+8/4/B46+:
3/1;.+0
2 /7854.A
6/16*-.1/
-
15@91/=/
,
3*+,-1+.-8A1/
6 6/14.+.@.+2
-
1/0
B@16F++
4/C151+;
E./
3*-D4.528;-.4;
1-
./8A6/
D/3@4.+,G,
,
1/
+ /7;C5.-8A1G,
.
3*/.+2
-
1/,
48@95-
,G
*+46@-,
/4.5.A4;
7-C
/41/2/3/85=5H?+:
/*+-1.+*/2
.
*+2-D-11G-
1+I-
4@ID-1+;
3/65CG25H.
,
9./
2 /3*-D-8-1++
=8521/=/
2 4/C151++
/.4@.4.2@H.
65
-
6+-
-
8+7/
C159+.-8A1G-
*5C1/=854+;
1-
./8A6/
,-ID@
34+:+5.*5,+
*5C1G:
15F+/158A1G:
<6/8
,
1/
+ ,-ID@
34+:+5.*5,+
+ B+C+/8/=5,+
,
34+:+5.*5,+
+ 34+:/8/=5,+
,
34+:+5.*5,+
+ B+8/4/B5,+
.
-0*/B+C+/8/=+
.*56.@H.
4/C151+-
656
/4/7/-
659-4.2/
B@16F+/1+*/251+;
1-*21/0
4+4.-,G
,
3/
-
C2/8;H?--
2/43*+1+,5.A
D511G-
/6*@I5H?-=/
,+*5
,
15<-=/
.-85
4 /D1/2*-,-11G,
C151+-,
2G
-
CG25-,G:
*-56F+0
,
656
/4/7/-
4/4./;1+-
1-*21/0
56.+21/4.+
,
3/C2/8;H?--
3/C1525.A
34+:+9-
-
46@H
I+C1A
(Bremen, 1957;Buscaino, 1958; Alajouanin, 1975).
/=8541/
34+:/8/=++
.
@1D.5
,
4/C15
-
1+-
C568H95-.4;
2 ./,
,
9./
,G
2//7?-
15:/D+,
,
.
.
-
.
@C15-,
2 4-7-
34+:+9-46+-
4/4./;1+;
.
. .
+8;*/246+0
(1938)
3/1+,58
4/C151+-
656
"
3/C1525.-8A1G0
4+1.-C
", "
/3*-D-8-11G0
F-8/4.1G0
3*/F-44
3/C151+;
". . .
'/*/:/25
(1966)
15CG2585
4/C151+-
"
43/4/71/4.AH
9-8/2-65
3/1+,5.A
/6
-
*@I5H?+0
,+*
,
3*/F-44G
,
3*/+4:/D;?+-
2 1-,
,
42/+
,G48+
+ D-04.2+;
". . .
-=*57;1
(1967)
3+
-
<-.
,
9./
"
;D*/,
9-8/2-9-46/=/
4/C151+;
;28;-.4;
-=/
3/C1525.-8A15;
+1B/*,5F+;
". .
5*@6
(Baruk, 1959)
/3*-D-8;-.
4/C151+-
656
"
C151+-
34+:+9-46/0
56.+21/4.+
/ 4-7-
45,/0
" (
F+.
.
3/
:
5
-
35D/3@8/4
, 1969). . .
53851
+
.
I
.
ED/6
(Kaplan, Sadok, 1982)
/./ID-4.28;H.
4/C151+-
4/
42/04.2/,
7G.A
7/D*4.2@H?+,
+ +,-.A
C151+-
.
56+,
/7*5C/,
,
2/
24-:
E.+:
48@95;:
/./ID-4.2
-
8;-.4;
4/C151+-
2 -=/
B@16F+/158A1/,
543-6.-
4 3/C151+-,
.
29
4+8@
./=/
,
9./
3/C1525.-8A15;
B@16F+;
4/C151+;
43/4/74.2@-.
2/43*+;.+H
/6*@I5H?-=/
,+*5
656
*-58A1/4.+
,
3/C2/8;-.
