Файл: Дрёмов С.В., Сёмин И.Р. - Измененные состояния сознания.pdf
ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 10.10.2020
Просмотров: 2743
Скачиваний: 8
36
[1]
8-D@-.
/.,-.+.A
,
9./
+43/8AC@-,G-
CD-4A
3/1;.+;
"
3/D3/*/=/2/-
,G<8-1+-
", "
85.-1.1G0
@*/2-1A
4/C151+;
"
/.1/4+.-8A1G
2 ./0
,-*-
,
2 656/0
4.*@6.@*1G-
:5*56.-*+4.+6+
4/C151+;
,/=@.
7G.A
*544,/.*-1G
21-
D+15,+9-46/=/
B@16F+/158A1/=/
543-6.5
.
4-=D5
1-/7:/D+,/
3/,1+.A
/
2/C,/I1/4.+
268H9-1+;
(
3*+9-,
3/*/0
3/
45,G,
1-C159+.-8A1G,
3/2/D5,
,
6/./*G-
7G8+
@65C5
-
1G
656
3*+9+1G
+C,-1-1+;
4/C151+;
)
2 56.@58A1/-
3/8-
4/C151+;
4/D-*I51+;
1-;21G:
@*/21-0
.
[2]
1G-
.*-7/251+;
3*-DR;28;H.4;
2 @3/,;1@.G:
3*-ID-
E64.*5/*D+15*1G:
4+.@5F+;:
@ CD/*/
-
2G:
8+F
(
2 1-/7G91G:
@48/2+;:
4@?-4.2/251+;
)
.56I-
"
15
3/92-
35./8/=+9-46+
+C,-1-11G:
/.1/
-
<-1+0
8+91/4.+
6 D-04.2+.-8A1/4.+
,
6/=D5
35./8/=+9-46+
+C,-1-11G-
E,/F+/158A1G-
/.1/<-1+;
-
4.*54.A
,
8H7/2A
,
1-152+4.A
,
I-851+-
-
D52;.
15
3/C1525.-8A1G-
3*/F-44G
+ +465I5H.
/.1/<-
-
1+-
" (
;4+?-2
, 1966,
4
.131-132),
5 .56I-
@ 7*-D/2G:
,
=588HF+1+*@H?+:
7/8A1G:
,
9A-
4/C151+-
+C,-1-1/
5BB-6./,
.*-2/=+
.
3.2.
"/' .&
" .&
"
+.
)0
"
",
*
"+ &
,
&
2
24
$
24
24
.
: /
3
2 , -
2 % 2
:
9
$
,
!4
-
5
23
%
-
.
.
/C151+-
,/I-.
+C,-1;.A4;
3/
*5C1G,
3*+9+15,
:
/.
7+/8/=+9-46/0
@=*/CG
I+C1+
,
/48/I1-11G:
@48/2+0
I+C1-D-;.-8A1/4.+
,
2 :/D-
E643-*+,-1.58A1/=/
+448-D/251+;
,
34+:/.-*53-2.+9-46/0
4+
-
.@5F++
+8+
34+:+9-46/=/
C57/8-251+;
.
/
24-:
E.+:
48@95;:
/.6*G25H.4;
*51--
1-
2/4.*-7/251
-
1G-
85.-1.1G-
@*/21+
4/C151+;
,
/D1/2*-,-11/
4/D-*I5?+-
3/8;*1/4.A
"
C52/*/I-11/4.+
1-3/
-
4*-D4.2-11G,
"
+ ./0
"
7/8-C1-11/0
+*/1++
,
2 656/0
2G*5I5-.
4-7;
/D+1/9-4.2/
7*-D5
" (
!@6/
,
1997,
4
.351).
48+
,G
4.*-,+,4;
2/44/CD5.A
3-*2/15958A1/-
C159-1+-
85.-1.1G:
@*/21-0
4/C15
-
1+;
,
15,
48-D@-.
/.65C5.A4;
/.
3/1;.+0
35./8/=++
,
C5
6/./*G,+
/1+
46*G25H.4;
.
E./,
/.28-9-
-
1++
,
/.:/D-
/.
45,/=/
4*-D/./9+;
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+:
C159-1+0
,G
2+D+,
3-*2G0
3/D=/./2+
-
.-8A1G0
<5=
6 6/14.5.5F++
./=/
,
9./
,
4/74.2-11/
,
2 42;C+
4
D/8I1/
7G.A
15C251/
35./8/=+9-
-
46+,
.
*+2-*I-1FG
68+1+9-46/=/
3/D:/D5
@7-ID-1G
2 ./,
,
9./
285D-1+-
./16+,
68+1+9-46+,
5158+C/,
3/C2/8;-.
/3*-D-8+.A
34+:+9-46@H
35./8/=+H
(
25*+51.
*5C2+.+;
+C,-1-1+0
4/C151+;
)
@I-
15
/4
-
1/251++
/F-16+
4.5.@45
-
3*+
5158+.+9-46/,
2G98-1-1++
D+46*-.1/=/
4/4./;1+;
4/C151+;
.
