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is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then perennial crops for a period of several years. Then the plot is left fallow to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs.
Industrialization led to the use of monoculture, when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage. Because of the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. Multiple cropping, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures.
In subtropical and arid environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple annual crops in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as agroforestry. In temperate environments, where ecosystems were predominantly grassland or prairie, highly productive annual cropping is the dominant farming system.
VOCABULARY
crop – с/х культура
fallow – пар
fertilizer – удобрение
manure – навоз
pesticide – пестицид
arid – безводный
irrigation – орошение
temperate – умеренный
grassland – пастбище
prairie – прерия, степь
cultivar – сорт, культивар
productive – плодородный
nutrient – питательное вещество
annual – однолетнее растение
perennial – многолетнее растение
control – борьба с вредителями
acreage – посевная площадь
biodiversity – биоразнообразие
intercropping – совмещение культур
polyculture – поликультура
subtropical– субтропический
agriculture – сельское хозяйство
agroforestry – агролесоводство
croppingsystem – система земледелия
shifting cultivation – сменная культивация
monoculture – однооборотная культура
Вариант №3
Упражнение 1.
Образуйте множественное число существительных, подчеркивая способ его образования, как показано в образце, и переведите:
Tool (инструмент) – tools
Company (компания) – companies
Breed, technology, employer, plant, crisis, competitor, duty, pesticide, sheep, fertilizer.
Упражнение 2.
Образуйте однокоренные слова от нижеперечисленных глаголов и распределите их по столбцам. Обратите внимание, что иногда может быть несколько однокоренных слов одной части речи.
Обозначьте суффиксы и сделайте перевод.
To agree, to fabricate, to confirm, to modify, to accept.
Упражнение 3.
Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, используя much,
many, few, a few, little, a little.
Несколько производителей, много оборудования, немного работы, мало денег, несколько инструментов, много работы, немного времени, мало деталей.
Упражнение 4.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного. Укажите в скобках степень сравнения прилагательного и переведите предложения.
1. This coffee is very weak. I like a bit (strong).
2. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be (expensive).
3. That’s (boring) film I’ve ever seen.
4. He is a very (tall) man.
5. What is (long) river in the world?
Упражнение 5.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Present Simple или Present Continuous и производя все необходимые изменения.
Переведите предложения.
1. John isn’t lazy. He (to work) very hard most of the time.
2. You (to call) on behalf of Catherine Green?
3. The water (to boil). Can you turn it off?
4. It (not/ to rain) very much in summer.
Упражнение 6.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Future Simple.
Переведите предложения.
1. I hope they (to join) us at the conference-room as soon as they (to come).
2. Before she (to leave) to Rome, we think they (to come) to say good-bye to her.
3. If Mr. Brown (to negotiate) the contract successfully, he (to get) a promotion.
Упражнение 7.
Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами неправильных глаголов.
Упражнение 8.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Past Simple или Present Perfect и производя все необходимые изменения.
1. The 19th century (to be) a period of numerous significant developments and discoveries.
2. You (to see) our engineer today?
3. In Great Britain since 1973 productivity (to grow) by 49%, output volumes (to increase) by 25%.
4. Mendeleev was born in 1834 to a large family – his mother (to give) birth to 14 children.
Упражнение 9.
Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно. Обратите внимание, что специальная лексика (подчеркнутые слова) дана после текста с переводом.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Animals, including horses, mules, oxen, water buffalo, camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, are often used to help cultivate fields, harvest crops, and transport farm products to buyers. Animal husbandry not only refers to the breeding and raising of animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis, but also to the breeding and care of species for work and companionship.
Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. As in 2010, 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply up to 2050. Aquaculture or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.
Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as shrubland, rangeland, and pastures for feeding ruminant animals. Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil. Mixed production systems use grassland, fodder crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for crops.
VOCABULARY
horse – лошадь
mule – мул
ox (pl. oxen) – бык, вол
water buffalo – буйвол
camel – верблюд
llama – лама
alpaca – альпака
donkey – осёл
crop – с/х культура
grassland – пастбище
milk cow – дойная корова
sheep – овца
goat – коза
livestock – домашний скот
harvest – урожай; собирать урожай
cultivate – возделывать, выращивать
animal husbandry– животноводство
breeding – разведение (животных)
species – род, порода, разновидность
beef – говядина; мясной скот
cattle – крупный рогатый скот
aquaculture – разведение рыб
rangeland – пастбищное угодье
pasture – пастбище
ruminant – жвачное животное
fodder – фураж; корм для скота
shrubland – местность, покрытая кустарником
Вариант №4
Упражнение 1.