+1D+2+D@
/4@?-4.28;.A
+1.-=*+*/2511G-
D-04.2+;
,
48/I1G-
3/2-D-1
-
9-46+-
*-56F++
,
6//*D+1+*/25.A
42/+
3/4.@36+
4 .*-7/251+;,+
/6*@I-1+;
+ /7-43-9+25.A
42;CA
4@7R-6.5
4 /6*@I5H?+,
,+*/,
,
,G
,/I-,
=/2/*+.A
.56I-
/7
/*+-1.+*@H?-0
B@16F++
4/C151+;
.
/C1525.-8A15;
+ /*+-1.+*@H?5;
B@16F++
4/235D5H.
D/
./ID-4.2-11/4.+
,
-48+
/*+-1.+*/251
-
1/4.A
3/1+,5.A
1-
2 @C6/,
68+1+9-46/,
4,G48-
(
/*+-1.+*/251
2 ,-4.-
,
2*-,-1+
+ 4/74.2-11/0
8+91/4.+
),
5 656
*-C@8A.5.
/4/C1511/=/
7+/8/=+9-46/=/
+ 4/F+58A1/=/
4@?-4.2/251+;
2 ,+*-
.
G
=/2/*+,
/ 4/74.2-11/
9-8/2-9-46/,
43/4/7-
/*+-1.5F++
,
3/4.*/-11/,
15
/41/2-
3/1;.+0
+ 8/=+
-
9-46+:
42;C-0
,
6/./*G-
8-I5.
2 /41/2-
;CG65
(
,G<8-1+;
)
+ 3/C2/8;H.
3*+D525.A
;28-1+;,
:5*56
-
.-*
/3*-D-8-11/4.+
.
/=8541/
. .
/:8+1@
(1967,
4
.339), "
/*+-1.5F+;
@ 9-8/2-65
3*/D-8G25-.
48/I1/-
*5C2+.+-
-
/.
*-B8-645
("
9./
.56/-
?"
@ ,58-1A6/=/
*-7-165
)
D/
2G4<-0
/*+-1.+*/26+
,
6/
-
./*@H
D5-.
15@65
.
-/D1/C1591/4.A
+ 48/I1/4.A
;28-1+;
/*+-1.+*/26+
43-F+B+9-46+
2G*5I5-.4;
2 34+:/35./8/=++
. "
*/,-
D-C/*+-1.+*/26+
,
:5*56.-*1/0
D8;
4+1D*/,/2
*544.*/-11/=/
4/C151+;
,
2 34+:+5.*+9-46/0
68+1+6-
,
656
+C2-4.1/
,
2GD-8;H.
.56I-
-?-
7*-D/2@H
/*+-1.+*/26@
+ 5,1-4.+
-
9-46@H
D-C/*+-1.+*/26@
" (
.5,
I-
).
/3*/4
/ ./,
,
4/:*51;-.4;
8+
3/C1525.-8A15;
(
/*+-1.+*@H?5;
)
B@16F+;
4/C151+;
3*+
-=/
+C,-
-
1-1+;:
,
D/4.5./91/
*+./*+9-1
.
G
+4:/D+,
+C
3*+1F+3+58A1/0
3/C+F++
,
4/=8541/
6/./*/0
4/C15
-
1+-
3*/D/8I5-.
2G3/81;.A
42/H
/3*-D-8;H?@H
+ 1-/.R-,8-,@H
B@16F+H
3/C151+;
2 8H7/,
+C
-
,-1-11/,
4/4./;1++
.
-C@8A.5./,
+C,-1-1+;
4/C151+;
;28;-.4;
1-
15*@<-1+-
3/C1525.-8A1/0
D-;.-8A1/4.+
,
5 --
+C,-1-1+-
.
-8-4//7*5C1/4.A
+C,-1-1+;
4/C151+;
C568H95-.4;
2 ./,
,
9./
65
-
ID/-
D+46*-.1/-
+C,-1-11/-
4/4./;1+-
4/C151+;
-4.A
659-4.2-11/
1/25;
B/*,5
3/C1525.-8A1/0
D-;.-8A1/4.+
,
5D-625.15;
/7?-0
F-8+
3/C151+;
2 +C,-1;H?+:4;
@48/2+;:
4@?-4.2/251+;
.
5D595
2G;28-1+;
C56/1/,-*1/4.-0
+C,-1-1+;
4/C151+;
3*+2/D+.
