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B R I C S
residence or employment in violation of their immigration status. Such migrants
then become irregular, informal, undocumented, or, illegal migrants.
In the Russia’s case, following the USSR’s dissolution in 1991, the coun
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try quickly became the center of the second-largest immigration system of the
world—with 12.3 million of the current Russian residents being of foreign origin
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(as compared to more than 45 million, including 11 million illegals in the US—
the largest immigrant receiving state
172
). Simultaneously, since 1991, more than
1.3 million Russian citizens obtained permits for a permanent emigration to the
West.
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Migration also plays the major role in the development of other BRICS coun-
tries, creating a significant potential for their cooperation in this field. All BRICS
members share a common aspect of emigrational dynamics; they each take in, pro
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vide and temporarily hold migrants on the move. During the period of 2000-2010,
Russia was ranked fourth in the world in terms of annual net immigration with (389
thousand), South Africa sixth with (247 thousand), while India and China ranked
respectively third and fourth among the world’s emigration countries (with annual
net losses of 490 and 418 thousand).
174
It is important to mention that only two ter-
ritorially adjacent countries within BRICS directly share migrants.
• Large scale migration from China to Russia. (The scale of the Chinese legal
labor immigration is quickly growing—during 2001-2009, the number of the
Chinese legally employed in Russia has increased seven fold, with China
becoming the largest supplier of labor to the RF from outside the post-Soviet
region, and the third largest (after Tajikistan and Uzbekistan).
• In 2011, the Chinese share of immigrant to Russia comprised 18.3%
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The
highest up to date number of the legally registered Chinese labor migrants
was in 2008with 281.7 thousand, while the overall number of Chinese in the
RF is currently estimated between 200,000 and 600,000
176
)
• India and China also share a large portion of undocumented migrant. (Of
-
ficial figures are unavailable).
Although migration within BRICS is limited in comparison to global parameters,
parallels can be drawn between member states policies towards their specific cas
-
171
The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2010, 1.
172
The White House report in May 2011, has cited a figure of 10.8 million illegals in the United States
(Building a 21st Century Immigration System. Washington, D.C.: The White House, May 2011, 27).
173
A. G. Vishnevskii, ed., Naseleniie Rossii 2003-2004: Odinnadtsatyi-dvenadtsatyi ezhegodnyi de
-
mograficheskii doklad (Moscow: Nauka, 2006), 325.
174
“International Migration Report 2013.” United Nations Department of Economic and Social Af
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fairs. Population Division, December 2013, 13.
175
A. G. Vishnevskii, ed., Naseleniie Rossii 2010-1011: Vosemnadtsatyi ezhegodnyi demogra
-
ficheskii doklad (Moscow: Vysshaia Shkola Ekonomiki, 2013), 481.
176
A. G. Vishnevskii, ed., Naseleniie Rossii 2003-2004: Odinnadtsatyi-dvenadtsatyi ezhegodnyi
demograficheskii doklad (Moscow: Nauka, 2006), 346; A. G. Vishnevskii, ed., Naseleniie Rossii 2009:
Semnadtsatyi ezhegodnyi demograficheskii doklad. (Moscow: Vysshaia Shkola Ekonomiki, 2011), 278-
9; V. I. Mukomel and E. A. Pain, eds. Nuzhny li immigranty Rossiiskomu obshchestvu? (Moscow: Fond
“Liberal’naia missiia,” 2006), 25-6, 104.
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es. These circumstances create a need for states analyse each other’s migration
policies and to try to capitalize on their mutual compatibility in the migration sphere.
Among other similarities in the migration sphere, are the following:
1. All BRICS members are dealing with a large scale migration of various types—
both legal and illegal (irregular) including external and internal. Russia ranks sec
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ond in the world in terms of a number of immigrants in its territory. India, ranks
first in terms of the number of its natives living abroad (with this number doubling
between 1990 and 2013, 14 million Indians constantly live outside its borders), in
2013 surpassing Mexico—the former leader, while Russia and China rank respec-
tively third and fourth
177
;
2. All five states are encountering a large scale long term brain drain problem
through the direct outflow of qualified professionals. This outflow leads to a signifi
-
cant loss of highly qualified professionals as well as associated financial losses
related to the budgetary expenditures on their education in the home countries.
178
The size of the Russian intellectual diaspora abroad could be estimated at between
150 and 200 thousand.
179
India-US emigration began after the end of World War
II. By the end of the century there were 300 thousand high tech experts and 35
thousand physicians of Indian origin working in the US. In 2011, 339 thousand Chi
-
nese students were studying overseas in comparison to 292 thousand international
students in China.
180
By 2012, more than 2.6 million Chinese students completed
their education abroad, but only 1.09 million returned home. In 2011, studying in the
US alone were 179 thousand Chinese and 102 thousand — Indian students (at the
same time, just 1,376 US students went to study in South Africa, 1,243 — to India,
and less than a thousand — to China).