5/91/
6/14.5.+*@;
35./8/=+91/4.A
./=/
+8+
+1/=/
4/4./;1+;
4/C151+;
+ D+5=1/4.+*@;
1/C/8/=+9-46@H
B/*,@
,
34+:+5.*
3/85=5-.4;
15
42/H
43/4/71/4.A
3*-D2+D-.A
*5C2+.+-
4/4./;1+;
,
15
4/74.2-11G-
1-/4/C1525-,G-
/?@?-1+;
(
6 3*+,-*@
,
15
.56
15CG25-,/-
9@24.2/
<+C/B*-1++
),
15
+1.@+F+H
,
3*+/7*-.-11@H
4 /3G./,
,
1/
1-
15
*-C@8A.5.G
/3*-D-8-1+;
34+:/35./8/=+9-46/=/
42/-/7*5C+;
+C,-1-1+0
4/C151+;
.
158+.+9-46/-
,G<8-1+-
43-F+58+4.5
*57/.5-.
4 /3-*-I-1+-,
,
+1.-*3*-.+*@;
1-
4/D-*I51+-
./=/
+8+
+1/=/
@*/21;
4/C151+;
,
5 4/74.2-11G-
4@7R-6.+21G-
/?@?-1+;
,
C5D511G-
=/D5,+
*57/.G
2 68+1+9-46/0
35*5D+=,-
.
/D/71@H
2+*.@/C1/4.A
,/I1/
7G8/
7G
D5I-
3*+2-.4.2/25.A
656
42+D-
-
.-8A4.2/
6258+B+65F++
,
-48+
7G
15*57/.65
68+1+9-46/=/
/3G.5
1-
<85
35*588-8A1/
4 B/*,+*/
-
251+-,
4.-*-/.+3/2
,
/F-1/91G:
68+<-
,
/.65C
/.
6/./*G:
/C1595-.
2G:/D
C5
*5,6+
35*5D+=,G
.
37
-ID@
.-,
,
34+:+9-46+0
4.5.@4
+ 68+1+9-465;
35*5D+=,5
,
2 6/./*/0
B/*,@8+*@-.4;
68+1+9-46+0
D+5=1/C
,
1-
D5H.
D/4.5./91/0
+1B/*,5F++
D5I-
D8;
*5C=*51+9-1+;
1/*,G
+ 35./8/=++
.
G;28-1+-
"
/4/7/=/
/..-165
,
/4/7/=/
2+D/+C,-1-1+;
(
4+1D*/,5
),
/78-=95H?-=/
D+5=1/C
" (
@6/2/
-
D4.2/
3/
34+:+5.*++
, 1983,
4
.81),
+ /3*-D-8-1+-
@*/21;
4/C151+;
,
2 3*-D-85:
6/./*/=/
E./.
4+1
-
D*/,
2+D/+C,-1;-.4;
, -
3*/F-D@*G
*5C1/=/
3/*;D65
.
3-*2/0
,
6/./*@H
48-D@-.
15C25.A
954.1/0
,
*-9A
+D-.
/ 3/+465:
D-B+1+F+0
2 *5,65:
/D1/0
35*5D+=,G
,
+ CD-4A
,
656
7G8/
/.,-9-1/
,
2/C,/I1/
1-
./8A6/
4,-<-1+-
/F-1/6
4.5.+6+
+ D+15,+6+
,
1/
+ /3*-D-8-1+-
65ID/=/
85.-1.1/=/
@*/21;
4/C
-
151+;
656
C52-D/,/
35./8/=+9-46/=/
.
/
2./*/0
-
3*-D3/85=5-.4;
1-3*-D2C;.5;
/F-165
+-*5*:+9-
-
46/0
4.*@6.@*G
4/C151+;
,
56F-1.
15
B-1/,-1/8/=+9-46/,
2G;28-1++
@*/21;
4/C151+;
+ -=/
,-4.5
2 +-*5*:++
.
-=6/
C5,-.+.A
,
9./
+C@9-1+-
4.*@6.@*G
4/C151+;
-
7/8--
/7?5;
3*/F-D@*5
,
+ :/.;
+C
-
2-4.1/
,
9./
954.1/-
3/D9+1;-.4;
/7?-,@
,
15
3*56.+6-
95?-
3*/+4:/D+.
/7*5.1/-
-
68+1+9-465;
/F-165
C548/1;-.
4/7/0
4.*@6.@*1@H
.
2-
3/C1525.-8A1G-
3*/F-D@*G
-
/3*-D-8-1+-
@*/21;
4/C151+;
656
E8-,-1.5
2 F-8/4.1/,
6/1.+
-
1@@,-
-=/
+C,-1-1+0
+ 68+1+9-465;
+1.-*3*-.5F+;
4/D-*I51+;
@*/21;
,
B+64+*@H?5;
-=/
2 D+5=
-
1/4.+9-46/0
/F-16-
, -
/4.5H.4;
1-*5C8+9+,G
.
./
2GC251/
*51--
/.,-952<+,4;
*-D@6F+/1+C,/,
2
3/D:/D5:
6 4/C151+H
2 34+:+5.*++
,
3*+1;.+-
6/./*/=/
*521/F-11/
/.65C@
/.
3/+465
.*-7@-,G:
,-
-
./D/8/=+9-46+:
/41/251+0
D8;
+C@9-1+;
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+:
B-1/,-1/2
2 42;C+
4 +C,-1-1+;,+
4/C151+;
.
5?-
24-=/
85.-1.1G-
@*/21+
4/C151+;
(
)
2 .*5D+F+/11/,
34+:/35./8/=+9-46/,
*5
-
6@*4-
3/8@95H.
1-=5.+21@H
:5*56.-*+4.+6@
,
4/4./;?@H
+C
3-*-91;
1-D/4.5.6/2
,
15
/41/251++
6/
-
./*G:
/1+
/.8+95H.4;
/.
