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ENGLISH FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS
Учебник
Самара
Самарский государственный технический университет
| МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «САМАРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» |
Кафедра иностранных языков
ENGLISH FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS
Учебник
Развитие иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности
студентов бакалавриата неязыковых специальностей
Самара
Самарский государственный технический университет
Печатается по решению учебно-методического совета института инженерно-экономического и гуманитарного образования СамГТУ (протокол № 8 от 23.06.2020 г.).
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК Ш13Англ-923
Д 56
Доброва В.В.
English for Technical Students: учебник / В.В.Доброва, П.Г. Лабзина, С.М. Симакова, И.Ю. Суханова. – Самара: Самар. гос. техн. ун-т, 2021. – 271 с.
ISBN 978-5-7964-2315-8
Настоящий учебник предназначен для студентов 1 и 2 курса неязыковых вузов широкого технического профиля, поскольку представленный в нем материал и проблематика интересны для будущих специалистов независимо от той профессии, которую они выберут. Включает текстовый материал и комплексную систему упражнений для отработки навыков устной и письменной речи на начальном и среднем этапах обучения.
Рецензенты: канд. пед. наук, доцент С.Г. Меньшенина,
канд. пед. наук, доцент Е.В. Кошарская
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК Ш13Англ-923
Д 56
ISBN 978-5-7964-2315-8 © В.В. Доброва, П.Г. Лабзина,
С.М. Симакова, И.Ю. Суханова, 2021
© Самарский государственный
CONTENTS
Предисловие 5
Introductory Course 7
Unit 1. Phonetic basis 8
Unit 2 12
A. Personal profile 12
B. Ordinary days 18
C. Challenges 24
Unit 3 29
A. At work 29
B. On the job 35
C. Balancing time 41
Unit 4 49
A. Company history 49
B. Inventors of the past 57
C. Inventions and discoveries 64
Unit 5 75
A. The world in 2050 75
B. Plans for the future 81
C. Innovations 87
Basic Course 95
Part One 96
Unit 1. Future profession choice 96
Unit 2. Family professional background 103
Unit 3. Passion is my profession 110
Unit 4. Ways to entrepreneurship 119
Unit 5. Personality traits 129
Unit 6. Engineer’s personality 140
Part Two 149
Unit 1. Education in the United States of America 149
Unit 2. Higher education in Great Britain 157
Unit 3. The ways of getting education of professional skills 165
Unit 4. Engineering education 173
Unit 5. Education requirements for engineers 182
Unit 6. Russian Nobel prize winners 191
Part Three 200
Unit 1. Engineering: what’s it all about? 200
Unit 2. Types of engineers 208
Unit 3. Engineering career paths 216
Unit 4. Interviewing an engineer 224
Unit 5. Mobility of engineers 232
Unit 6. How to make a career choice 238
Appendix 244
Grammar reference 248
Writing bank 268
References 270
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Учебник предназначен для развития навыков устной и письменной речи у студентов 1 и 2 курса неязыковых вузов всех направлений бакалавриата и специалитета технического профиля, поскольку представленный в нем материал и проблематика интересны для будущих специалистов независимо от той профессии, которую они изберут.
Учебник состоит из двух частей и подходит как для начального этапа изучения иностранного языка, так и для продолжения работы по овладению английским языком. Подобная структура и объем языкового материала дает возможность преподавателю варьировать уровень знаний и лингвистическую компетенцию студентов, а также их индивидуальные особенности, учитывая продолжительность курса обучения и языковую подготовку студентов.
Вводно-коррективный курс учебника (Introductory Course) предназначен для начального этапа обучения и построен на базе отобранного лексического материала и нормативной грамматики повседневной речи. Каждый раздел курса включает текстовый и послетекстовый материал, задания монологического и диалогического характера, упражнения на отработку лексического и грамматического материала, упражнения творческого характера. Задача этого курса – постепенно подготовить обучаемого к переходу от чтения специально обработанных учебных текстов и выполнения облегченных коммуникативных заданий к более сложной деятельности на иностранном языке.