Образуйте множественное число существительных, подчеркивая способ его образования, как показано в образце, и переведите:
Tool (инструмент) – tools
Company (компания) – companies
Analysis, wage, technology, specification, pasture, mouse, device, system, contract, formula.
Упражнение 2.
Образуйте однокоренные слова от нижеперечисленных глаголов и распределите их по столбцам. Обратите внимание, что иногда может быть несколько однокоренных слов одной части речи.
Обозначьте суффиксы и сделайте перевод.
To consume, to motivate, to observe, to construct, to compete.
Упражнение 3.
Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, используя much,
many, few, a few, little, a little.
Много технологий, несколько растений, много работы, несколько приспособлений, мало филиалов, мало времени, несколько должностей, немного денег.
Упражнение 4.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного. Укажите в скобках степень сравнения прилагательного и переведите предложения.
1. What is (popular) sport in your country?
2. It was an awful day. It was (bad) day of my life.
3. Jane is a very (intelligent) student.
4. Unfortunately her illness was (serious) than we thought at first.
5. You’re talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit (quite)?
Упражнение 5.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Present Simple или Present Continuous и производя все необходимые изменения. Переведите предложения.
1. Before buying any new equipment we (to require) as much information as we can about its producer.
2. You can join them, they (to have) a coffee-break in our conference-room.
3. The main factors that (to influence) crop sequences include the soil type, weather, the price and availability of labour and power, soil fertility.
4. I (to try) to find a job but it’s not easy.
Упражнение 6.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Future Simple.
Переведите предложения.
1. We (to sing) this song with you, if you (to tell) us the words.
2. He (to call) you back, as soon as he (to come) into the office.
3. What you (to do) when you (to come) home?
Упражнение 7.
Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами неправильных глаголов.
Упражнение 8.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Past Simple или Present Perfect и производя все необходимые изменения.
1. When Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity was proved to be true by British researchers in 1919, he (to become) world famous.
2. We already (to solve) the problem.
3. How many times he (to be) to Moscow?
4. They (to leave) Moscow when he (to be) a child.
Упражнение 9.
Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно. Обратите внимание, что специальная лексика (подчеркнутые слова) дана после текста с переводом.
PRODUCTION PRACTICES
Tillage is the practice of plowing soil to prepare it for planting or for nutrient incorporation or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to no-till. It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also encourages the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the number and diversity of soil organisms.
Pest control includes the management of weeds, insects, mites, and diseases. Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, and resistance.
Nutrient management includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of utilization of manure produced by livestock. Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a fallow period. Manure is used either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing, such as in managed intensive rotational grazing, or by spreading either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or pastures.
Water management is needed where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Some farmers use irrigation to supplement rainfall. In other areas such as the Great Plains in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture to use for growing crops in the following year. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide.
VOCABULARY
tillage – подготовка почвы к посеву
plowing – плужная обработка
soil – почва
planting – посадка; сев
nutrient – питательное вещество
pest control – борьба с вредителями
no-till – беспахотный
fertilizer – удобрение
weed – сорняк
insect – насекомое
mite – мошка
disease – болезнь
pesticide – пестицид
crop rotation – чередование культур
culling – выбраковка
cover crop – запашная культура
intercropping – совмещение культур
resistance – устойчивость
crop – с/х культура
livestock – домашний скот
manure – навоз
fallow– пар
cropland – пахотное угодье
pasture – пастбище
irrigation – орошение
composting – закладывание в компост
nutrient management – применение/использование питательных веществ
water management – рациональное водоиспользование
Приложение 1
Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
Industrialization led to the use of monoculture, when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage. Because of the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. Multiple cropping, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures.
In subtropical and arid environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple annual crops in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as agroforestry. In temperate environments, where ecosystems were predominantly grassland or prairie, highly productive annual cropping is the dominant farming system.