3/2-*:1/4.1/=/
@*/21;
7/D*4.2/251+;
.
/D*4.2@H?--
4/C151+-
1-
,/
-
I-.
,
2/3*-6+
24-,
6/1.*5*=@,-1.5,
,
3/C2/8+.A
4-7-
1+656/0
43/4/71/4.+
6 +C,-1-1+H
.
4-
,
9./
4
1+,
1-
4/=854@-.4;
,
1-+C7-I1/
/65CG25-.4;
/.68/1;H?+,4;
+ 3/./,@
D/8I1/
3/D528;.A4;
.
56
*-C@8A.5.
,
1+C2/D;.4;
D/
4/4./;1+0
,
+,-H?+:
8+<A
34+:/35./8/=+9-46+-
/7/C159-1+;
.
E./
3*+2/D+.
6 ./,@
,
9./
*;D
B-1/,-1/2
34+:+9-46/0
I+C1+
C52-D/,/
*544,5.*+25-.4;
656
"
51/,58+;
E64.*52-*.+*/2511/=/
4/C151+;
,
6/./*@H
8H7/0
F-1/0
1@I1/
@4.*51+.A
" (
/DB*@5
, 1992,
4
.139).
5
@28-9-11G,
3/+46/,
1/C/8/=+9-46/0
/6*546+
4+1D*/,5
/7?--
3*-D4.528-1+-
/ ./,
,
9./
4+1
-
D*/,
4 /3*-D-8-11/4.AH
,/I-.
@65CG25.A
8+<A
15
./.
+8+
+1/0
*-=+4.*
,
15
.@
+8+
+1@H
4.-3-1A
=8@7+1G
@*/21;
4/C151+;
,
4.51/2+.4;
954.1/4.AH
.
:/.;
,
656
43*52-D8+2/
/.,-95H.
. .
/*1-
-
./2
+
. .
',-8-2
(1996,
4
.3-4), "
2 4+1D*/,-
8/658+C@-.4;
+1B/*,5F+;
656
/ 3*/<8/,
,
.56
+ / 15
-
4./;?-,
+ 7@D@?-,
",
3*+
+C/8+*/2511/
68+1+9-46/,
3/D:/D-
,1/=//7*5C+-
3*+9+1
+ B56./*/2
,
3*+2/D;?+:
6 2G42/7/ID-1+H
4/D-*I51+;
./=/
+8+
+1/=/
@*/21;
,
2/C,/I1G-
3-*43-6.+2G
*5C2+
-
.+;
4+1D*/,5
*544,5.*+25H.4;
,
46/*--
,
2 +468H9+.-8A1G:
48@95;:
.
./
34+:/.+9-465;
B-1/,-
-
1/8/=+;
@*/21;
-?-
1-
-4.A
23+4G25-,G0
2 1/C/=*5B+H
34+:/C
,
3*/4./
C57G25-.4;
.
D-4A
2/C,/I-1
@3*-6
2 +465I-11/0
+1.-*3*-.5F++
D+5=1/4.+9-46/0
3*/F-D@*G
.
G
,/I-,
@4
-
8G<5.A
,
9./
=*5,/.1G0
34+:+5.*
;6/7G
@4.51528+25-.
158+9+-
34+:+9-46/=/
*544.*/04.25
1-
15
/41/251++
/.D-8A1/=/
4+1D*/,5
,
5 2G;28;;
4+1D*/,/6/,38-64
-
=*@33@
4+1D*/,/2
,
/.1/4;?+:4;
6
*5C1G,
@*/21;,
4/C151+;
+ 544/F++*/2511G:
2 /D1/,
4.5.@4-
.
5
,
E./
./
,
9./
D/8I1/
7G.A
,
1/
1-
./
,
9./
-4.A
.
D-04.2+.-8A1/4.+
35./8/=+;
6/14.5.+*@-.4;
3*+
2G;28-1++
/D1/=/
-
-D+14.2-11/=/
(
1+
4 9-,
1-
544/F++*/2511/=/
)
4+1D*/,5
.
*+,-*/,
./,@
48@I+.
4+1D*/,
34+:+9-46/=/
52./,5
-
.+C,5
.
+
2 /D1/0
/*./D/6458A1/0
68+1+9-46/0
<6/8-
9-8/2-6
4 D511G,
4+1D*/,/,
1-
7@D-.
/3
-
*-D-8-1
656
34+:+9-46+
CD/*/2G0
.
+46@44++
,/=@.
1/4+.A
8+<A
954.1G0
:5*56.-*
,
5 +:
*-C@8A.5
-
.G
/3*-D-8;H.4;
3*+2-*I-11/4.AH
+448-D/25.-8;
./,@
+8+
+1/,@
21@.*+35*5D+=,5.+9-46/,@
153*528-1+H
.
/3*/4
/ D+5=1/C-
,
6 3*+,-*@
,
<+C/B*-1+;
E./
+8+
5BB-6.+21G-
*544.*/04.25
,
*-<5-.4;
2 C52+4+,/4.+
/.
954.1G:
68+1+9-46+:
3*-D3/9.-1+0
65ID/=/
+448-D/25.-8;
,
/.
-=/
52
-
38
./*+.-.5
+ D5I-
/.
/*5./*46/=/
+46@44.25
.
-ID@
.-,
,
*5C=*51+9-1+-
1/*,G
+ 35./8/=++
+ 6/1
-
6*-.1G0
D+5=1/C
,
656
3*-D4.528;-.4;
,
1-
D/8I1G
C52+4-.A
1+
/.