Проблематика основной части учебника (Basic Course) включает 3 основных раздела, посвященных личностным особенностям и жизни современного студента, вопросам образования и началу трудовой деятельности по окончании университета. Разделы представляют интерес с общеобразовательной точки зрения и способствуют развитию межкультурной компетенции студентов. Практическая ценность предлагаемых материалов состоит в осмыслении процесса выбора профессии и поиска работы. Таким образом, предлагаемая структура и тематика позволяют достичь необходимого и достаточного уровня коммуникативной компетенции для решения социально-коммуникативных задач в различных областях бытовой, учебно-познавательной, социально-культурной, профессиональной и научной деятельности, при общении с зарубежными партнерами, а также для дальнейшего самообразования.
Структура всех уроков одинаковая. Работе над текстом предшествуют лексико-грамматические упражнения. Они предназначены для выполнения в аудитории. Послетекстовые упражнения направлены на развитие речевых навыков и умений по данной тематике. В учебнике содержится языковой материал, необходимый для обучения студентов навыкам различных видов чтения, письменной и устной речи, коммуникативной грамматики. Каждый из разделов включает тексты информативного характера, выбранные из материалов современных аутентичных пособий, специальных книг и ресурсов сети Интернет. Разнообразные задания и упражнения, соотносимые с каждым этапом освоения темы и работы с текстом, обеспечивают возможность обучения различным видам речевой деятельности. Грамматические упражнения затрагивают явления грамматики английского языка, характерные для текстов уроков и, таким образом, позволяют снять грамматические трудности при их восприятии. Представленные в конце учебника кейсы направлены на закрепление пройденного материала и развитие коммуникативных навыков.
В грамматическом справочнике излагается грамматический материал в виде таблиц. Данный материал предназначен для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов при выполнении заданий и переводе текстов. Завершается учебник специально организованным списком слов и выражений, которые помогут преодолеть некоторые трудности при выполнении письменных заданий.
Поскольку основной целью, поставленной авторами при организации учебного материала, является комплексное развитие иноязычной коммуникативной, когнитивной, информационной, профессиональной и общекультурной компетенций, предлагаемая концепция учебника создает возможность взаимосвязи отдельных видов речевой деятельности (устной и письменной речи, различных видов чтения) на междисциплинарной интегративной основе.
Эффективность работы по формированию лексических, грамматических и коммуникативных навыков определяется современным и актуальным характером представленных языковых материалов – разнообразные тексты и диалоги, отражающие реалии современного мира и повседневные жизненные ситуации – с учетом контекста профессиональной деятельности.
Предлагаемое издание можно рекомендовать для работы со студентами, обучающимися по разным специальностям и имеющими различный уровень подготовки.
INTRODUCTORY COURSE
UNIT 1. PHONETIC BASIS
Английский алфавит
Буквы | Алфавитное чтение букв | Буквы | Алфавитное чтение букв |
A, a B, b C, c D, d E, e F, f G, g H, h I, i J, j K, k L, l M, m | [ei] [bi:] [si:] [di:] [i:] [ef] [dзi:] [eit∫] [ai] [dзei] [kei] [el] [em] | N, n O, o P, p Q, q R, r S, s T, t U, u V, v W, w X, x Y, y Z, z | [en] [ou] [pi:] [kju:] [a:] [es] [ti:] [ju:] [vi:] [‘d/\blju:] [eks] [wai] [zed] |
Правила чтения
Согласные
Буква | Звук | Положение в слове | Пример |
С | s | Перед e, i, y | City, ice, cycle |
k | Перед a, o, u, перед согласными, в конце слова. | Cat, code, cut, disc | |
G | dз | Перед e, i, y | Gem, gym, gin, page |
g | Перед a, o, u, перед согласными, в конце слова. | Gas, go, gun, glad, dog | |