154
6 2/3*/4@
/ -=/
4.*@6.@*1/0
/*=51+C5F++
,
C5D511/0
D+46*-.1G,
543-6./,
4/C151+;
.
!56.+9-46+
E./
F-1.*58A1G0
2/3*/4
4.*@6
-
.@*1/=/
3/D:/D5
2 34+:+5.*++
,
4/D-*I5?-=/
3*-D4.528-1+;
/ =8@7+1-
D-C+1.-=*5F++
(
D+44/8H
-
F++
)
34+:+9-46/0
D-;.-8A1/4.+
,
/ *-=+4.*5:
34+:/35./8/=++
,
/ 2/C,/I1/4.+
3/4.*/-1+;
+-*5*:++
@4./09+2G:
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+:
/7*5C/251+0
(
4+,3./,
j-
+ 4+1D*/,/6/,38-64/2
),
2G;28;H?+:4;
3/
,-*-
@.;I-8-1+;
34+:/35./8/=+9-46/=/
3*/F-445
.
*@=+,+
48/25,+
,
D+46*-.1G0
543-6.
+C,-
-
1-1+;
4/C151+;
,
2/3*/4G
/ 4.*@6.@*1/0
/*=51+C5F++
4/C151+;
+ 4.*@6.@*-
34+:+9-46/0
D-;.-8A1/
-
4.+
.-,5.+9-46+
78+C6/
42;C51G
.
544,5.*+25;
3*/78-,@
4.*@6.@*1/0
(
3/@*/21-2/0
)
/*=51+C5F++
4/C151+;
,
,G
D/8I1G
/.,-.+.A
,
9./
E.5
.-,5
3/D1+,5854A
-?-
2 45,G:
*511+:
*57/.5:
3/
34+:+5.*++
.
15
3-*-68+65-.4;
4 7+/
-
8/=+9-46+,+
2/CC*-1+;,+
/
"
4.@3-1;:
F-*-7*5F++
" X.
'H8-
(Schule, 1886),
49+.52<-=/
,
9./
3/
-
48-D1+-
2G;28;H.4;
2 *-C@8A.5.-
15*54.5H?-0
=8@7+1G
3/*5I-1+;
,/C=5
;
4//.1/4+.4;
4 2/3*/
-
4/,
/ 4.5D+01/4.+
7/8-C1-11/=/
3*/F-445
@ 52./*/2
@9-1+;
/ -D+1/,
34+:/C-
(
4,
.:
'.-*17-*=
,
1973),
4 3*-D4.528-1+;,+
.
*-9,-*5
/
"
D@<-21G:
48/;:
" (1995,
4
.105)
+ 4 /*=51/
-
D+15,+9-46/0
6/1F-3F+-0=
.
;
(
@
, 1990).
7*5?-1+-
6 3*/78-,-
@*/21-0
4/C151+;
,
+8+
@*/21-0
34+:+9-46/0
56.+21/4.+
,
3*-D4.528-1/
2/
24-:
+448-D/251+;:
,
153*528-11G:
15
4/CD51+-
<658G
4+1D*/,/2
3/
15*54.5H?-0
.;I-4.+
35./8/=+9-46/=/
3*/F-445
,
.
.
-
.
2 +448-D/251+;:
,
42;C511G:
4 +,-15,+
I
.
I-64/15
, .
*-3-8+15
, .
43-*45
.
*-D+
/.-9-4.2-11G:
52./*/2
E.+,
2/3*/4/,
C51+,58+4A
. .
--*/2+9
(1948), . .
/*456/2
(1954,
4
.84),
3+452<+0
/7
@*/21;:
@35D65
4/C151+;
,
. .
-*F7-*=
(1961,
4
.46-48), . .
@7*/246+0
(1971,
4
.220), . .
-=*57;1
(1972,
4
.134-140; 1978,
4
.36, 87).
30
/,+,/
68+1+9-46+:
+ 1-0*/B+C+/8/=+9-46+:
+448-D/251+0
3/@*/21-25;
4.*@6.@*5
4/C151+;
/7
-
15*@I+25-.4;
2 2/C*54.1/0
34+:/8/=++
,
2 1578HD-1+;:
*-51+,5./8/=++
,
2 34+:/8+1=2+4.+6-
,
2
5158+C-
1578HD-1+0
+ 45,/1578HD-1+0
3*+
4-14/*1/0
+C/8;F++
,
2 E64.*-,58A1G:
@48/2+;:
4@
-
?-4.2/251+;
,
3/48-
3*+1;.+;
B5*,56/8/=+9-46+:
4*-D4.2
,
3/
2G:/D-
+C
7-44/C15.-8A1/=/
4/
-
4./;1+;
.