35*5D+=,G
,
3*-D4.528;H?-0
4/
-
7/0
,5*=+158A1/-
68+1+9-46/-
,+*/2/CC*-1+-
,
1+
/.
/.D-8A1/0
<6/8G
,
1+
/.
8+91/4.+
+448-D/
-
25.-8;
.
56
42+D-.-8A4.2@H.
*57/.G
E.1/8/=/2
,
2 /7?-4.25:
,
6/14.+.@58+C+*@H?+:
+ 3*+1+
-
,5H?+:
1/*,5.+21/4.A
4/D-*I51+;
85.-1.1G:
@*/21-0
4/C151+;
,
34+:+9-46+-
52./,5.+C,G
,
2/4
-
3*+1+,5;4A
2 4/2-*<-11/
+1/,
6/1.-64.-
,
C159+.-8A1/
*-I-
C56519+25H.4;
34+:+9-46/0
D-C+1.-
-
=*5F+-0
.
56+,
/7*5C/,
,
4@?-4.2@-.
3*+1F+3+58A15;
2/C,/I1/4.A
21-34+:/35./8/=+9-46/=/
*5C
-
2+.+;
+C,-1-1+0
4/C151+;
,
D5I-
-48+
/1+
+ 4/3*/2/ID5H.4;
+C2-4.1G,+
68+1+9-46+,+
B-1/,-
-
15,+
.
@?-4.2-11G,
3*-D4.528;-.4;
./.
B56.
,
9./
15
D+15,+6-
465CG25H.4;
1-
./8A6/
15
-
958A1G-
3*+9+11/
D-04.2@H?+-
B56./*G
,
1/
+ 4/F+/6@8A.@*1G-
@48/2+;
.
*-D+
E.+:
@48/2+0
1-
-
,58/25I1@H
*/8A
+=*5-.
5D-625.1/
4B/*,@8+*/25115;
4+4.-,5
/F-1/6
,
3*+1;.+-
./=/
+8+
+1/=/
+C,-1-11/=/
4/4./;1+;
4/C151+;
656
35./8/=+9-46/=/
+8+
1/*,5.+21/=/
.
/65
,G
1-
/3*-D-8+8+4A
4 /41/251+;,+
,
3/C2/8;H?+,+
+1.-*3*-.+*/25.A
4/D-*I51+-
656
7/8-C1-11/-
,
,G
49+.5-,
8H7/-
85.-1.1/-
4/4./;1+-
4/C151+;
1/*,5.+21G,
+ /.,-.+,
,
9./
,
3/
-
46/8A6@
/7/41/251G
+448-D/251+;
4/F+58A1G:
B56./*/2
,
@954.2@H?+:
2 *5C2+.++
34+:+9-46/=/
C57/8-251+;
,
./
4./8A
I-
/7/41/251/
21+,51+-
6 15C251+;,
,
/3*-D-8-1+;,
,
@954.2@H?+,
2 ,-
-
:51+C,5:
4/F+58A1/=/
1/*,+*/251+;
3/2-D-1+;
.
F-165
C52+4+.
/.
*543*/4.*51-11G:
6/88-6.+2
-
1G:
3*-D4.528-1+0
/ *-58A1/4.+
,
+ CD-4A
,
656
3+<@.
. .
-*=-*
+
.
56,E1
, "
34+:/8/=+9-46+-
.-/*++
;28;H.4;
E8-,-1./,
4/F+58A1/0
:5*56.-*+4.+6+
*-58A1/4.+
" (1967;
F+.
.
3/
:
/8,E1
, 1996).
C2-4.1/
,
9./
4B/*,+*/25115;
2 68+1+9-46/0
35*5D+=,-
21@.*-11;;
65*.+15
7/8-C1+
,/I-.
4.5.A
2./*/0
15.@*/0
9-8/2-65
+
,
656
3/65C58+
,1/=/9+48-11G-
1578HD-1+;
,
43/4/715
28+;.A
15
*5C2+
-
.+-
C57/8-251+;
.
5+7/8--
+C2-4.1G-
3*+,-*G
1-=5.+21/=/
28+;1+;
D5H.
48@95+
=/43+.58+C,5
+
;.*/=-1++
,
*544,5.*+25-,G-
/7G91/
2 6/1.-64.-
2C5+,//.1/<-1+0
2*59
-
7/8A1/0
,
68+1+65
-
35
-
F+-1.G
.
/I58@0
,
1-
,-1A<@H
C159+,/4.A
+,-H.
+ ;.*/=-1++
6/1.-64.5
/7?-4.2/
(
6/88-6.+21/-
4/C151+-
) -
+1D+2+D
(
+1D+2+D@58A1/-
4/C151+-
)
+ 3*-DC5D511/-
35*5D+=,/0
2/43*+;.+-
/3*-D-
-
8-11/=/
6/1.+1=-1.5
2 659-4.2-
7-C@48/21G:
35F+-1./2
.
43/8AC@-,5;
15@915;
.-*,+1/8/=+;
4.5
-
1/2+.4;
1-
./8A6/
,-.5;CG6/,
/7?-1+;
43-F+58+4./2
,
1/
+ 4/4.521/0
954.AH
,+*/2/CC*-1+;
,
6@8A.@*G
,
.
.
-
.
6/88-6.+21/=/
4/C151+;
.
.
H*6=-0,
(1995,
4
.19)
3+458
,
9./
/.