J | dз | Любое | Jam, job, just |
PH | f | Любое | Phone, graph |
CK | k | Любое | Back, block |
(T)CH | t∫ | Любое | Teach, match |
SH | ∫ | Любое | She, show, shop |
X | ks | Перед безударной гласной | Text, box |
gz | Перед ударной гласной | Exam, example | |
QU | kw | Начало, середина слова | Quick, request |
TH | θ | В значимых словах | Theme, thin, thick |
ð | В служебных словах | The, they, thus, with, these |
Гласные
Тип слога | 1 Алфавитное чтение гласной | 2 Краткое чтение гласной | 3 Долгое чтение гласной | 4 Дифтонг или трифтонг |
Структура слога / буква | Гласная, гласная + согласная + е | гласная + согласная. гласная + 2 согласные + гласная | Гласная + r, гласная + r + согласная | Гласная + re, гласная + r + гласная |
А | [ei] name, cake | [æ] at, cat, man | [a:] car, card, far | [εə] care, parents |
O | [ou] no, note | [o] not, hot | [o:] for, north | [o:] shore, more |
U | [ju:] use, tune | [/\] us, sun | [з:] turn, hurt | [juə] cure, during |
E | [i:] he, be | [e] men, help | [з:] her, term | [iə] here |
I / Y | [ai] my, time | [i] big, gym, it | [з:] sir, third | [aiə] fire, tyre |
Изменение чтения гласных в зависимости от фонетического окружения.
Буквы | Звук | Фонетическое окружение | Пример |
A | [о] | После w и qu | wash |
AR | [о:] | После w и qu | war |
O | [/\] | После w и qu | won |
OR | [з:] | После w и qu | world |
U | [u:] | После r, после шипящих, после сочетаний «согл.+l» | July, June |
Сочетания букв
Читаются оба элемента | Читается одна буква. Она имеет алфавитное чтение | ||
1 группа | 2 группа | 3 группа | 4 группа |
Обе буквы имеют чтение, близкое к латинскому названию этих букв Oi, oy [оi] oil, boy Ei, ey [ei] eight, they | Обе буквы вместе дают особое чтение, не вытекающее из чтения каждой буквы в отдельности: Oo + k [u] book Oo [u:] cool Ow [ou], [au] now Ou [au] out Au, aw [о:] pause, raw | Читается первая буква: Ye [ai] bye Ai, ay [ei] rain, pay Ea, ee [i:] sea, meet Oe, oa, ow [ou] boat | Читается вторая буква: Eu, ew [ju:] new |
По четвертому типу слога читаются сочетания:
Ai, ei + r = [εə] : air, their
Ea, ee + r = [iə] : beer, ear
Oa + r = [о:] : board
Ou + r = [auә] : hour
Oo + r = [uә] : poor
Ударные согласные в словах, содержащих три или более слогов, не подчиняются описанному выше «правилу четырех типов слогов»: они читаются только либо по второму, либо по третьему типу слога. Сравните:
Fame [feim], но family [‘fæmili]
Tyrant [‘taiәrәnt], но tyranny [‘tirәni]
Form [‘fо:m], но formula [‘fо:mju:lә]
Тренировочные упражнения
[i:] – [i] | [e] – [æ] | [ou] – [o] – [ai] | [ou] – [ai] – [æ] – [o] |
be in | bed bad | go got glide | no I am not |
me it | deb dab | no not nice | tone my lamp stop |
he bit | teg tag | rose rock rise | stole side tram cob |
dene kin | mess mass | dome dot drive | nose time cap lot |
meet lift | let lad | chose chop chide | globe bite bad dot |
[ei] [ai] | [ei] [e] [æ] | [ai] [æ] | [ei] |
make mile my | male men man | pie pap | mail may |
sake pile style | plate pen plan | pipe pat | tail stay |
late line lye | lake let lad | bite bad | rain ray |
plane mine type | date dell damp | ride rat | nail play |
name site try | nape net map | time mat | fail day |
[ju:] [/\] [u:] [u] | [/\] [e] | [/\] [æ] | [/\] [o] |
tune but food book | nut net | cup cap | luck lock |
cube cut mood look | but bet | cut cat | duck dock |
mule us moon took | luck lend | run ran | fun fond |
cute bus pool rook | dull dell | drug drag | sun song |
[o:] [ou] | or a + ll aw wa + r | [a:] [o:] | [o] [o:] | | |||
sort soap | [o:] | card cord | pot port | | |||
wall boat | port all law war | far ford | lot lord | | |||
fall coal | sport tall saw warm | bar bore | not north | | |||
raw role | storm call paw warp | park pork | fog forth | | |||
| | | | | |||
[i:] [æ] | [i:] [i] | eer ear ere air are ure | |||||