56
+C2-4.1/
,
,1/=+-
34+:/.-*53-2.+9-46+-
3/D:/DG
3*-D3/85=5H.
1-/7:/D+,/4.A
41;
-
.+;
C52+4+,/4.+
/.
4/D-*I51+;
3/24-D1-21/=/
@*/21;
4/C151+;
+ *57/.@
4 @=8@78-1+-,
@*/21-0
4/C151+;
+8+
4 +1.-14+B+65F+-0
+:
(
+88,51
, 1996).
4.-4.2-11/
,
9./
2/3*/4
/ 3/@*/21-2/,
4.*/-1++
4/C151+;
*5C*57/.51
2 34+:/.-*53++
/4/7-11/
3/D*/71/
.
/4.5./91/
243/,1+.A
/3*-
-
D-8-1+;
+-*5*:+9-46/0
4.*@6.@*G
8+91/4.+
3.
!*-0D5
, .
&1=5
,
+:
7/8--
3/CD1+-
,/D+B+65F++
.
5*.5
, .
+87-*5
+ 3*
.
3+4/6
3@78+65F+0
,
2 6/./*G:
.56
+8+
+159-
*5C*575.G25-.4;
.-,5
@*/2
-
1-0
4/C151+;
,
3*56.+9-46+
1-/7/C*+,
,
1/
D5I-
954.A
E./0
8+.-*5.@*G
D-,/14.*+*@-.
1-/7:/D+
-
,/4.A
3/+465
./9-6
4/3*+6/41/2-1+;
,
/41/251+0
D8;
4/3/4.528-1+;
+8+
D5I-
/7R-D+1-1+;
,1/=/
-
9+48-11G:
E,3+*+9-46+:
D511G:
*5C1G:
D+4F+38+1
.
15<-,
6/1.-64.-
@*/21+
,
/.8+91G-
/.
@*/2
-
1;
7/D*4.2/251+;
,
3*/;28;H.4;
3*+
+C,-1-1+;:
4/C151+;
656
85.-1.1G-
4.*@6.@*1G-
/41/251+;
34+:+6+
.
54
+1.-*-4@-.
2/3*/4
/ ./,
,
15
/41/251++
9-=/
2/C,/I1G
/4.51/26+
2
"
3/./6-
4/C151+;
"
+ 2GD-8-1+-
@*/21-0
,
+8+
,
D*@=+,+
48/25,+
,
9-,
C5D5H.4;
+ /3*-D-8;H.4;
D+46*-.1G-
:5*56.-
-
*+4.+6+
4/C151+;
.
4:/D;
+C
3/1+,51+;
*521/C1591/4.+
4/C151+;
+ ,G<8-1+;
,
,G
15,-*-1G
3*-D4.52+.A
,G<8-
-
1+-
(
6/=1+.+21G-
4/4.528;H?+-
34+:+6+
,
2 7/8--
<+*/6/,
4,G48-
)
1-
3*/4./
656
/D+1
+C
6/,3/
-
1-1./2
4/C151+;
,
5 656
-=/
3*-C-1.5.+21G0
4@?1/4.1G0
5.*+7@.
,
/7-43-9+25H?+0
4.*@6.@*1@H
/*
-
=51+C5F+H
.
/1+,5;
,G<8-1+-
656
43/4/7
/4@?-4.28-1+;
/41/21/0
(
3/C1525.-8A1/0
,
/*+-1.+
-
*@H?-0
)
B@16F++
4/C151+;
+ 656
=8521G0
4.*@6.@*//7*5C@H?+0
B56./*
4/C151+;
,
B+64+*@H?+0
-=/
B@16F+/158A1G0
543-6.
2 6/16*-.1/,
4/D-*I51++
,
,G
3*+:/D+,
6 /./ID-4.28-1+H
,G<8-1+;
4 4/C151+-,
.