VOCABULARY
crop – с/х культура
fallow – пар
fertilizer – удобрение
manure – навоз
pesticide – пестицид
arid – безводный
irrigation – орошение
temperate – умеренный
grassland – пастбище
prairie – прерия, степь
cultivar – сорт, культивар
productive – плодородный
nutrient – питательное вещество
annual – однолетнее растение
perennial – многолетнее растение
| pest | control | – борьба с вредителями |
control – борьба с вредителями
acreage – посевная площадь
biodiversity – биоразнообразие
intercropping – совмещение культур
polyculture – поликультура
subtropical– субтропический
agriculture – сельское хозяйство
agroforestry – агролесоводство
croppingsystem – система земледелия
shifting cultivation – сменная культивация
monoculture – однооборотная культура
Вариант №3
Упражнение 1.
Образуйте множественное число существительных, подчеркивая способ его образования, как показано в образце, и переведите:
Tool (инструмент) – tools
Company (компания) – companies
Breed, technology, employer, plant, crisis, competitor, duty, pesticide, sheep, fertilizer.
Упражнение 2.
Образуйте однокоренные слова от нижеперечисленных глаголов и распределите их по столбцам. Обратите внимание, что иногда может быть несколько однокоренных слов одной части речи.
Обозначьте суффиксы и сделайте перевод.
| Глагол | Существительное | Прилагательное |
| produce (производить) | producer (производитель) production (производство) productivity (производительность) | productive (продуктивный) |
To agree, to fabricate, to confirm, to modify, to accept.
Упражнение 3.
Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, используя much,
many, few, a few, little, a little.
Несколько производителей, много оборудования, немного работы, мало денег, несколько инструментов, много работы, немного времени, мало деталей.
Упражнение 4.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного. Укажите в скобках степень сравнения прилагательного и переведите предложения.
1. This coffee is very weak. I like a bit (strong).
2. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be (expensive).
3. That’s (boring) film I’ve ever seen.
4. He is a very (tall) man.
5. What is (long) river in the world?
Упражнение 5.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Present Simple или Present Continuous и производя все необходимые изменения.
Переведите предложения.
1. John isn’t lazy. He (to work) very hard most of the time.
2. You (to call) on behalf of Catherine Green?
3. The water (to boil). Can you turn it off?
4. It (not/ to rain) very much in summer.
Упражнение 6.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Future Simple.
Переведите предложения.
1. I hope they (to join) us at the conference-room as soon as they (to come).
2. Before she (to leave) to Rome, we think they (to come) to say good-bye to her.
3. If Mr. Brown (to negotiate) the contract successfully, he (to get) a promotion.
Упражнение 7.
Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами неправильных глаголов.
| 1-я форма (инфинитив) | 2-я форма | 3-я форма |
| forget | | |
| | drank | |
| | | chosen |
| run | | |
| | had | |
| | | seen |
Упражнение 8.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Past Simple или Present Perfect и производя все необходимые изменения.
1. The 19th century (to be) a period of numerous significant developments and discoveries.
2. You (to see) our engineer today?
3. In Great Britain since 1973 productivity (to grow) by 49%, output volumes (to increase) by 25%.
4. Mendeleev was born in 1834 to a large family – his mother (to give) birth to 14 children.
Упражнение 9.
Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно. Обратите внимание, что специальная лексика (подчеркнутые слова) дана после текста с переводом.
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Animals, including horses, mules, oxen, water buffalo, camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, are often used to help cultivate fields, harvest crops, and transport farm products to buyers. Animal husbandry not only refers to the breeding and raising of animals for meat or to harvest animal products (like milk, eggs, or wool) on a continual basis, but also to the breeding and care of species for work and companionship.
Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. As in 2010, 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply up to 2050. Aquaculture or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.
Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as shrubland, rangeland, and pastures for feeding ruminant animals. Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil. Mixed production systems use grassland, fodder crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for crops.
VOCABULARY
horse – лошадь
mule – мул
ox (pl. oxen) – бык, вол
water buffalo – буйвол
camel – верблюд
llama – лама
alpaca – альпака
donkey – осёл
crop – с/х культура
grassland – пастбище
milk cow – дойная корова
sheep – овца
goat – коза
livestock – домашний скот
harvest – урожай; собирать урожай
cultivate – возделывать, выращивать
animal husbandry– животноводство
breeding – разведение (животных)
species – род, порода, разновидность
beef – говядина; мясной скот
cattle – крупный рогатый скот
aquaculture – разведение рыб
rangeland – пастбищное угодье
pasture – пастбище
ruminant – жвачное животное
fodder – фураж; корм для скота
shrubland – местность, покрытая кустарником
Вариант №4
Упражнение 1.
