ВУЗ: Не указан
Категория: Не указан
Дисциплина: Не указана
Добавлен: 07.04.2021
Просмотров: 754
Скачиваний: 1
71
ɫɤɨɩɚ
(Pandion haliaetus),
ɫɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɬɢɪɤɭɲɤɚ
(Glareola nordmanni),
ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ
ɥɭɧɶ
(Circus macrourus),
ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɨɪɟɥ
(Aquila rapax),
ɫɬɪɟɩɟɬ
(Tetrax tetrax),
ɮɢɥɢɧ
(Bubo bubo),
ɲɢɥɨɤɥɸɜɤɚ
(Recurvirostra avosetta).
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ
:
ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬ
-
ɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
,
ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ
-
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
.
ȼ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ
-
ɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɢ
-
ɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
,
ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤ ɨɩ
-
ɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ
,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɚɫɭ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɚɧɢɟ
–
ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫ
-
ɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ
.
Ɍɚɤ
,
ɜ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ
,
ɤɨ
-
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɤɨɫɢɥɢ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ
.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɨɬ
-
ɦɟɪɲɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɧɟɝ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
,
ɤɨɬɨ
-
ɪɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɇɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɲɟɧɢɟ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɜɟɤɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɯ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ
,
ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɜɨɟ
-
ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ
.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɫ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ
,
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɝɪɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ
(
ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɤɚɤ ɩɬɟɧɰɵ ɧɚɡɟɦ
-
ɧɨɝɧɟɡɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɬɢɰ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɬ ɝɧɟɡɞɚ
).
ɗɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ
ɰɟɥɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
:
ɩɨɡɞɧɨɰɜɟɬɭɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɬ
ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɲɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɚ
.
ȼ
1959
ɝ
.
ɛɵɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɫɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ
,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
.
ɉɪɢ ɫɟɧɨɤɨɫɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɨɦ
ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ
,
ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨ
-
ɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɤɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɨɞɚ
,
ɱɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ
ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
.
ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɋɬɪɟɥɟɰɤɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɟ
,
ɬ
.
ɟ
.
ɩɨɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɟ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ
.
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ
:
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ
.
ɋɬɟɩɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ
Ɇɚɪɲɪɭɬ
:
ɘɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
– 1
ɧɟɞɟɥɹ
:
ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ
–
Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɠɫɤ
–
Ʉɚɦɟɧɤɚ
–
ɉɨɞɝɨɪɟɧɫɤɢɣ
–
ɉɚɜɥɨɜɫɤ
–
ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ Ɇɚɦɨɧ
.
ɘɝɨ
-
ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
– 1
ɧɟɞɟɥɹ
:
ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ
–
Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɝɥɟɛɫɤ
–
ɇɨɜɨɯɨɩɟɪɫɤ
–
ɉɨɜɨɪɢɧɨ
–
ɍɪɸɩɢɧɫɤ
–
ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞ
–
Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɶ
.
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ
–
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ
-
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧ
-
ɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ
,
ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɠɚɪɤɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɦ ɥɟɬɨɦ
.
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
+5,4
q
ɋ
.
ɋɚɦɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɵɦ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɦ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɸɥɶ
:
ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
20,5
q
ɋ
.
72
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
32–35
q
ɋ
,
ɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ
41
q
ɋ
.
ɋɚɦɵɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɵ
–
ɹɧɜɚɪɶ
ɢ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɶ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɪɨɜɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ
.
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ
ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɡɢɦɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
9,9
q
ɋ ɢ
9,7
q
ɋ
ɦɨɪɨɡɚ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɵ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
20–30
q
ɋ ɦɨɪɨɡɚ
,
ɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ
–39
q
ɋ
.
ɋɭɦɦɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ
10
q
ɋ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
2730
q
.
ȼɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
192
ɞɧɹ
.
ɋɚɦɵɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɡɤɢ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɢɸɧɹ
,
ɚ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɞɟɤɚɞɟ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ
.
ȼ ɡɢɦɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɬɟɩɟɥɢ
,
ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ
–
ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ
9
ɞɧɟɣ
,
ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ ɢ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟ
–
ɩɨ
5
ɞɧɟɣ
.
Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ
470
ɦɦ
.
ȼ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɵ
-
ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
75 %
ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ
,
ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ
– 12 %,
ɜ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɦ
– 13 %.
Ⱦɥɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
30–40
ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɪɹɞ
.
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɫɧɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ
100
ɞɧɟɣ
.
ɋɧɟɝɨɬɚɹ
-
ɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ
-
ɚɩɪɟɥɟ
,
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚɯ
–
ɛɚɥɤɚɯ
,
ɥɨɝɚɯ
–
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɤ ɬɚɥɵɯ ɜɨɞ
.
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ
-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɢ
-
ɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
.
ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
20–30
ɦɦ
.
ɉɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢɱɧɵɟ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɥɟɫɫɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ
.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ
ɥɟɫɫɵ
,
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ
-
ɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
,
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɤɜɚɪɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ
ɲɩɚɬɨɜ
.
Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ ɩɚɥɟɜɵɯ
,
ɠɟɥɬɨ
-
ɩɚɥɟɜɵɯ
,
ɛɭɪɨɜɚɬɨ
-
ɩɚɥɟ
-
ɜɵɯ ɬɨɧɨɜ
.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨ
-
ɫɬɶɸ
,
ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɩɥɢɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɟ
.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɡɨɧɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɹɬɧɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɭ
-
ɝɢɞɪɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢ
–
ɥɭɝɨɜɨ
-
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɵ ɤ
ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɫɥɚɛɨɞɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ
,
ɧɚɞɩɨɣɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɪɚɫɚɦ
ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɤ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ
.
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɸɠɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɞɬɢɩɚɦɢ
.
ɂɯ ɮɚɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ
. 1.
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ
40–
80
ɫɦ
.
Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɢɥɥɸɜɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɥɚɡɤɢ
.
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɬɢɩɢɱ
-
ɧɵɦ
,
ɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
.
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ
:
Ⱥ
-(
Ⱥɪ
+
Ⱥ
)-
Ⱥȼ
-
ȼɫɚ
-
ȼɋɫɚ
-
ɋɫɚ
.
Ƚɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ
(
Ⱥ
+
Ⱥȼ
)
ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ
40
ɞɨ
80
ɫɦ
,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɨ
120
ɫɦ
.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɬɧɨɦ
ɫɥɨɟ
3–8 %.
73
ȼɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ Ⱥȼ
.
ȼ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɛɟ
-
ɥɨɝɥɚɡɤɢ
.
ɋɤɜɨɡɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɯ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɞ
-
ɤɨ
,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
300
ɫɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
.
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɸɠɧɵɟ
.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɚɪ
-
ɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɟ
,
ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
1,5–2
ɦ ɫɨ
-
ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɫ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɤɨɜ
.
ɑɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɵ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɸɠɧɟɟ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɟɪ
-
ɧɨɡɟɦɨɜ
.
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶ
:
Ⱥ
(
Ⱥɪ
+
Ⱥ
)-
Ⱥȼ
(
Ⱥȼɫɚ
)-
ȼɫɚ
-
ȼɋɫɚ
-
ɋɫɚ
-
ɋɫ
s-
ɋ
s
ɚ
.
ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟ
-
ɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɝɭɦɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ
(25–70
ɫɦ
),
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɬ
-
ɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ
(
ɞɨ
3–6 %)
ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ
.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚ
-
ɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ
,
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ
ɫɨɥɨɧɰɟɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ
.
Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɯ Ⱥ ɢ Ⱥȼ
.
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɟɥɨɝɥɚɡɤɨɣ
,
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɫɚ
–
ɠɢɥɤɚɦɢ
,
ɩɹɬ
-
ɧɵɲɤɚɦɢ
,
ɞɪɭɡɚɦɢ
.
ɇɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ
200
ɫɦ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ
.
Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
.
ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢ
-
ɩɢɱɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɧɨɜɢɧɧɵɟ ɡɥɚɤɢ
,
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɪɨɞɚɦ
ɤɨɜɵɥɶ
(Stipa),
ɬɢɩɱɚɤ
(Festuca)
ɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɧɨɝ
(Koeleria)
ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɨɦɢ
-
ɧɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ
.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɧɵɟ ɡɥɚɤɢ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵ
-
ɦɢ ɩɨɛɟɝɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɯ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɚɯ
,
ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɯɨɭɫ
-
ɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɲɢɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɬɟɩ
-
ɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ
(
ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɫɬɪɚ
,
ɩɵɪɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ
.).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɦɧɨ
-
ɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɜɭɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
,
ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵ
-
ɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ
.
ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ
,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɛɨ
-
ɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ
,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɟɝɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ
–
ɨɞɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ
(
ɷɮɟɦɟɪɵ
)
ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ
(
ɷɮɟɦɟɪɨɢɞɵ
),
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɫɟɧ
-
ɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ
ɝɨɞɵ
.
ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ
,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ
.
ɗɬɨ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɩɢ
-
ɪɟɢ
,
ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɜɢɲɧɢ
,
ɦɨɠɠɟɜɟɥɶɧɢɤɚ
.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
–
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɡ
ɧɢɯ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
,
ɷɮ
-
ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɥɚɝɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ
.
ȼ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɩɨɞ
-
ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɮɢɬɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ
:
ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɭɯɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
,
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɥɹ ɷɮɟɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɷɮɟɦɟɪɨɢɞɨɜ
;
ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɯɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ
.
74
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɯɚɧɵ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɫɟɥɶ
-
ɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɢ
.
ȼ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɚɯ
,
ɝɞɟ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟ
-
ɥɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
,
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨ ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɧɨɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
.
ɀɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɦɢɪ
.
ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɦɭ
ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ
.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ
-
ɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɦ
,
ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɟɧ
-
ɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦɢ
.
ɇɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɢɦɵ ɨɧɢ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɚɧɚɛɢɨɡ
,
ɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɭɯ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
,
ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɩɨɤɨɹ
.
Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ
–
ɹɳɟɪɢɰɵ
,
ɡɦɟɢ
,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ
–
ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɢɦɭ ɜ ɫɩɹɱɤɭ
,
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɢɝɪɢɪɭɸɬ
ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɸɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɫ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɡɢɦɨɣ
,
ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɬɢɰ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɫɟ
-
ɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɥɟɬɵ
.
Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨ
-
ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɭ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ
.
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚɞɡɟɦ
-
ɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ
,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢ
-
ɡɨɧɬɵ
:
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɭɛɟɠɢɳ
,
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɪɵɬɶɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɧɨɪ
.
Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɤɨɪɦɚ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦ
-
ɡɟɥɟɧɨɹɞɚɦ
,
ɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
-
ɝɟɨɮɢɬɨɜ
(
ɤɨɪ
-
ɧɟɜɢɳɚ
,
ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ
,
ɤɥɭɛɧɢ
)
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɦɢ
-
ɪɢɡɨɮɚɝɚɦɢ
.
Ɇɨɳɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ ɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ
ɫɚɩɪɨɮɚɝɚɦɢ
.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɬɟɩɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ
,
ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
,
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ
.
ɇɚɞɡɟɦɧɭɸ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɟɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɫɚɪɚɧɱɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɤɭɡɧɟɱɢɤɢ
.
ɗɬɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɤɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɵ
.
ȼ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ ɫɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɨɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɵ ɫɭɫɥɢɤɢ
.
Ʉɨ
-
ɥɨɧɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɦ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɚɦ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɨ
-
ɜɟɳɚɬɶ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɚ ɧɨɪɵ ɞɚɸɬ ɢɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɟ ɭɛɟɠɢɳɟ
ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ
.
ȼ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɫɟ
-
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɪɤɚ
,
ɢɥɢ ɛɚɣɛɚɤɚ
.
Ƚɪɵɡɭɧɵ
-
ɡɟɥɟɧɨɹɞɵ
,
ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɧɨɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ
,
ɤɨɪɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚ
-
ɸɬ ɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ
.
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɪɨɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧ
-
ɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ
,
ɩɢɬɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
–
ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɚ
-
ɦɢ
,
ɤɥɭɛɧɹɦɢ
,
ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɚɦɢ
.
ɗɬɢɯ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ
-
ɪɢɡɨɮɚɝɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɜ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɟɪɨɟɜ
.
ȼ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɟɬ ɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɭɲɨɧɤɚ
,
ɦɟɥɤɢɣ ɝɪɵɡɭɧ
ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ
15
ɫɦ
,
ɫ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ ɝɥɚɡɤɚɦɢ
,
ɦɨɳɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵ
-
ɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɝɭɛ
.
ɗɬɢɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɩɭɲɨɧɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɵɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɨɪɦɨ
-
ɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ
,
ɧɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɪɬɚ
,
ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ
ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɥɟɩɵɲɢ
,
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
(
ɝɥɚɡɚ ɫɤɪɵɬɵ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ
),
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ
75
ɭɲɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ
,
ɫ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɰɚɦɢ
,
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɬɨɪɱɚɳɢɦɢ ɢɡɨ
ɪɬɚ
,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɝɭɛɵ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ
(
ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɫɥɟɩɭɲɨɧɤɢ
).
Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɫɥɟɩɵɲɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɨɱɜɵ
,
ɚ ɝɧɟɡɞɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ
3
ɦ
.
ɏɢɳɧɵɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ
ɤɨɪɦɨɜ
:
ɨɬ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɥɢɱɢɧɨɤ ɞɨ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ
,
ɩɬɢɰ ɢ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ
.
ȼ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɯɢɳɧɵɟ ɦɭɪɚɜɶɢ
(
ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɧɟɦɚɥɨ ɢ
ɦɭɪɚɜɶɟɜ
-
ɫɟɦɟɧɨɹɞɨɜ
),
ɠɭɤɢ
-
ɫɤɚɤɭɧɵ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɠɭɠɟɥɢɰ
,
ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ
ɪɨɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɵ
,
ɨɯɨɬɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɛɟɫɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɯ
.
Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɵɟ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɣ
(
ɩɭɫɬɟɥɶɝɚ
,
ɤɨɛɱɢɤ
)
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ ɝɥɚɜ
-
ɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɤɨɦɵɯ
–
ɫɚɪɚɧɱɨɜɵɯ
,
ɠɭɤɨɜ
.
Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɧɚɬɵɟ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɢ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ
:
ɨɬ ɩɨɥɟɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɭɫɥɢɤɨɜ
ɞɨ ɫɭɪɤɨɜ
.
ȼ ɫɬɟɩɹɯ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵ ɥɭɧɢ
,
ɤɚɧɸɤ
-
ɤɭɪɝɚɧɧɢɤ
,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ
ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɨɪɟɥ
.
ɏɢɳɧɵɟ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɚɦɢ
.
ȼɨɥɤ
,
ɥɢɫɢɰɚ
,
ɝɨɪɧɨɫɬɚɣ
,
ɥɚɫɤɚ
,
ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ
.
ɋɜɟɬɥɵɣ
,
ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ
,
ɯɨɪɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ
.
ɋ ɸɝɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɯɨɪɟɤ ɩɟɪɟ
-
ɜɹɡɤɚ
.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɧɶɢɯ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɨɪɵ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɢ
ɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜ ɭɛɟɠɢɳɚɯ
.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɬɪɚɜɹ
-
ɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɯɢɳɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɞɨ
ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɮɚɭɧɵ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ
.
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɜ ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɹ
ɨɬ
150
ɬ
/
ɝɚ ɞɨ
10
ɬ
/
ɝɚ
.
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ
-
ɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
50
ɬ
/
ɝɚ
.
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ
5
ɞɨ
30
ɬ
/
ɝɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
20–50 %
ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ
.
Ɂɨɨɦɚɫɫɚ
ɜ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɫ ɨɛɢɥɢɟɦ ɝɪɵɡɭɧɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢ
-
ɝɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ
– 10–15
ɤɝ
/
ɝɚ
,
ɱɬɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɨ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɜ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟ
-
ɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɜɚɧɧɚɯ
.
ɗɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ
ȺɋɌɊȺɏȺɇɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɕɃ ȻɂɈ
-
ɋɎȿɊɇɕɃ ɁȺɉɈȼȿȾɇɂɄ
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɊɎ
:
Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
.
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
:
11
ɚɩɪɟɥɹ
1919
ɝ
.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬ
-
ɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ
24
ɧɨɹɛɪɹ
1927
ɝ
.
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
:
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɧɢɡɨɜɶɹɯ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɚɦɵɡɹɤɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ȼɨɥɨɞɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
.
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ
:
ȼ
1975
ɝ
.
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ
ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɤ ɜɨɞɧɨ
-
ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɦ ɭɝɨɞɶɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
(
Ɋɚɦɫɚɪɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ
–
ɞɟɥɶɬɚ ȼɨɥɝɢ
).