"
4/F+58A1/=/
3*-4.+
-
I5
",
6/./*G,
/6*5<+25H.4;
1-6/./*G-
3*-D4.528-1+;
,
C52+4+.
43-F+B+65
4/F+58A1/=/
3*+1@I
-
D-1+;
,
D528-1+-
,
/65CG25-,/-
=*@33/0
15
+1D+2+D5
.
54.1G0
3*+,-*
34+:/5158+C5
D-,/14.*+*@
-
-.
,
656
3/8/I-1+;
,
4B/*,@8+*/2511G-
2 15@91G:
6*@=5:
,
3/8@95H.
B+8/4/B46/
-
,+*/2/CC*-19-46@H
+1.-*3*-.5F+H
+
,
4.51/2;4A
D/4./;1+-,
6@8A.@*G
,
/65CG25H.
28+;1+-
15
+1
-
D+2+D@58A1/-
+ 6/88-6.+21/-
4/C151+-
.
/
3/;28-1+;
@9-1+;
3.
!*-0D5
3*/4./
1-
4@?-4.2/258/
35F+-1./2
,
/7*-,-1-11G:
6/,38-645,+
D+35
,
8-6.*G
,
654.*5F++
+ 3*
.
B/*,@8+*/2511G-
3*-D4.528-1+;
4/CD5H.
154
-
4.*@6.@*+*@H.
4/C151+-
,
B+64+*@;
,G<8-1+-
2 C56/19-11G:
+1.-8
-
8-6.@58A1G:
3/4.*/-1+;:
+ /3*-D-8;H.
4.-*-/.+3G
3/2-D-1+;
.
1-1+;
,
/B/*,8-11G-
2 48/25:
,
1-
./8A6/
4/CD5H.
65*.+1@
,+*5
,
1/
+ /3*-D-8;H.
15<-
2/43*+
-
;.+-
1/*,5.+21/=/
.
5@91G-
.-/*++
,
/7@48/28+25;
D+46*-.1/4.A
/7?-4.2-11/=/
4/C151+;
,
3-*-
-
6*5+25H.
+ /=*51+9+25H.
-4.-4.2-11@H
D+15,+6@
+1D+2+D@58A1/=/
4/C151+;
,
@954.2@H.
2 D-.-*
-
,+15F++
+1D+2+D@58A1/=/
6/88-6.+21G,
.
8;
./=/
,
9./7G
E./
1-+C7-I1/-
4/F+58A1/-
3*+1@ID-
-
1+-
4.*/+8/4A
15
=@,511G:
3*+1F+35:
,
1-/7:/D+,5
2C2-<-115;
15@915;
(
7-C
/7G25.-8A46+:
/F-
-
1/6
+ 34+:+5.*+9-46/=/
4@7R-6.+2+C,5
)
/F-165
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
,
+C@95-,G:
2 D+15,+6-
.
./,@
3*/.+2/*-9+.
3*+1;.G0
2 34+:+5.*++
*-D@6F+/1+C,
,
2G.-41;H?+0
B@16F+/158A1G-
,
F-11/4.1G-
+ D+15,+9-46+-
543-6.G
4/C151+;
C5
3*-D-8G
.*5D+F+/11/=/
+C@9-1+;
4+1D*/,/8/=+9-46+
/9-*
-
9-11G:
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
.
.*/;
.-*53-2.+9-46@H
3*56.+6@
,
,G
/*+-1.+*@-,4;
15
4/74.2-11G-
39
3/1;.+;
+ 3*-D4.528-1+;
.
G
C52+4+,
/.
1+:
,
@7-ID5;
4-7;
2 /7R-6.+21/4.+
4@7R-6.+21/
2G
-
7*511/=/
/=*51+9-1+;
,
2 2/C,/I1/4.+
+1.-*3*-.+*/25.A
B-1/,-1G
4/C151+;
656
1/*,5.+21G-
+8+
35./8/=+9-46+-
8+<A
15
/41/251++
5158+C5
D+46*-.1G:
4/4./;1+0
4/C151+;
,
4 3/C+F++
7/D*4.
-
2@H?-=/
3*-D,-.1/=/
4/C151+;
.
+*/2/CC*-1+-
43-F+58+4.5
,
28+;H?-=/
15
3*/F-44
+C,-1-1+;
4/C151+;
,
D/8I1/
7G.A
<+*-
3*+1;.G:
2 /7GD-11/,
4/C151++
/F-1/6
+ 7/=59-
35*5D+=,58A1G:
@4.51/2/6
,
-48+
@9-4.A
,
9./
3/48-D1+-
2 4+8@
42/-0
4/74.2-11/0
1-+C7-I1/0
/=*51+9-11/4.+
43/
-
4/71G
/65CG25.A
1-=5.+21/-
28+;1+-
15
-4.-4.2-11@H
D+15,+6@
4/C151+;
.
-3*-D2C;.G0
5158+C
,
656
15,
3*-D4.528;-.4;
,
1@ID5-.4;
2 3*-D3/4G865:
,
C5D511G:
1-
35*5D+=,58A1G,+
.*5D+
-
F+;,+
,
5 /7R-6.+21/0
D511/4.AH
4.*@6.@*1/
-
B@16F+/158A1G:
543-6./2
4/C151+;
.
/7*5.1/,
48@
-
95-
*544@ID-1+;
/ =@,511/4.+
2 34+:+5.*++
/4.5H.4;
D-685*5F+;,+
.
