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Progress through Sharing Knowledge and Innovation 

 

|

 159

FIGURE A.1

Share of total number of articles published in 20 major areas between 2008 and 2011 – 
BRICS countries and the rest of the world

(In %)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

M

at

er

ia

l s

ci

en

ce

s

C

h

em

is

tr

y

Ph

ys

ic

s

M

u

lt

id

is

ci

p

lin

ar

y

A

g

ri

cu

lt

u

ra

l s

ci

en

ce

s

G

eo

sc

ie

n

ce

s

M

at

h

em

at

ic

s

En

g

in

ee

ri

n

g

Pl

an

&

 A

n

im

al

 s

ci

en

ce

Ph

ar

m

ac

o

lo

g

&

 T

o

xi

co

lo

g

y

M

ic

ro

b

io

lo

g

y

En

vi

ro

n

m

en

/ E

co

lo

g

y

B

io

lo

g

&

 B

io

ch

em

is

tr

y

C

o

m

p

u

te

Sc

ie

n

ce

M

o

le

cu

la

b

io

lo

g

&

 g

en

et

ic

s

Im

m

u

n

o

lo

g

y

N

eu

ro

sc

ie

n

ce

 &

 b

eh

av

io

r

C

lin

ic

al

 M

ed

ic

in

e

Ec

o

n

o

m

ic

&

 B

u

si

n

es

s

Ps

yc

h

ia

tr

/ P

sy

ch

o

lo

g

y

BRICS

Rest of the world

Source: Nascimento (2014), based on Thompson Reuters data.

FIGURE A. 2

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP (1996-2012)

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

Brazil

China

India

Russian Federation

South Africa

Source: prepared by authors based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics data.


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BRICS Long-Term Strategy

160 

|

 

FIGURE A. 3

Gross enrolment ratios on tertiary education – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa 
(2001-2011)

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Brazil

Russia

India

China

South Africa

Source: Nascimento (2014), based on Thompson Reuters data.

FIGURE A. 4

R&D in OECD and key partner countries (2011) 

USA

CHN

JPN

DEU

KOR

FRA

GBR

RUS

IND

BRA

CAN

ITA

AUS

ESP

SWE

NLD

CHE

TUR

AUT

BEL

FIN

MEX

DNK

POL

CZE

NOR

ZAF

PRT

IRL

HUN

GRC

NZL

SVN

CHL

SVK

IDN

EST

LUX

ISL

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

Researchers, per thousand employment  

Gross domestic expenditures on R&D as a percentage of GDP

R&D expenditures in 2005 
USD - constant prices and PPP

1 billion

10 billion

100 billion

EU

Other OECD members

North America

BRIICS

Source: OECD (2013: 50).


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Progress through Sharing Knowledge and Innovation 

 

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 161

TABLE A.2

Key indicators for BRICS

Brazil

China

India

Russia

South Africa

GDP (current USD in billions)

1990

462

357

327

517

112

2012

2523

8227

1859

2015

384

GDP per capita PPP 
(constant 2011 international $)

1990

9,997

1,490

1,812

19,286

9,902

2012

14,301

10,771

5,050

23,184

11,989

Real GDP growth (% CAGR)

1990-2000

2.6

10.4

5.6

-3.9

1.8

2000-2012

3.3

10.1

7.2

4.7

3.4

Total factor productivity: total economy  
(% of US level)

2000

19.3

10.5

7.4

8.4

NA

2008

16.7

18.6

9.0

11.4

NA

Total factor productivity: manufacturing 
(% of US level)

2000

20.1

15.6

6.5

10.7

NA

2008

13.4

21.5

7.8

8.8

NA

Total factor productivity: services 
(% of US level)

2000

20.3

10.4

8.9

8.1

NA

2008

18.2

20.1

10.8

11.9

NA

Source: OECD (2014c: 281).

TABLE A.3 

Contributions to exports by technological intensity of products

(In %)

1990

1995

2000

2005

Brazil

High Tech

5.0

4.0

13.0

8.0

Low Tech

18.0

17.0

14.0

12.0

Medium Tech

24.0

26.0

24.0

27.0

Primary products

26.0

23.0

21.0

24.0

Resource-based

27.0

31.0

28.0

29.0

China

High Tech

-

14.0

24.0

35.0

Low Tech

-

47.0

42.0

32.0

Medium Tech

-

18.0

18.0

20.0

Primary products

-

10.0

7.0

4.0

Resource-based

-

11.0

9.0

8.0

(Continues)


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BRICS Long-Term Strategy

162 

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1990

1995

2000

2005

India

High Tech

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

Low Tech

37.0

37.0

40.0

33.0

Medium Tech

10.0

11.0

10.0

13.0

Primary products

22.0

21.0

15.0

12.0

Resource-based

29.0

28.0

31.0

38.0

Russian Federation

High Tech

-

-

4.0

2.0

Low Tech

-

-

10.0

7.0

Medium Tech

-

-

13.0

11.0

Primary products

-

-

47.0

52.0

Resource-based

-

-

26.0

29.0

South Africa

High Tech

-

3.0

5.0

5.0

Low Tech

-

16.0

15.0

12.0

Medium Tech

-

23.0

28.0

30.0

Primary products

-

15.0

14.0

25.0

Resource-based

-

43.0

37.0

28.0

Source:  OECD (2014c: 284), based on UN Comtrade (2013), United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database. Available at: 

<http://comtrade.un.org/db/default.aspx>.

FIGURE A.5

Triadic patent families by blocs (2001 and 2011)

0

10

20

30

40

2001

2011

%

EU28

Japan

United States

BRICS

Rest of the World

Source: OECD (2013: 67).

(Continued)


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TABLE A.4

Key concept of a long-term development of the Russian Federation up to 2020 – target 
indicators for NIS development

%

2007

2020

GERD to GDP ratio

1.1

2.7

Labour productivity growth rates

6-7

9-0

Share of high-tech sectors in value added

11

17-19

Share of high-tech products exports in the world’s total

0.3

2.0

Share of innovative products in total sales

6

25-35

Share of industrial enterprises engaged in technological innovation

13

40-50

Value added of innovation sector to GDP

10-11

17-20

Source: Kuznetsova (2013, p. 84).

TABLE A.5

 

National targets for India’s science and technology sector for the 12

th

 Five-Year Plan

Global share of publications

> 5%

Global ranking in SCI publications

better than 6th

Global ranking in number of patent cooperation treaties 

better than 10th

FTEs in R&D personnel

250,000

PhDs outputs in whole science sector

12,500 per year

Public–private sharing of investments

50:50

Gender parity in EMR funding (PI ratios)

better than 60:40

Relative global rank in patent portfolio

better than 9th

Commercialisation of patents

better than 5% levels

Share of high-technology content in exports

better than 20%

Global ranking in innovation index

better than 25

th

Establishment of Section 25 companies

in select sectors

Source: Planning Commission (2013: 274).