181
Simultaneously, within the BRICS group, India and China have developed
policies and are actively working on both upholding ties and bringing back their
elite diasporas abroad.. In particular, India has introduced an Overseas Citizen
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ship of India (OCI) where non-resident card holders for Indians and their de
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scendants permanently living abroad, allowing for a visa free travel and taking
professional jobs as well as guaranteeing some property rights. Starting in 2010,
China is offering guaranteed jobs and substantial bonuses for returning qualified
177
Christopher Inkpen. “7 facts about world migration” Pew Research Center //http://pewresearch.
org/fact-tank/2014/09/02/7-facts-about-world-migration/
178
On average, relatively poor countries invest up to $50,000 in training of a university graduate and
have consequently to absorb these financial losses in case of their emigration (“Brain drain or brain bank?:
The impact of skilled migration on poor-country innovation.” National Bureau of Economic Research work-
ing paper series, December 2008 // http://www.nber.org/papers/w14592.pdf?new_window=1
179
A.V.Korobkov. “Pliusy i minusy rossiiskoi intellektual’noi migratsii.” Mir Peremen 4 (October-De
-
cember 2014).
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“Global Migration: Demographic Aspects and Its Relevance for Development.” United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. Technical paper No. 2013/6, 19; Insti
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tute of International Education (2012). Open Doors, Project-Atlas of Student Mobility. New York, Institute
of International Education //http://www.iie.org/Research-and-Publications/Project-Atlas
181
UNESCO Institute of Statistics, 2011 //http:www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/international-
student-flow-viz.aspx
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professionals and Chinese students studying abroad. The RF authorities are also
actively exploring various ways of working with the Russian intellectual diaspora,
including the creation of the Skolkovo research center and the Russian World
Foundation.
In addition, all five countries have started to actively lure their international
students and highly qualified migrants into their educational and research institu
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tions. Currently the are 1,100 German; 900, British; 850, American; 800, French;
530, Turkish; and 520, Chinese highly qualified specialists working in Russia.
182
In
China, between August 2004 and December 2011, 4,752 foreign citizens received
a right for permanent residency, of whom 1,735 were highly qualified specialists.
The major obstacle for migrants is to acquire official legal status, work permit and
education accreditation in the host country.. As a result of these complications the
full potential of the immigrant labor force is not fully utilized. More than 43% percent
of migrants that came to Russia in 2009 were originally from the CIS and Georgia.
They all had some sort of professional education including 18.3% who had either
partial or full university diplomas
183
Of those, 36.3% were willing to remain in Rus
-
sia permanently compared with 27.1% for the general immigrant population. In
2011, Brazil issued 56 thousand work visas for highly qualified professionals.
184
All five BRICS members are actively exploring ways to stimulate immigration and
simplify legal procedures for both highly qualified migrants and those applying for
a permanent immigration status as investors.
These policies need to be thoroughly studied by all the group members. In addi-
tion, intellectual migration represents one of the areas in which the development of
common national practices and policies is aimed towards other BRICS members.
3. As previously mentioned, the emigration dynamic present in many BRICS
states serves as a platform for immigrants to continue migration to the Global
North. This multiplicity of roles is especially visible in the case of Russia and
South Africa where the latter type of migration creates significant social, health,
and security threats to the host nation. Brazil has experienced a reversal in its
traditional role of labor migration. Starting in 2011, the number of immigrants ex-
ceeded emigrants There is also a trend of returning expatriates back to Brazil.
185
--Brazilian migrants abroad have declined from four to two million. In China the
demographic shrinkage after 1990 of the (20-34 year) group in part due to the
restrictive demographic policies and urbanization may lead to a larger net influx
of migrants entering China.
186
;
182
From Brain Drain to Brain Gain. Russia Direct Quarterly Report.
5 (May 2014), 23.
183
A. G. Vishnevskii, ed., Naseleniie Rossii 2009: Semnadtsatyi ezhegodnyi demograficheskii
doklad. (Moscow: Vysshaia Shkola Ekonomiki, 2011), 258.
184
Lyubov’ Lyul’ko. “Braziliya manit gastarbaiterov iz Evropy.” Pravda.ru //http:www.pravda.
ru.restofworld/southamerica/28-11-2011/1099212-brazilimprego-0/
185
Lyubov’ Lyul’ko. “Braziliya manit gastarbaiterov iz Evropy.” Pravda.ru //http:www.
pravda.
ru.restofworld/southamerica/28-11-2011/1099212-brazilimprego-0/
186
“Global Migration: Demographic Aspects and Its Relevance for Development.” United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. Technical paper No. 2013/6, 17.
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4. All the BRICS states represent important actors in the area of international
remittances. Although their specific roles can differ, for example Russia and
South Africa belong to a group of migrant remittance-sending states,
187
China, In-
dia, and Brazil are among the most significant states receiving migrant remittanc
-
es. India, in particular, accounts for about 10% of remittances sent to the home
countries of migrants worldwide
188
. Social remittance is also important where
the flow of ideas and practices between the host and home countries of migrants
is shared.