Образуйте множественное число существительных, подчеркивая способ его образования, как показано в образце, и переведите:
Tool (инструмент) – tools
Company (компания) – companies
Analysis, wage, technology, specification, pasture, mouse, device, system, contract, formula.
Упражнение 2.
Образуйте однокоренные слова от нижеперечисленных глаголов и распределите их по столбцам. Обратите внимание, что иногда может быть несколько однокоренных слов одной части речи.
Обозначьте суффиксы и сделайте перевод.
| Глагол | Существительное | Прилагательное |
| produce (производить) | producer (производитель) production (производство) productivity (производительность) | productive (продуктивный) |
To consume, to motivate, to observe, to construct, to compete.
Упражнение 3.
Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания, используя much,
many, few, a few, little, a little.
Много технологий, несколько растений, много работы, несколько приспособлений, мало филиалов, мало времени, несколько должностей, немного денег.
Упражнение 4.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного. Укажите в скобках степень сравнения прилагательного и переведите предложения.
1. What is (popular) sport in your country?
2. It was an awful day. It was (bad) day of my life.
3. Jane is a very (intelligent) student.
4. Unfortunately her illness was (serious) than we thought at first.
5. You’re talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit (quite)?
Упражнение 5.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Present Simple или Present Continuous и производя все необходимые изменения. Переведите предложения.
1. Before buying any new equipment we (to require) as much information as we can about its producer.
2. You can join them, they (to have) a coffee-break in our conference-room.
3. The main factors that (to influence) crop sequences include the soil type, weather, the price and availability of labour and power, soil fertility.
4. I (to try) to find a job but it’s not easy.
Упражнение 6.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Future Simple.
Переведите предложения.
1. We (to sing) this song with you, if you (to tell) us the words.
2. He (to call) you back, as soon as he (to come) into the office.
3. What you (to do) when you (to come) home?
Упражнение 7.
Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами неправильных глаголов.
| 1-я форма (инфинитив) | 2-я форма | 3-я форма |
| | had | |
| speak | | |
| | | gone |
| get | | |
| | | taken |
| | knew | |
Упражнение 8.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол во времени Past Simple или Present Perfect и производя все необходимые изменения.
1. When Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity was proved to be true by British researchers in 1919, he (to become) world famous.
2. We already (to solve) the problem.
3. How many times he (to be) to Moscow?
4. They (to leave) Moscow when he (to be) a child.
Упражнение 9.
Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно. Обратите внимание, что специальная лексика (подчеркнутые слова) дана после текста с переводом.
PRODUCTION PRACTICES
Tillage is the practice of plowing soil to prepare it for planting or for nutrient incorporation or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to no-till. It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also encourages the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the number and diversity of soil organisms.
Pest control includes the management of weeds, insects, mites, and diseases. Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, and resistance.
Nutrient management includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of utilization of manure produced by livestock. Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a fallow period. Manure is used either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing, such as in managed intensive rotational grazing, or by spreading either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or pastures.
Water management is needed where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Some farmers use irrigation to supplement rainfall. In other areas such as the Great Plains in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture to use for growing crops in the following year. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide.
VOCABULARY
tillage – подготовка почвы к посеву
plowing – плужная обработка
soil – почва
planting – посадка; сев
nutrient – питательное вещество
pest control – борьба с вредителями
no-till – беспахотный
fertilizer – удобрение
weed – сорняк
insect – насекомое
mite – мошка
disease – болезнь
pesticide – пестицид
crop rotation – чередование культур
culling – выбраковка
cover crop – запашная культура
intercropping – совмещение культур
resistance – устойчивость
crop – с/х культура
livestock – домашний скот
manure – навоз
fallow– пар
cropland – пахотное угодье
pasture – пастбище
irrigation – орошение
composting – закладывание в компост
nutrient management – применение/использование питательных веществ
water management – рациональное водоиспользование
Приложение 1
Министерство сельского хозяйства Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение