Файл: 3.docx

Various

Regardless

Detector

Gantry

To absorb

High-frequency sound wave

Transducer

Non-invasive

Obese

Reduction

renal

tumor

invasive

device

rigid

to utilize

sample

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

pulled muscles

II. Read and translate the text

The main methods of patient work-up

X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation.

The detection of X-rays is based on various methods. The most commonly known methods are photographic plates, photographic film in cassettes, and rare earth screens. Regardless of what is "catching" the image, they are all categorized as "Image Receptors" (IR). X-rays may also be used to detect pathology such as gallstones or kidney stones which are often (but not always) visible. The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the management (including palliation) of cancer; it requires higher radiation energies than for imaging alone, as X-ray imaging is useful in the diagnoses of common oral problems, such as cavities.

The CT scanner is typically a large, box-like machine with a hole, or short tunnel, in the center. You will lie on a narrow examination table that slides into and out of this tunnel. Rotating around you, the x-ray tube and electronic x-ray detectors are located opposite each other in a ring, called a gantry. The computer workstation that processes the imaging information is located in a separate control room, where the technologist operates the scanner and monitors your examination. In many ways CT scanning works very much like other x-ray examinations. X-rays are a form of radiation—like light or radio waves—that can be directed at the body. Different body parts absorb the x-rays in varying degrees. Modern CT scanners are so fast that they can scan through large sections of the body in just a few seconds, and even faster in small children. Such speed is beneficial for all patients but especially children, the elderly and critically ill. The CT examination is usually completed within 30 minutes. The portion requiring intravenous contrast injection usually lasts only 10 to 30 seconds.

Ultrasound examination uses high-frequency sound waves to view organs and structures inside the body. The waves are generated and received by a hand-held device called a transducer. The reflected waves are processed by a computer which produces detailed images for display on a monitor. Ultrasound is safe as it does not employ ionizing radiation like X-rays. It is a cheap, quick and non-invasive investigation – with no surgical procedure – for a wide range of referrals, although results can be unsatisfactory in obese (overweight) patients. An ultrasound is commonly used to produce a sonogram or picture of a baby in the uterus. The image may be used to determine the size of the baby, reveal multiple babies, identify some abnormalities and diseases, and is necessary for amniocentesis. Other conditions that can be detected using an ultrasound include early fetal death, an impending miscarriage, and placenta position. This procedure is used after a woman is 16 weeks pregnant.

An endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that allows physicians to identify and evaluate the function of vital organs as well as locate the presence of any type of abnormalities. The procedure is conducted using a device known as an endoscope. Under certain conditions, an endoscopy will sometimes make use of a similar device that is called a borescope.

An endoscope usually is composed of a tube that is either flexible or rigid, depending on the type of endoscopic procedure to be performed. The device includes a light source to illuminate the interior area that the physician wishes to observe, as well as a lens to help focus the view and to take photographs is necessary. The presence of the tube also makes it possible to utilize various types of medical instruments to gently move organs to one side or to harvest a tissue sample of some kind. The main purpose of an endoscopy is to allow the physician to observe what is happening within the body. The procedure can help the physician to identify signs that an organ is not functioning as it should, is enlarged, or in some other manner is not as it should be. At the same time, an endoscopy can be used to visually evaluate any type of abnormal growths present in or around an organ, such as a tumor.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is safer than X-rays because it does not use radiation. It provides more information than Computer Tomography about some head, neck and spinal disorders because the images are more detailed and have more contrast, meaning the differences between dark and light areas are stronger. Unlike Computer Tomography (CT), the images can be taken on any plan – any surface of the body seen from an angle. It is now used for imaging – taking images of – the brain and heart, and in oncology. Perhaps the most well-known use of magnetic resonance imaging is in the diagnosis of injuries to muscles, ligaments, tendons or cartilage, such as knee injuries or pulled muscles. MRIs are frequently used to detect cancers that would otherwise be difficult to diagnose, such as mesothelioma. The ability to detect abnormalities, such as cancers at their early stages, has put magnetic resonance imaging at the forefront of the battle against many diseases. MRIs also can be used to look for a wide range of other conditions, including brain injuries, damage to organs in the abdomen and spinal injuries.

