Файл: [D._Kim_Rossmo]_Geographic_Profiling(BookFi.org).pdf

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Glossary

action spac

e

 See 

activity space.

activity displacement

    See 

functional displacement

.

activity node

    An individual’s past and present homes, current and previous

work sites, and residences of partners, friends, and family members.

activity site

    Any location routinely visited by an individual (e.g., workplace,

friend’s residence, neighbourhood bar, etc.)

activity space

    Those places regularly visited by a person in which the

majority of their activities are carried out. It comprises an individual’s activity
sites and the routes used to travel between them, and is contained within the
awareness space.

ambusher

    An offender who attacks a victim once he or she has been enticed

to a location, such as a residence or workplace, controlled by the offender.

anchor point

    The base from which an individual resides or regularly

operates; usually the single most important location in a person’s life.

anisotropic surface

    A surface exhibiting different physical properties, such

as ease of movement, in various directions.

arson site

    The location where an offender commits an arson.

ASPD

    Antisocial personality disorder.

attack site

    The location where an offender first attacks the victim.

awareness space

    Locations and areas that a person is aware of and possesses

at least a minimum level of knowledge about. It contains, but is larger than,
the activity space.

behavioural science

    The scientific study and analysis of human behaviour.

This term is often used to describe the investigative study of criminal behav-
iour.

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body dump site

    The location where an offender disposes of the murder

victim’s body.

Brantingham and Brantingham crime site selection model

    A model of

crime geometry within the environmental criminology perspective developed
at Simon Fraser University. It suggests that crimes are most likely to occur
in those areas where an offender’s awareness space intersects with perceived
suitable targets.

buffer zone

    An area centred around the criminal’s residence within which

targets are viewed as less desirable because of the perceived risk associated
with operating too close to home.

CCA

Comparative case analysis

.

centre of minimum travel

    See 

median centre

.

centrography

    A form of spatial analysis that focuses on the central tendency

of a point pattern.

centroid

    See 

spatial mean

.

CGT

Criminal geographic targeting

.

choropleth map

    A thematic map that uses colours or shading to depict

variations in areally-based data.

CIA

Criminal investigative analysis

.

circle hypothesis

    The hypothesis that marauders reside within their offence

circle, while commuters reside without. See 

marauder

, 

commuter

.

clustering

    The degree of site proximity or grouping in a point pattern. See

dispersion

.

cluster dump

    Bodies of several murder victims buried or dumped in the

same location or general area.

collateral material

    Articles not directly associated with a sex offender’s

crimes but that provide evidence or information regarding sexual prefer-
ences, interests, or activities. These can be erotic, educational, introspective,
or intelligence material.

commuter

 An offender who travels from home into another area to commit

his or her crimes. A commuter usually resides outside of the offence circle.
See 

circle hypothesis

.

comparative case analysis (CCA)

    See 

linkage analysis

.

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

contagion location

    A crime site situated close to a previous offence. Such

a location is generally regarded for the purposes of geographic profiling as a
nonindependent event.

CPA

Crime pattern analysis

.

crime attractor

    A place that attracts offenders through its reputation for

crime opportunities.

crime generator

    A high-traffic location that experiences crime as a by-

product of the large number of people who regularly visit there.

crime interval

    The period of time (usually expressed in days) between

successive crimes. Crime intervals are used to calculate the mean crime
interval and standard deviation.

crime location

    A geographic location associated with a given crime. There

may be several different locations connected to a single crime; for example,
in a homicide there may be victim encounter, attack, murder, and body dump
sites.

crime location set

    The number and grouping of the different locations

associated with a crime.

crime parsing

    The breaking down of a crime into its crime location set.

crime pattern analysis (CPA)

    See 

linkage analysis

.

crime pattern theory

    See 

pattern theory

.

crime scene profiling

    See 

criminal profiling

.

crime trip

    An offender’s journey to any location associated with a crime.

crime trip distance

    See 

journey-to-crime distance

.

criminal geographic targeting (CGT)

    A computerized spatial profiling

model that determines the most probable area of offender residence through
the production of a jeopardy surface or geoprofile from a criminal hunting
algorithm. It is the primary methodology used in geographic profiling.

criminal investigative analysis (CIA)

    Techniques of psychological profiling

and related methods developed and used by the FBI and the ICIAF.

criminal profiling

    The inference of offender characteristics from offence

characteristics. See 

psychological profiling

.

crow-flight distance

    The shortest distance between two points, measured

“as the crow flies.” Compare with 

Manhattan distance

 and 

wheel distance

.

curvilinear distance

    See 

wheel distance

. Also known as curvimetre distance.

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curvimetre distance

    See 

wheel distance

. Also known as curvilinear distance.

Dirichlet polygon

    See 

Thiessen polygon

.

disorganized (asocial) offender

    See 

disorganized offender

.

disorganized offender

    A criminal personality type used in psychological

profiling based on an offender’s lifestyle and the condition of their crime
scenes. Disorganized offenders usually act spontaneously and do not plan
their crimes. They may suffer from some form of psychosis such as paranoid
schizophrenia.

dispersion

    The degree of site spread in a point pattern. See 

clustering

.

displacemen

t

    A change in an offender’s pattern of behaviour as the result

of crime prevention efforts, community wariness, or police investigative
strategies. There are five types of displacement: spatial (territorial), temporal,
target, tactical, and functional (activity).

distance decay

    The reduction in probability of spatial interaction with the

increase in distance. Most crime trips follow a distance-decay pattern as
measured from the offender’s residence.

EAMD

    Acronym for encounter, attack, murder, and body dump sites.

ecological fallac

y

    The assumption that results from a higher level of

geographic analysis apply to a lower level (in particular, the individual level).

ECRI

    Environmental Criminology Research Inc.

EDA

Equivocal death analysis

.

encounter site

    The location where an offender first comes into contact

with the victim.

environmental criminology

    An area of criminology focusing on the crim-

inal event rather than just the offender. The primary concern of environ-
mental criminology is the crime setting or place, the where and when, of the
criminal act.

equivocal death analysis (EDA)

    A retrospective psychological analysis of

the most probable manner of death (accidental, suicidal, or homicidal) in
suspicious cases. Also known as psychological autopsy.

fishing hole

    A location with a high probability for a criminal predator of

finding a potential victim, who may then be followed to a different location
before being attacked. See 

crime attractor

 and 

hunting ground

.

forensic behavioural science

    Behavioural science as applied to the inves-

tigative and court processes. See 

behavioural science

.

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functional displacement

    A type of displacement resulting from an offender

engaging in a different type of criminal behaviour, often resulting from
changes in opportunities. Also known as activity displacement. See 

displace-

ment

.

geographic displacement

    See 

spatial displacement

.

geographic information system (GIS)

    A computer software system

designed to store geographic attributes and integrate spatial and other data
for analytic purposes.

geographic profiling

    An information management strategy for serial vio-

lent crime investigation that analyzes crime site information to determine
the most probable area of offender residence.

geography of crime

    The study of the geography associated with crime,

targets, and criminals.

geoprofile

    A two-dimensional jeopardy (probability) surface overlaid on

a map of the hunting area.

GIS

Geographic information system

.

global positioning system

    A handheld device that provides latitude and

longitude coordinates based on a satellite fix.

GPS

Global positioning system

.

hit percentage

    See 

hit score percentage

.

hit score

    The CGT likelihood value (

z

-score) associated with the location

of an offender’s residence or anchor point. See 

z-score

.

hit score percentage

    An indicator of search efficiency used in geographic

profiling, measured by determining the proportion of the total hunting area
covered before the offender’s residence is encountered. The smaller this num-
ber, the better the focus of the geoprofile.

HITS

    Homicide Investigation Tracking System, the Washington State-based

computerized linkage analysis system for murders and sexual offences.

HOLMES

    Home Office Large Major Enquiry System, the major case

management system used by British police forces.

hot spot

    A small geographic area containing a disproportionate number

of criminal offences.

hunter

    An offender who sets out specifically to hunt for a victim, basing

the search from his or her residence.