Файл: [D._Kim_Rossmo]_Geographic_Profiling(BookFi.org).pdf

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hunting area

    A rectangular zone bounded by the crime locations. It is the

area within which the geoprofile is generated.

hunting behaviour

    The victim search and attack processes engaged in by

an offender.

hunting ground

    The territory within which an offender searches for

victims. See 

fishing hole

 and 

trap line

.

ICIAF

International Criminal Investigative Analysis Fellowship

.

indirect personality assessment (IPA)

    A behavioural evaluation of a crim-

inal suspect to assist in the determination of the most effective interview,
cross-examination, and other investigative techniques.

International Criminal Investigative Analysis Fellowship (ICIAF)

        An

association of police criminal profilers, originally initiated by the FBI but
now an independent professional body. Also known as the Police Fellowship.

IPA

Indirect personality assessment

.

isoline map

    See 

isopleth map

.

isopleth map

    A map depicting isopleths (also known as isolines), or lines

of equal data value.

isotropic surface

    A surface exhibiting equal physical properties, such as

ease of movement, in all directions.

jeopardy surface

    A three-dimensional probability surface, produced by the

CGT algorithm, depicting the most probable area of offender residence.

journey-to-crime distance

    The distance between a crime site and the

offender’s residence.

linkage analysis

    The comparison of crimes to determine whether they were

committed by the same offender(s). Linkages can be established through
physical evidence, eyewitnesses, or behavioural similarities such as modus
operandi (M.O.) and signature. Also known as crime pattern analysis.

linkage analysis system

    A computerized database that searches for behav-

ioural similarities between crimes in an effort to connect them.

linkage blindness

    The inability to link connected crimes together, usually

resulting from a lack of coordination and information sharing between law
enforcement agencies.

macrolevel spatial analysis

    The study of geographic phenomena on a

national or international level.

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major case management system

    A computer system designed to store,

collate, compare, and analyze investigative information in serious crimes.

Manhattan distance

    Distance measured along an orthogonal (e.g., northing

and easting) grid layout of street blocks. See 

wheel distance

.

Manhattan metric

    Measurement using Manhattan distances.

marauder

    An offender whose residence acts as the focus for his or her

crimes. A marauder usually resides within the offence circle. See 

circle hypoth-

esis

.

mass arson

    An arson incident in which several fires are set simultaneously,

or within a relatively short time period in the same general area.

mass murder

    A murder incident in which several victims are killed simul-

taneously, or within a relatively short time period in the same general area.

mean centre

    See 

spatial mean

.

median centre

    The position from which travel to all the points in a spatial

distribution (i.e., the sum of the distances) is minimized.

median distance

    The radius of a circle encompassing one half of the points

in a spatial distribution.

mental map

    Cognitive images or representations of familiar geographic

areas such as neighbourhoods or cities.

mesolevel spatial analysis

    The study of geographic phenomena on a

regional or intercity level.

microenvironment

    The immediate environment surrounding a site, on

the scale of a block or intersection.

microlevel spatial analysis

    The study of geographic phenomena on an

individual, neighbourhood, or urban level.

multiple murder

    Mass, spree, or serial murder.

murder site

    The location where an offender murders the victim.

nearest neighbour analysis

    Various statistical analyses of nearest neighbour

distances.

nearest neighbour distances

    Various measure of distances between points

and their closest (or 

k

-nearest) neighbours as a means of quantifying location

spacing. See 

point pattern statistics

.

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

offence circle

    The circle formed from a diameter produced by the line

connecting the two crime sites in a connected offence series most distant
from each other.

offence interval

    See 

crime interval

.

offender profiling

    A general approach to criminal profiling including

psychological, geographic, and statistical profiling methods. See 

criminal

profiling

.

organized nonsocial offender

    See 

organized offender

.

organized offender

    A criminal personality type used in psychological

profiling based on an offender’s lifestyle and the condition of their crime
scenes. Organized offenders usually plan their crimes. They are typically
intelligent, and sane but psychopathic.