III. Answer the questions

1. What is X-ray?

2. What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging?

3. How does a CT scanner look like?

4. What is ultrasound?

5. What does ultrasound examination use?

6. What is endoscopy?

7. What is the main purpose of endoscopy?

IV. Say True or False.

1. The detection of X-rays is based on various methods.

2. MRI is now used for imaging – taking images of – the brain and heart, and in oncology.

3. Ultrasound examination uses high-frequency sound waves to view organs and structures outside the body.

4. The procedure of endoscopy is conducted using a device known as an endoscope.

5. Surgery is a form of electromagnetic radiation.

V. Complete the sentences.

1. …… is a form of electromagnetic radiation.

2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is … .

3. An endoscopy is a minimally … .

4. … completed within 30 minutes.

5. This procedure is used after a woman is 16 weeks …… .

VI. Open the brackets.

1. Ultrasound examination (to use) high-frequency sound waves.

2. The CT examination usually (to complete) within 30 minutes.

3. Your details and safety questionnaire (to check) with you by the radiographer.

4. You (to be, to ask) to remove any metallic objects, as well as credit cards.

5. When the radiologist is satisfied with the picture quality, the test is done and the gel (to wipe) off.

6. The reflected waves (to possess) by a computer which produces detailed images for display on a monitor.

7. The technologist (to operate) the scanner and monitors your examination.

VII. Retell the text.

Revision Test.

1.

What is X-ray?

A). is a form of electronics

B). is a form of electromagnetic

C). is a form of  radiation

D). is a form of electromagnetic radiation

E). is a form of electronic radiation

2.

What is based on various methods?

A). stage

B). the detection of X-rays

C). the detection of blood

D). elevation

E). the detection of brain

3.

Give the synonym of the word Affect

A). involve

B). profuse

C). suffer

D). loss

E). complain

4.

Insert the missing word:

MRI is also not … during the first trimester of pregnancy.

A). included

B). provided

C). completed

D). required

E). approved

5.

Give the synonym of the word Constantly

A). permanently

B). causative

C). purulent

D). seldom

E). never

6.

Find the right form of the verb:

The radiologist said that ultrasound examination (to use) high-frequency sound waves.

A). uses

B). used

C). will use

D). had used

E). would use

7. Find the right form of the verb:

She has said that the ultrasound examination (to begin).

A). begins

B). had begun

C). has begun

D). would have begun

E). began

8.

Give the synonym of the word Disease

A). process

B). illness

C). joints

D). respiration

E). symptom

9.

Give the synonym of the word To reveal

A). to find

B). to profuse

C). to make

D). to affect

E). to mark

10.

Give the synonym of the word To persist

A). to affect

B). to preserve

C). to become

D). to follow

E). to examine

11.

Insert the missing word:

Ultrasound examination uses … sound waves.

A). light-frequency

B). high-frequency

C). non-frequency

D). frequency

E). over-frequency

12. Insert the missing word:

A special gel … to your skin.

A). is included

B). is applied

C). is completed

D). is changed

E). is approved

13.

Insert the missing word:

An ultrasound scan of the abdomen demonstrates a small right renal ….

A). abscess

B). metastases

C). tumour

D). bladder

E). discomfort

14. Insert the missing word:

When the radiologist is satisfied with the picture quality, the test is done and the gel … off.

A). is applied

B). is drunk

C). is used

D). is satisfied

E). is wiped

15. Insert the missing word:

For example, an ultrasound scan of the liver … reduction of metastases.

A). scans

B). shows

C). applies

D). reveals

E). reduces

16.

Find the antonym to the word Safe

A). comfortable

B). pale

C). dangerous

D). cozy

E). important

17. Find the antonym to the word Obese

A). thin

B). quick

C). intensive

D). strong

E). fat

18. Find the antonym to the word Full

A). small

B). empty

C). far

D). narrow

E). large

19.