189
Considering the scale of migration and the size of diasporas en
-
countered by the BRICS states, the impact of this factor on their development is
inevitably increasing;
Taking the aforementioned into consideration there exists a common BRICS
labor challenge as well as an area of cooperation. No less important are the
external aspects of migration policy: immigration from the neighboring states
can serve for most of the BRICS countries as an important means of stabilizing
the socio-economic situation on their borders (through migrant remittances,
190
lowering of the demographic and labor market pressures in the home states,
and offering education and professional skillsto migrants) “soft power” politi
-
cal tool (based on educating and indoctrinating the incoming migrants, offering
them new skills and making them the agents of the receiving states’ economic,
political and cultural influence in their home countries) is another aspect worth
mentioning.
The existence of the aforementioned parallels is opening the doors for a thor-
ough discussion of the available policy options to create the potential for future
cooperation in the migration sphere, including the formation of various types of
legal labor (highly skilled, educational, and low skilled) migration flows within this
grouping as well as the formulation of common policies in regard to the migration
exchange with third countries.
187
On the Russian borders, Tajikistan has become an absolute leader in the world remittance
rankings with nearly half of its GDP — 47% — provided by the officially recorded remittances
($3.35 billion in 2011). The Kyrgyz Republic and Moldova are ranked third and the fifth with 29%
and 23% respectively. For the world economy in general, in 2012, the size of remittances in 2012
was about $400 billion (Alina Lobzeva. “Russian Sources Providing a Lifeline to CIS Neighbors.” The
Moscow News. 22 November 2012. http://themoscownews.com/international/20121122/190898546.
html) while UNDP estimated that remittances were received by about 500 million people worldwide
(United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2007: Human Development
and Climate Change, NY: UNDP).
188
Binod Khadria. “Adversary analysis and the quest for global development: optimizing the dy
-
namic conflict of interest in transnational migration.” Nina Glick Schiller and Thomas Faist, eds. Migra
-
tion, Development, and Transnationalization: A Critical Stance. New York: Bergham Books, 2010, 181.
189
Thomas Faist. “Transnationalization and development: Toward an alternative agenda.” Nina Glick
Schiller and Thomas Faist, eds. Migration, Development, and Transnationalization: A Critical Stance.
New York: Bergham Books, 2010, 65.
190
Transfers from Russia, for example, account for approximately 60% of all migrants’ transfers
received by the CIS countries (A. G. Vishnevskii, ed.,
Naseleniie Rossii 2003-2004: Odinnadtsatyi-
dvenadtsatyi ezhegodnyi demograficheskii doklad
[Moscow: Nauka, 2006], 347-8).
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RUSSIA
UFA 2015
RUSSIA
UFA 2015
B R I C S
HARMONIZATION OF INTERETHNIC AFFAIRS
WORKING GROUP DRAFT RECOMENDATIONS
Having in mind that tolerance discrimination resistance, migration control and
migrants integration are interconnected processes each characterized by its own
unique dynamics and requiring a a special action program;
Noting that countries carry out different policies of cultural variety (some may be
understood as interethnic or interreligious relations, policy of identity, etc.) based on
different factors significant for the governments with some cases situation peculiar
due to territorial ethnic autonomies;
Underscoring absolute priority of human rights while policy in all listed areas is
developed and carried out with the principle of equality in the rights being essen-
tially important;
Acknowledging impossibility of complete elimination of inequality between citi-
zens and non-citizens BRICS civil society consider it vital to introduce strict regula
-
tion of the non-citizens’ relations to exclude discrimination and broad interpretation
of the inequality issues. Even if different countries adhere to different practices in
the sphere of human rights, the principle of equality remains fundamental, and dis-
crimination counteraction becomes not simply a slogan but the worked state policy.
Noting that migration policy should always be applied with a humanistic mind
set, especially in relation to refugees and displaced persons. Observance of human
rights for both sides while maintaining interests of all parties. In terms of human
rights, they should be observed within the understanding of both immigrant receiv-
ing and immigrant producingW countries.
BRICS civil society representatives deem it necessary to suggest the following
solutions and principles:
Combating Discrimination
1.
It should be considered illegal to practice any racial, ethnic and religious dis-
crimination when hiring employees. Employers practicing any forms of dis-
crimination should pay Provision for administrative liability for discrimination
actions in general (and disciplinary liability for public officers), as well as for
specific most common discrimination behavior manifestations and actions
should be made.
2.
A comprehensive legislation on discrimination shall be established. This legis-
lation shall provide a clear definition of direct and indirect discrimination. Guide
-
lines for identifying discriminatory behavior should be administered into legisla-
tion, along with clear defense processes for allowed measures of appeal.
3.
People affected by discrimination should be compensated with appropriate
and fitting settlements.
4.
Government officials shall require proper training on this matter. Special
commissioners must be introduced to oversee government work in this field.