511G-
C5*@7-I1/0
8+.-*5.@*G
(Fillips, 1967; Hernacka, Zakowska-Dqbrowska, 1979)
+ 3*/2-D-1
-
1G-
15,+
+448-D/251+;
(
€,+1
,
=5*6/2
, 1997)
42+D-.-8A4.2@H.
,
9./
3/2G<-1+-
34+:+5.*+9-46/0
=*5,/.1/4.+
,
.
.
-
.
@42/-1+-
3*-DC5D511G:
68+1+9-46/0
35*5D+=,/0
4+,3./,/2
,
@,-1+-
*543/C15.A
+:
,
7-C
=@,51+C5F++
/7?-4.25
,
7-C
3-*-/F-16+
+ D/8I1/=/
3/1+,51+;
E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0
4+.@5F++
D@<-21/7/8A1G:
43/4/74.2@H.
8+<A
@,-1A<-1+H
.-*3+,/=/
/.1/<-1+;
6 35F+-1.5,
.
C,-1-1+-
4+.@5F++
,
3/
6*501-0
,-*-
,
/3*-D-8-1+-
.-/*-.+9-46+:
3*-D3/4G8/6
6 E./,@
,
.*-7@-.
/7*5?-1+;
6 F-11/4.1G,
3*/78-,5,
.
-/7:/D+,/
3*-/D/8-.A
48/I+2<--4;
3*-D4.528-1+-
/
./,
,
9./
564+/8/=+;
1-
;28;-.4;
*5CD-8/,
34+:+5.*++
.
./
.*5D+F+/11/-
+ /9-1A
3*/4./-
*-<-
-
1+-
/41/2G25-.4;
15
1-
2GD-*I+25H?+:
6*+.+6+
3*-D3/4G865:
.
@I1/
3*+C15.A
,
9./
2 68+1+9-
-
46/-
3/C151+-
2:/D+.
F-11/4.1/-
/.1/<-1+-
,
/7@48/28-11/-
/7R-6.+21/
4@?-4.2@H?+,+
2*-
-
,-11G,+
.-1D-1F+;,+
+ 21-2*-,-11G,+
E6C+4.-1F+58A1G,+
35*5,-.*5,+
34+:+6+
+448-D/25.-
-
8;
(
+1.-*3*-.5./*5
).
56
3+<-.
.
5*.,51
(1995,
4
.638), "
15@91/-
+4./*+9-46/-
4/C151+-
159+
-
15-.
4 ./=/
,
9./
@4.51528+25-.
3/
/.1/<-1+H
6/
24-,@
D+4.51F+H
,
1/
E.+,
1-
/42/7/ID5-.4;
/.
42;C511/4.+
".
/8AC@;4A
68+1+9-46+,
15@91G,
,-./D/,
+ /4/C1525;
./.
+8+
+1/0
B-1/,-1
656
35./8/=+9-46+0
,
34+:+5.*
43*5<+25-.
4-7;
,
1546/8A6/
/1
/7R-6.+2-1
,
1/
1-
C5D5-.4;
2/3*/4/,
,
9-,
3*+28-65.-8A15
D8;
1-=/
8+91/
E.5
/7R-6.+21/4.A
,
1-
C5D@,G25-.4;
,
1546/8A6/
-=/
/F-165
/7@48/28-15
.-,
,
9./
-=/
4/74.2-11/-
4/C151+-
,
43/4/7G
,G<8-1+;
4B/*,+*/251G
+4./*+9-46+
+
154@?1/0
3/.*-71/4.AH
5D53.5F++
2 /7?-4.2-
.
5?-
24-=/
D8;
/3*-D-8-1+;
51/,58A1/4.+
+4
-
3/8AC@-.4;
.56/0
6*+.-*+0
656
2/C,/I1/4.A
34+:/8/=+9-46/=/
3/1+,51+;
(
29@24.2/251+;
).
/=D5
+43/8AC@-.4;
E./.
4@=@7/
34+:/8/=+9-46+0
(
4@7R-6.+21G0
)
6*+.-*+0
,
1-/7:/D+,/4.A
/7R;41;.A
,
3/9-,@
8+91/4.A
+8+
D@<-21G0
3*/F-44
/7R;28;H.4;
51/,58A1G,+
,
3*/4./
/.35D5-.
(
*/1B-8AD
,
1934)
-ID@
.-,
,
/.
43/4/71/4.+
/4/C15.A
564+/8/=+9-46+0
543-6.
D+5=1/4.+9-46/0
3*/F-D@*G
,
.
.
-
.
/3*-D-8+.A
D/8H
3*+21-4-11G:
2 1--
4@7R-6.+21G:
,/.+2/2
,
C52+4+.
/7R-6.+21/4.A
/F-16+
.
-/4/C15115;
*-C+1A;F+;
3-*-D
E.+,
2/3*/4/,
2-D-.
6 /.65C@
/.
3/+465
4,G485
2 4/D-*I51++
85
-
.-1.1G:
@*/21-0
4/C151+;
,
6 /7/C159-1+H
3/48-D1+:
4 3/,/?AH
B+6.+21/
-
/6/195.-8A1G:
3*-D
-
4.528-1+0
/ 7/8-C1+
+ 6 3/DD-*I51+H
*543*/4.*51-11/=/
@7-ID-1+;
2 4@?-4.2/251++
654.G
34+
-
:+5.*/2
,
3/C152<+:
4@?1/4.A
7/8-C1+
+ 43/4/71G:
4 1-0
43*52+.A4;
.