Find the antonym to the word Clear

A). long

B). slow

C). pale

D). dull

E). little

20. Find the antonym to the word Over

A). under

B). up

C). above

D). less

E). inside

21.

Give the synonym of the word Various

A). different

B). little

C). large

D). painful

E). illness

22.

Find the noun

A). ill

B). X-ray

C). profuse

D). eliminate

E). sick

23.

Give the synonym of the word Regardless

A). mindless

B). mildness

C). to regard

D). regarding

E). never

24.

Find the noun

A). to live

B). to like

C). X-radiation

D). open

E). main

25.

Find the adverb

A).recovery

B).injury

C).among

D).internally

E).following

26.

Find the antonym of Internal

A).inner

B).interior

C).cognitive

D).exterior

E).organized

27.

Find the antonym of Prevent

A).affect

B).guard

C).preclude

D).help

E).assist

28.

Find the noun

A). moderate

B). sick

C). fluid

D). mild

E). average

29.

Give the synonym of the word Reduction

A). contraction

B). life

C). organism

D). human

E). some

30.

Give the synonym of the word Internal

A). inner

B). organ

C). external

D). volume

E). sound

31.

Give the synonym of the word Notable

A). main

B). large

C). marked

D). sound

E). rate

32.

Find the similar meaning of the word To detect

A). to steak

B). to reveal

C). rang

D). rate

E). each

33.

Find the similar meaning of the To remain

A). To stay

B). make

C). mark

D). profuse

E). decrease

34.

Find the similar meaning of the To intensify

A). case

B). usually

C). activate

D). seldom

E). never

35.

Find the similar meaning of the To replace

A). blood

B). past

C). present

D). substitute

E). factors

36.

Find the antonym to the word Difference:

A). disorder

B). contraindication

C). device

D). meaning

E). similarity

37. Find the synonym to the word To locate:

A). to perform

B). to contain

C). to situate

D). to exclude

E). to obtain

38.

Find the synonym to the word Investigation:

A). procedure

B). result

C). establishment

D). research

E). condition

39. Find the antonym to the word Use:

A). small

B). good

C). harm

D). little

E). long

40. Find the synonym to the word Safe:

A). comfortable

B). pale

C). secure

D). cozy

E). important

41.

Insert the missing word:

A number of different … is used to establish a diagnosis.

1. procedures

2. diseases

3. causes

4. hospitals

5. examples

42.

Insert the missing word:

For determining a … it is very important to know its symptoms.

1. treatment

2. disease

3. patient

4. physician

5. nurse

43.

Define the verb “to be” in the appropriate form:

He … seriously ill last week.

1. are

2. am

3. was

4. is

5. were

44.

Find the synonym to the word To occur

A). to locate

B). to contain

C). to contract

D). to happen

E). to disrupt

45.

Find the verb

A). treatment

B). lungs

C). operate

D). intensity

E). cardiologist

46.

Give the synonym of the word Illness

A). process

B). disease

C). joints

D). respiration

E). symptom

47.

Find the antonym to the word Inside

A). under

B). up

C). above

D). over

E). outside

48.

Find the adjective

A). development

B). enter

C). useful

D). skin

E). reveal

49.

Find the verb

A). to occur

B). pain

C). active

D). word

E). curing

50.

Give the synonym of the word Death

A). die

B). dead

C). toll

D). the dead

E). mortality

ЭТАЛОН ОТВЕТОВ

1	D	11	B	21	A	31	C	41	A
2	B	12	B	22	B	32	B	42	B
3	A	13	C	23	A	33	A	43	C
4	E	14	E	24	C	34	C	44	D
5	A	15	D	25	D	35	D	45	C
6	B	16	C	26	D	36	E	46	A
7	C	17	A	27	A	37	C	47	E
8	B	18	B	28	C	38	B	48	C
9	A	19	D	29	A	39	C	49	A
10	B	20	A	30	A	40	C	50	E