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Progress through Sharing Knowledge and Innovation
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159
FIGURE A.1
Share of total number of articles published in 20 major areas between 2008 and 2011 –
BRICS countries and the rest of the world
(In %)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
M
at
er
ia
l s
ci
en
ce
s
C
h
em
is
tr
y
Ph
ys
ic
s
M
u
lt
id
is
ci
p
lin
ar
y
A
g
ri
cu
lt
u
ra
l s
ci
en
ce
s
G
eo
sc
ie
n
ce
s
M
at
h
em
at
ic
s
En
g
in
ee
ri
n
g
Pl
an
t
&
A
n
im
al
s
ci
en
ce
Ph
ar
m
ac
o
lo
g
y
&
T
o
xi
co
lo
g
y
M
ic
ro
b
io
lo
g
y
En
vi
ro
n
m
en
t
/ E
co
lo
g
y
B
io
lo
g
y
&
B
io
ch
em
is
tr
y
C
o
m
p
u
te
r
Sc
ie
n
ce
M
o
le
cu
la
r
b
io
lo
g
y
&
g
en
et
ic
s
Im
m
u
n
o
lo
g
y
N
eu
ro
sc
ie
n
ce
&
b
eh
av
io
r
C
lin
ic
al
M
ed
ic
in
e
Ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
&
B
u
si
n
es
s
Ps
yc
h
ia
tr
y
/ P
sy
ch
o
lo
g
y
BRICS
Rest of the world
Source: Nascimento (2014), based on Thompson Reuters data.
FIGURE A. 2
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP (1996-2012)
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Brazil
China
India
Russian Federation
South Africa
Source: prepared by authors based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics data.
BRICS Long-Term Strategy
160
|
FIGURE A. 3
Gross enrolment ratios on tertiary education – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
(2001-2011)
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
70,0%
80,0%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
Source: Nascimento (2014), based on Thompson Reuters data.
FIGURE A. 4
R&D in OECD and key partner countries (2011)
USA
CHN
JPN
DEU
KOR
FRA
GBR
RUS
IND
BRA
CAN
ITA
AUS
ESP
SWE
NLD
CHE
TUR
AUT
BEL
FIN
MEX
DNK
POL
CZE
NOR
ZAF
PRT
IRL
HUN
GRC
NZL
SVN
CHL
SVK
IDN
EST
LUX
ISL
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
Researchers, per thousand employment
Gross domestic expenditures on R&D as a percentage of GDP
R&D expenditures in 2005
USD - constant prices and PPP
1 billion
10 billion
100 billion
EU
Other OECD members
North America
BRIICS
Source: OECD (2013: 50).
Progress through Sharing Knowledge and Innovation
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TABLE A.2
Key indicators for BRICS
Brazil
China
India
Russia
South Africa
GDP (current USD in billions)
1990
462
357
327
517
112
2012
2523
8227
1859
2015
384
GDP per capita PPP
(constant 2011 international $)
1990
9,997
1,490
1,812
19,286
9,902
2012
14,301
10,771
5,050
23,184
11,989
Real GDP growth (% CAGR)
1990-2000
2.6
10.4
5.6
-3.9
1.8
2000-2012
3.3
10.1
7.2
4.7
3.4
Total factor productivity: total economy
(% of US level)
2000
19.3
10.5
7.4
8.4
NA
2008
16.7
18.6
9.0
11.4
NA
Total factor productivity: manufacturing
(% of US level)
2000
20.1
15.6
6.5
10.7
NA
2008
13.4
21.5
7.8
8.8
NA
Total factor productivity: services
(% of US level)
2000
20.3
10.4
8.9
8.1
NA
2008
18.2
20.1
10.8
11.9
NA
Source: OECD (2014c: 281).
TABLE A.3
Contributions to exports by technological intensity of products
(In %)
1990
1995
2000
2005
Brazil
High Tech
5.0
4.0
13.0
8.0
Low Tech
18.0
17.0
14.0
12.0
Medium Tech
24.0
26.0
24.0
27.0
Primary products
26.0
23.0
21.0
24.0
Resource-based
27.0
31.0
28.0
29.0
China
High Tech
-
14.0
24.0
35.0
Low Tech
-
47.0
42.0
32.0
Medium Tech
-
18.0
18.0
20.0
Primary products
-
10.0
7.0
4.0
Resource-based
-
11.0
9.0
8.0
(Continues)
BRICS Long-Term Strategy
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1990
1995
2000
2005
India
High Tech
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Low Tech
37.0
37.0
40.0
33.0
Medium Tech
10.0
11.0
10.0
13.0
Primary products
22.0
21.0
15.0
12.0
Resource-based
29.0
28.0
31.0
38.0
Russian Federation
High Tech
-
-
4.0
2.0
Low Tech
-
-
10.0
7.0
Medium Tech
-
-
13.0
11.0
Primary products
-
-
47.0
52.0
Resource-based
-
-
26.0
29.0
South Africa
High Tech
-
3.0
5.0
5.0
Low Tech
-
16.0
15.0
12.0
Medium Tech
-
23.0
28.0
30.0
Primary products
-
15.0
14.0
25.0
Resource-based
-
43.0
37.0
28.0
Source: OECD (2014c: 284), based on UN Comtrade (2013), United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. Available at:
<http://comtrade.un.org/db/default.aspx>.
FIGURE A.5
Triadic patent families by blocs (2001 and 2011)
0
10
20
30
40
2001
2011
%
EU28
Japan
United States
BRICS
Rest of the World
Source: OECD (2013: 67).
(Continued)
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TABLE A.4
Key concept of a long-term development of the Russian Federation up to 2020 – target
indicators for NIS development
%
2007
2020
GERD to GDP ratio
1.1
2.7
Labour productivity growth rates
6-7
9-0
Share of high-tech sectors in value added
11
17-19
Share of high-tech products exports in the world’s total
0.3
2.0
Share of innovative products in total sales
6
25-35
Share of industrial enterprises engaged in technological innovation
13
40-50
Value added of innovation sector to GDP
10-11
17-20
Source: Kuznetsova (2013, p. 84).
TABLE A.5
National targets for India’s science and technology sector for the 12
th
Five-Year Plan
Global share of publications
> 5%
Global ranking in SCI publications
better than 6th
Global ranking in number of patent cooperation treaties
better than 10th
FTEs in R&D personnel
250,000
PhDs outputs in whole science sector
12,500 per year
Public–private sharing of investments
50:50
Gender parity in EMR funding (PI ratios)
better than 60:40
Relative global rank in patent portfolio
better than 9th
Commercialisation of patents
better than 5% levels
Share of high-technology content in exports
better than 20%
Global ranking in innovation index
better than 25
th
Establishment of Section 25 companies
in select sectors
Source: Planning Commission (2013: 274).