1@.*-11;;
1-@2-*-11/4.A
5D-3./2
.56/=/
3/D:/D5
/.,-9-15
2 :@D/I-4.2-11/0
8+.-*5.@*-
: "
/
2/.
C2/1/6
2 3-*-D1-0
.
2/4A
D/6./*
.
/91/
,
E./
D/6./*
,
42-I+0
,
7/D*G0
,
I+*1G0
,
2-4-8G0
,
4 .-,
2G*5I-1+-,
-
9./
2G
.5,
9-=/
-
./
153@=58+4A
,
5 ,G
4-0954
25,
24-
@4.*/+,
.
/6./*
C15-.
,
9./
E./
2G*5I-1+-
CD-4A
1-
=/D+.4;
,
1/
/1
@I-
*5C
1524-=D5
15D-8
-=/
+ 1-
,/I-.
41;.A
,
656
9-8/2-6
,
4 @.*5
15D-2<+0
B*56
+ -D@?+0
4
2+C+.5,+
" (
/84./0
, 1987,
.
.11,
4
.83).
7-ID-11/4.A
2*595
2 574/8H.1/0
+4.+11/4.+
35*5D+=,G
+
3/2-D-1+-
,
D-,/14.*+*@H?--
42/H
/42-D/,8-11/4.A
,
1-@,-4.1/
2 34+:+5.*++
,
6/./*5;
/=*51+9+
-
25-.4;
5158+C/,
21-<1-0
4./*/1G
*544.*/04.2
+ +=1/*+*@-.
4@7R-6.+21G-
543-6.G
C57/8-25
-
1+;
58+9+-
.-C5@*@45
68+1+9-46+:
3/1;.+0
("
48/25*;
35./8/=+0
" - .
&1=
)
1-
/C1595-.
-?-
40
3/1+,51+;
4,G485
/3+4G25-,G:
B-1/,-1/2
.
*+
24-0
2G4/6/0
43-F+58+C5F++
8-64+6+
+43/8A
-
C@-,G:
/7/C159-1+0
B-1/,-1G
34+:/35./8/=++
B56.+9-46+
/4.5H.4;
1-;41G,+
656
D8;
35F+-1
-
./2
,
.56
+ D8;
45,+:
2*59-0
-4,/.*;
15
24-
D/4.+I-1+;
34+:+5.*++
,
,G
3/65
-?-
3*-7G25-,
2 4+.@5F++
,
/7*+4/2511/0
.
&
.
/8/2A-2G,
. ''
*59@
438/<A
+ *;D/,
3*+:/D+.4;
+,-.A
D-8/
4 35F+-1./,
,
@7-ID-11G,
2 ./,
,
9./
7/8-C1A
-4.A
/.6*G.5;
+ 3/81/4.AH
/42/-115;
,-D+F+1/0
4@?1/4.A
,
6/./*5;
24-8+854A
2 1-=/
.
8+F-
2*595
35F+-1.
+?-.
:/C;+15
E./0
4@?1/4.+
,
6/./*G0
3*+6*+61-.
15
1--
+ 7G4.*-1A6/
/.C/
-
2-.
/7*5.1/
,
656
3/6/*1@H
4/756@
" (
/8/2A-2
, 1966,
4
.100).
.5
+88HC+;
,/I-.
/7-*1@.A4;
+ .-,
,
9./
15*;D@
4 7/8A</0
C52+4+,/4.AH
35F+-1./2
/.
2*595
2 34+:+5.*++
2-8+65
2-*/;.1/4.A
"
*5C/
-
7/I-4.28-1+;
"
2*59-71/=/
+,+DI5
24-C151+;
+,-11/
4/
4./*/1G
35F+-1.5
.
5F+-1.
"
15:/D+.4;
2
*543/*;I-1++
*5C@,1G:
8HD-0
;
268H95;4A
2 +:
,+*
,
/1
,
656
+ -=/
7/8-C1A
,
3*+4@.4.2@-.
15
3*525:
2-?+
...
4/74.2-11/4.+
,
6/./*@H
/1+
D-,/14.*+*@H.
+ 3-*-D5H.
D*@=
D*@=@
...
1/
45,
/1
1-,-D8-11/
*5C/78595-.
24H
D2@4,G48-11/4.A
3/D/71/=/
/785D51+;
...
/1
3/./,@
+ 2G4.@35-.
D8;
*5C@,5
/7R-6./,
3*+42/-1+;
,
9./
;28;-.4;
D8;
1-=/
3*-D,-./,
3-*2/0
1-/7:/D+,/4.+
...
C5.*5=+25H?-0
45,/
4/D-*I51+-
*5C@,5
" (
!@6/
, 1997,
4
.344-345).
-*-I+251+-
4/D-*I51+0
85.-1.1G:
@*/21-0
4/C151+;
/.6*G25-.
3/.-*;2<-,@
4/F+58A1G0
3*-4.+I
35F+-1.@
2/C,/I1/4.A
9@24.2/25.A
4857G-
"
,-4.5
"
2 4/C151++
-=/
*-43-6.57-8A1/=/
/3-6@15
. "
58-0<+0
47/0
,
1-3/*;D/6
,
3/,-:5
,
+ /15
(
4.5*<5;
,-D+F+1465;
4-4.*5
. -
2.
.)
3*-2*5?5-.4;
2 7-8G0
.@=/0
6/,/6
;*/4.+
,
+ 15
6/,/6
E./.
15.;1@.5
@8G765
.
15
:/D+.
3/
/.D-8-1+H
,
8+F/
--
,-ID@
1/4/,
+ 3/D7/*/D6/,
15D*-C51/
24-
./0
I-
6@6/8A1/0
@8G76/0
,
./
I-
43/6/01/-
I@II51+-
+D-.
+C
=85C
,
1/
21@.*+
/15
153*;I-15
,
656
4.58A
.
C15H
E./
, -
=/2/*+.
D@<-21/7/8A1/0
+1D--F
+C
+C2-4.1/=/
*/,515
.
+C+
(1988), -
3/./,@
9./
9@24.2@H
".
*+9-,
,
*-9A
,/I-.
+D.+
1-
./8A6/
/ 34+:/8/=+9-46+:
+CR;15:
,
5 / 2G.-41-11/,
+**5F+/158A1/,
4/D-*I51++
85.-1.1G:
@*/21-0
,
3/
/.1/<-1+H
6 6/./*/,@
2*59
,
+=*5;
4/F+58A
-
1@H
*/8A
"
4./*/I5
"
4@,54<-4.2+;
+
"
C5?+.1+65
"
/.
1-;41/0
/3541/4.+
(
!@6/
, 1997,
4
.357),
45,
@4
-
.51/2+8
7-C/3541@H
D+4.51F+H
.
/
@48/2+;,
42/-=/
4@?-4.2/251+;
43-F+58+4.
45,/0
2G4/6/0
6258+B+65F++
1@ID5-.4;
2 34+:/
-
8/=+9-46/0
C5?+?-11/4.+
+ 468/1-1
2/43*+1+,5.A
4/74.2-11/-
4/F+58A1/
D-.-*,+1+*/2511/-
4/C151+-
(
.+3+9-46+-
2 6@8A.@*-
43/4/7G
2/43*+;.+;
,
3*-D4.528-1+;
+ 3*
.)
C5
1/*,5.+21/-
.
+
-
D+,/4.A
C5?+?-11/4.+
,
6/./*@H
D5-.
35*5D+=,5
,
/7R;41;-.
--
@4./09+2/4.A
+ 3*+2-*I-11/4.A
35*5D+=,-
,1/=+:
3*/B-44+/158/2
.
*-C@8A.5.-
34+:+9-46@H
35./8/=+H
,G
1-2/8A1/
*544,5.
-
*+25-,
/.4.*51-11/
.
/
. .
+1-2+9@
(1991,
4
.20), "
E./
- "
2+D
4 =/*G
" -
1578HD-1+-
;28-1+0
,
3*/
-
+4:/D;?+:
2 D/8+1-
".
5115;
4@7R-6.+21/4.A
2 /F-16-
1/*,G
+ 35./8/=++
, "
/7R-6.+2+*/25115;
"
35*5D+=,5.+9-46+
,
.+*5I+*@-.4;
2 65ID/0
6/16*-.1/0
4+.@5F++
,
2 42;C+
4 65IDG,
6/16*-.1G,
43-F+58+4./,
. "
+91/-
+C
*57/.
2G.-41;-.4;
,
+ 21-<1-
4/CD5-.4;
23-95.8-1+-
/7R-6.+21/4.+
.
5
45,/,
D-8-
1+656/0
/7R-6.+21/4.+
7G.A
1-
,/I-.
:
D5I-
-48+
*544,5.*+25-.4;
656/0
-
8+7/
7+/8/
-
=+9-46+0
3/65C5.-8A
,
+1.-*3*-.5F+;
D511G:
C52+4+.
/.
<6/8G
@9-1/=/
(
4//.2-.4.2-11/
-
8+91/=/
3*+4.*54.+;
)" (
+1-2+9
, 1994,
4
.5).
7@48/28-11/4.A
4+4.-,G
/F-1+251+;
+4./*+9-46+,
4/C151+
-
-,
21/4+.
4@7R-6.+21/4.A
+ 2 *-58+C5F+H
35*5D+=,5.+9-46+
/42;?-11G:
("
/7R-6.+21G:
")
,-./
-
D/2
,
C5,G65;
.-,
45,G,
6/8AF/
2C5+,/C52+4+,/4.+
,-./D/8/=++
,
.-/*++
+ 3*56.+6+
.
3-*2/-
,
+
2./*/-
,
+ .*-.A-
/7R-D+1;H.4;
-D+1G,
3*+1F+3/,
6/12-1F+58+C,5
.
1/4-/8/=+9-465;
4857/4.A
.56/=/
6/12-1F+58+C,5
3*-D-8A1/
C5/4.*-15
.
5F/,
(
4,
.:
50,/1
, 1996,
4
.78). "
5C2-
:+,+6+
=/
-
8/4@H.
3/
3-*+/D+9-46/0
4+4.-,-
E8-,-1./2
?
B+C+6+
-
3/
5./,1/0
,544-
@=8-*/D5
?" -
43*5<+25-.
5,-*+65146+0
*5D+658+4.
/.
34+:+5.*++
.
/
.
5F@
, "
*-<5.A
=/8/4/251+-,
,
7/8-C1A
1-6/-
;28-1+-
+8+
1-.
-
E./
@I-
1-
15@65
,
E./
3/8+.+65
".
/
,1/=/,
E.5
3/8+.+65
3*-D/3*-D-8-15
.-,
B56./,
,
9./
2 4/C151++
7/8A1/=/
2*59
15.586+25-.4;
15