/2/*;
/ 43/4/7-
*-58+C5F++
3/C151+;
,
,G
6545-,4;
3*/78-,G
/3*-D-8-1+;
4/D-*I51+;
4/C15
-
1+;
+ D/8I1G
*544,5.*+25.A
2/C1+65H?+-
2 42;C+
4 E.+,
=1/4-/8/=+9-46+-
2/3*/4G
.
-*2G0
+C
1+:
-
/7/41/2511/4.A
45,/=/
D511/=/
/./ID-4.28-1+;
.
./*/0
-4.A
2/3*/4
/ ./,
,
*-<-1+-
656+:
@I-
4@?-4.2@H?+:
2 34+:+5.*++
3*/78-,
.*-7@-.
/./ID-4.28-1+;
4/C151+;
+ ,G<8-1+;
.
*@=+,+
48/25,+
,
24.5-.
2/3*/4
,
9./
1/2/=/
21/4+.
3*/F-D@*5
/./ID-4.28-1+;
2 *-<-1+-
.*5D+F+/11G:
=1/4-/8/=+9-46+:
2/3*/4/2
34+:+5.*++
.
7/41/251+;
D8;
/./ID-4.28-1+;
4/C151+;
2 -=/
4/D-*I5.-8A1/0
:5*56.-*+4.+6-
4 ,G<8-1+-,
,/I-.
D5.A
=-1-.+9-46+0
5158+C
3*/78-,
4/C151+;
+ ,G<8-1+;
.
C
*57/.
,
2G3/81-11G:
2 D@:-
"
=-1-.+9-46/0
E3+4.-,/8/=++
" (
)
.
+5I-
),
./
-4.A
3/42;?-11G:
/1./=-1-.+9-46/,@
+ E2/8HF+/1
-
1/,@
*5C2+.+H
3/C1525.-8A1G:
/3-*5F+0
,
48-D@-.
,
9./
D2@-D+14.2/
4/C151+;
+ ,G<8-1+;
3*/
-
48-I+25-.4;
15
24-:
@*/21;:
,1/=/48/01/0
4.*@6.@*G
4/C151+;
.
/1./=-1-.+9-46/,
*5C2+.++
4/C151+-
3*/:/D+.
3*/F-44
4.51/28-1+;
/.
9@24.2-11/=/
6 8/=+9-46/,@
@*/21H
785=/D5*;
@42/-
-
1+H
6@8A.@*1G:
152G6/2
2 3*/F-44-
2/43+.51+;
,
/7@9-1+;
+ /285D-1+;
;CG6/,
.
5
49-.
+,3*+1
-
.+1=5
,
@42/-1+;
.*5D+F+0
,
4/F+/6@8A.@*1G:
4.-*-/.+3/2
,
2 4+8@
3*+/7*-.-1+;
4+4.-,G
6/=1+.+2
-
1G:
/7*5C/251+0
(
3/1;.+0
,
3*-D4.528-1+0
,
D/,+1+*@H?+:
+D-0
)
3*/+4:/D+.
4/F+58+C5F+;
+1D+
-
2+D5
,
/B/*,8-1+-
3*-D,-.1/=/
4/C151+;
+ 3/;28-1+-
4/F+58A1/
-
.+3+9-46/=/
,+*/2/CC*-1+;
.
.53G
*5C2+.+;
4/C151+;
/3*-D-8;H.4;
3/48-D/25.-8A1/4.AH
4.51/28-1+;
,G<8-1+;
/.
533-*
-
F-3.+21/=/
6 544/F+5.+21/,@
,
5 /.
1-=/
6 6/16*-.1/,@
+ D58--
6 574.*56.1/
-
8/=+9-46/,@
.
5
65I
-
D/,
+C
E.+:
.*5D+F+/11/
2GD-8;-,G:
@*/21-0
4/C151+-
+,--.
4/F+58A1@H
3*+*/D@
,
:5*56.-*+C@
-
-.4;
3/C1525.-8A1/0
@4.*-,8-11/4.AH
+ /785D5-.
42/+,
1-3*-,-11G,
5.*+7@./,
-
,G<8-1+-,
.
/2./*;-,/4.A
2 /1./=-1-C-
B+8/=-1-.+9-46/=/
*5C2+.+;
3/7@ID5-.
2GD-8+.A
.-
I-
4.@3-1+
*5C
-