see tea field pan | read rid | [iә] [iә] [iә] [εə] [εə] [juә] | | ||||
meet read man | sleep lip | deer hear mere hair care pure | | ||||
street steal van | keep tip | beer dear here fair fare cure | | ||||
feel mean sad | beat bit | peer tear sere pair stare lure | | ||||
need speak mad | feed fit | eer ear ere air are ure | |
[i:] [iә] | [æ] [εə] | [ju:] [juə] | [oi] | [ou] | [au] |
deep deer | pack pair | cube cure | coil boy | coat | out |
neat near | sand stairs | pule pure | soil toy | road | loud |
heat hear | cat care | mule mure | point troy | soap | proud |
beat beer | bat bare | during | voice coy | boat | hound |
[oi] [o] | [ou] [ou] | [au] [ai] | [з:] [i:] | [з:] [о:] |
spoil spot | loam lobe | noun mine | term team | work war |
boil broth | roam robe | cloud shine | her heat | word wall |
toy lot | loan lone | shout shy | firm feet | world tall |
roil rod | loaf cope | scout sky | shirt sheet | worse forth |
er / ir / ur / wor | ar / ass / ask / ast | [з:] [о:] |
[з:] | [a:] | work war |
term bird burn work | car class ask cast | word wall |
herb girl turn word | card pass mask past | world tall |
her firm fur world | star grass task last | worse forth |
germ shirt burst worse | farm brass bask vast | were warm |
[з:] [о:] | [a:] [æ] | [a:] [/\] | [a:] [оu] |
burn born | barn ban | car cup | card code |
turn torn | lark lam | dark duck | sharp shone |
fur form | harm ham | bard buck | charge chose |
her horn | part pad | hard hug | large close |
UNIT 2
A. PERSONAL PROFILE
1. a) Match the words with their meaning:
1) skilled | a) knowledge or skill from doing, seeing, or feeling things |
2) customer service | b) known by many people |
3) experience | c) the conditions that you live or work in |
4) creative | d) the department that takes care of people who buy products or services |
5) famous | e) good at doing something |
6) negotiation | f) able to use original ideas to create something |
7) environment | g) the process of discussing something with someone in order to reach an agreement with them, or the discussions themselves |
b) Fill in the gaps with the words from (a):
1. I don’t think she has the _________ for the job.
2. The exact details of the agreement are still under _________.
3. They’re a huge company, known for their perfect _________.
4. After working freelance for some time, I am not sure if I fit well in an office _________.
5. We attract ________ people who want to get involved in a new business.
6. You can’t offer such a low salary to someone who is so highly _________.
7. I’m going to be a _________ designer when I’m older.
2. a) Read two professional profile summaries and say if Emily and Jane showcase there their experience and skills, past and present positions, and their expertise in the field:
Emily:
I am an architect with 15 years’ experience of designing and developing spaces. I am a partner in the award-winning SM Architects Ltd, which is famous for its work on a number of buildings in New-York. I enjoy working with people from all over the world and have international experience of working in Italy, Greece, Spain, Australia and Brazil. I have a Master of Science from Boston University and a BA in Architecture from Hull University. I also speak Spanish and Italian. When I am not working, I spend my time running, skiing and painting.
Jane:
I am an experienced sales manager with 9 years’ experience of developing customer service teams. I am skilled in negotiation, team motivation and building successful sales environments. After eight years of working in sales and customer service at International Bank, I am now the sales office manager of a team of 70 at Southern Plastics Ltd. I have an MBA from Stanford University and a degree in Business Administration from London University. I am creative and hardworking and enjoy working with others.
b) Are the sentences about Emily or Jane?