Orion

    See 

Rigel

.

parsing

    See 

crime parsing

.

path routing

    A path that follows the shortest possible street route. While

this can be measured simply in terms of distance, more sophisticated tech-
niques incorporate estimates of path travel time. See 

wheel distance

.

pattern theory

    A multidisciplinary approach that combines rational choice

and routine activity theory to explain the distribution of crime and criminal
behaviour. Offender target choice is affected by their interactions with the
physical and social environments. Also known as crime pattern theory.

poacher

    An offender who sets out specifically to search for a victim, basing

the search from an activity site other than his or her residence, or who travels
to another city during the victim search process. See 

commuter

.

point pattern

    The two-dimensional pattern produced by a series of spatial

locations.

point pattern statistics

    Statistical measures derived from various distance

calculations within a point pattern. See 

nearest neighbour distances

.

Police Fellowship

    See 

International Criminal Investigative Analysis Fellow-

ship

.

premeditated opportunism

    The practice of exploiting criminal opportu-

nities after an initial degree of preparation and planning.

principle of least action

    The minimization of quantities within dynamic

systems (e.g., energy, distance, time, change, effort, cost, etc.).

profiling

    See 

criminal profiling

.

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

psychological autopsy

    See 

equivocal death analysis

.

psychological profiling

    The identification of the major personality and

behavioural characteristics of an individual based upon an analysis of the
crimes he or she has committed. Also known as criminal personality assess-
ment or criminal behaviour profiling.

rape site

    The location where an offender rapes the victim.

raptor

 An offender who attacks a victim directly upon encounter.

rational choice theory

    A theoretical perspective in which crime and crim-

inal behavior are viewed as the outcomes of choices influenced by the
offender’s rational consideration of the risk, effort, and reward associated
with different decisions.

release site

    See 

victim release site

.

remission

    A period of inactivity, ranging from weeks to years, between the

crimes of a serial offender. It can result from either episodic behaviour or
temporal displacement.

Rigel

     The geographic profiling computer software based on the CGT

algorithm. The prototype version was named 

Orion

.

routine activities

    The activities and behaviours engaged in by people on

a regular (e.g., daily, weekly, seasonal) basis.

routine activity theory

    The opportunity structure for crime based upon

the convergence in space and time of motivated offenders, suitable targets,
and the absence of capable guardians.

routine pathway

    The regularly used streets or routes connecting a related

set of activity nodes.

scenario

    The selection of crime locations and their associated weighting

used in a given geoprofile.

search area

    The hit score percentage translated into area size.

serial arson

    Three or more separate arson events with an emotional cooling-

off period between fires.

serial murder

    Three or more separate murder events with an emotional

cooling-off period between homicides.

serial rape

    Three or more separate rape events with an emotional cooling-

off period between attacks.

singularity

    A single offence that does not appear to fit the overall pattern

in a crime series.

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spatial displacement

    A type of displacement resulting from an offender

relocating his or her criminal activity in response to a perceived increase in
the risk of apprehension or reduction in opportunity. Also known as geo-
graphic or territorial displacement. See 

displacement

.

spatial mean

    A univariate measure of the central tendency of a point

pattern, the geographic “centre of gravity.” Also known as the centroid or
mean centre.

spree arson

    Three or more arsons at different locations with no emotional

cooling-off period in between. The fires are all the result of a single event.
Spree arson is an intermediate classification between mass and serial arson.

spree murder

    Three or more murders at different locations with no

emotional cooling-off period in between. The killings are all the result of a
single event. Spree murder is an intermediate classification between mass and
serial murder.

stalker

    An offender who upon encountering a victim, follows them to

attack at a later place and time.

standard distance

    A measure of spatial dispersion analogous to the standard

deviation.

structural backcloth

    See 

target backcloth

.

tactical displacement

    A type of displacement resulting from an offender

using alternative strategies or changing his or her modus operandi to achieve
the same criminal goals. Tactical displacement is usually the result of learning.
See 

displacement

.

target backcloth

    A spatial opportunity structure configured by both geo-

graphic and temporal distributions of suitable crime targets or victims across
the physical landscape. Nonuniform or patchy target backcloths are charac-
terized by varying levels of target availability in different areas. Also known
as structural backcloth. See 

anisotropic surface

.

target displacement

    A type of displacement resulting from an offender

modifying the selection of premises, objects, or subjects as targets for his or
her criminal activities. See 

displacement

.

target location

    The various geographic sites connected to a crime series

including victim encounter, attack, murder, and body dump sites.

target-rich environment

    An area containing a high density of potential

victims or targets. See 

fishing hole

.