1. She manages a large team of people.
2. She is a partner of a company.
3. She has worked in many different countries.
4. Her last job was in a bank.
5. She speaks two other languages.
6. She likes outdoor sports.
c) Complete the sentences with the words:
world / successful / service / 15 / hard / famous / free / business |
1. Emily has worked as an architect for ________ years.
2. Emily’s company, SM Architects Ltd, is ________ for working on a number of buildings.
3. Emily likes working with people from all around the ________.
4. Emily likes running, skiing and painting in her ________ time.
5. Jane has spent 9 years managing customer ________ teams.
6. One of Jane’s skills is building ________ sales environments.
7. Jane studied ________ administration at London University.
8. Jane is creative and works ________.
3. a) Read the job seeker profile. Which of these jobs can Lewis do?
a shop assistant in a computer shop a guitar teacher
a chemical laboratory assistant a Chinese teacher
1. Name: | Lewis Cooper |
2. Age: | 20 |
3. Occupation: | chemistry student |
4. Place of work / study: | Trinity College |
5. Languages: | English, Spanish and Japanese |
6. Interests: | music, travel, football |
7. Skills: | I can drive. I can teach English or Spanish. I can play the guitar and piano. I can sing. I have basic computer skills. |
8. Days available: | Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and weekends |
9. Times available: | afternoons after 5.00 p.m. and weekends from 9.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. |
b) Now look at Lewis’s personal statement below. What information does he include on his personal statement? Tick the subjects:
name and age occupation university classes interests | skills favorite singers schedule friends’ jobs |
Personal statement: I am a chemistry student at Trinity College. I work as a school football coach and I teach Chemistry to children. I can speak three languages: English, Spanish and Japanese. I can drive, but I don’t have a car. I have classes during the week, but I can work in the afternoon after 5.00 p.m. I can work from 9 to 6 at the weekend. In my free time, I like playing music. I like sports and travel, too.
4. Study Linda’s profile and tell about her:
Name: Linda Brett
Age: 27
Nationality: American
Marital status: Married
Salary: $42,000 per annum
Company: US Web Incorporated
Present position: Computer Programmer
Background:
Master from the University of Pennsylvania
Joined the company in 2004
Present responsibilities:
In charge of writing, testing, and developing programs that operate computers
Heads a software developers’ computer team of 7 people which code programs into an advanced object oriented language such as Java, C++, or ACTOR.
5. Read the text about Jane and make her short profile according to the plan:
Jane Currie is eighteen years old. She comes from a small American town of Linn. She is a student of Susfok University. She is pursuing a Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering. Her native town is not far from the University but she lives in a dormitory as many students do. She does not want to live with her parents. She wants to be independent. Although Jane is on a grant, she works as an assistant at Cons Ltd, a big construction company, twenty hours a week and gets $8 per hour. Her job is not an easy one because she works in geotechnical engineers’ department. Her work responsibilities are to make sure that structures have secure foundations. Her work deals with the earth, and the way that structures like tunnels and buildings interact with it. When her department is responsible for a project, she helps to consider costs, environmental hazards, government regulations, ability to withstand natural disasters, and durability of the infrastructure. She spends most of her time working in the office, but sometimes she visits outdoor construction sites to oversee the building process or solve some issues.
Name:
Age:
Nationality:
Marital status:
Salary:
Company:
Present position:
Background:
Present responsibilities:
6. Put the words in the correct column. Write plural forms for the countable nouns:
Passport, profile, document, information, money, research, equipment, computer, software, credit card, identity, safety, e-mail, cash, knowledge, stuff, work, factory, fault, laboratory, machine, electronics, machinery, pollution, reliability, tool, component, defect, harm, waste, goods.
Countable nouns | Uncountable nouns |
Passport- passports | |
7. Write a correct article (a / an) for each job:
Accountant / architect / artist / cashier / consultant / director / doctor / engineer / executive / journalist / lawyer / office worker / manager / optician / pilot / personal assistant / receptionist / technician / trainee / research analyst / sales assistant / telephone operator.
8. Complete the conversation with the words: a, an, am, is, are:
A: Hi! I _____ John. What _____ your name?
B: I _____ Helen.
A: And what _____ your surname?
B: My surname _____ Black.
A: Where _____ you from, Helen?
B: I _____ from America.
A: Oh, what city _____ you from?
B: I _____ from New York.
A: Really? What _____ your profession?
B: I _____ _____ programmer. How about you?
A: I _____ _____ engineer.
9. Look at the pairs of words and expressions in bold, and decide which one is the best in each situation. In several sentences, both words are correct:
When a company has a vacancy / vacant for a job, and it needs to hire / recruit a new member of crew / staff, it usually publicizes / advertises the post /position. It might also use a recruitment agency / agenda, which helps people to find job / work.
A job advertisement / profile has to give an accurate describing / description of the job and what the company needs and expects from the applicant / application (the person who is applying / appalling for the job). These requirements / requisitions might include qualifications / qualifiers (academic, vocational or professional), experience / experiences in similar lines of work, and personal qualifications / qualities
(for example, it might say that you need to be practicing / practical, professional / professorial and have a sense of humour). Most advertisements specify the rewards / remuneration that the company can offer in return for your work (including the basic annual wage / salary, any commission, regular pay rises / increments, and so on). Some advertisements will also tell you about other benefits / beneficiaries (including paid annual leave / holidays, free medical / medicine care, a company car / machine, free meals in the cafeteria, etc.) that you might receive. If the packet / package they are offering is very attractive, the company can expect a lot of people to apply / appeal for the job.
10. Watch a video about a job profile and answer the following questions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjtyuHx-76I
1. What job is presented?
2. What qualifications does she need?
3. What does she design?
4. What adjectives does she use to describe her job?
5. What practical advice does she give to the young engineer?
11. a) Write your own job seeker profile and personal statement. b) Exchange your profiles and statements with a partner. Read your partner’s personal statement and check: Is there information about his work and skills? Is the structure logical and clear?
B. ORDINARY DAYS
1. a) Match the words with their meaning:
1) chaotic | a) all the vehicles that are moving along the roads in a particular area |
2) starving | b) someone who is very good at the detailed technical aspects of an activity |
3) traffic | c) all the things in a group that remain |
4) technician | d) completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing |
5) the rest | e) not in a building but next to it |
6) outside | f) suffering from lack of food |
b) Fill in the gaps with the words from (a):
1. Isn’t lunch ready yet? I’m ________.
2. There was a lot of ________ on the roads this morning.
3. He’s a ________ sort of a person – always trying to do twenty things at once.
4. My neighbor is a laboratory ________.
5. Since it’s such a nice day, let’s go ________.
6. Do you have anything planned for ________ of the day?
Dear Sharon, Thanks for your mail – I’ve finally found an American e-friend! To answer some of your questions: I’m 16. My dad’s a computer technician and my mum works in a plant. I’ve got two younger sisters – Chris and Laura. You say that you don’t know anything about life in the UK, so I’m going to tell you about a typical day in our house. My mum gets up really early, before 6.00, because she has to leave the house at 6.45. The rest of us get up at 7.00. We don’t sit down together for breakfast – it’s too chaotic. We leave the house at 8.15. Dad drives to the centre of town, and I walk with my sisters to the bus stop. University starts at 9.00. We have lunch at 12.30, and classes finish at 3.30. Sometimes we walk home. We get home at the same time as Mum – 4.00. She gives us something to eat at about 6.00, because we’re starving, but Dad doesn’t get home until after 7.00, because the traffic can be really bad. She and Dad eat a meal at about 8.00, while we’re watching TV or doing our homework. Mum and the girls go to bed at about 10.00 and Dad and I stay up watching films. I have to go to bed at 11.00. I don’t know why Dad doesn’t go to bed then too, because he always falls asleep in the middle of a film! Tell me about a typical day in your house. You can email me on ssmith.3@mail.co.uk Best wishes, Matt |