Файл: The Verb, Basic Forms and Grammar Categories. The Indefinite Tenses.doc

CONTENT

1. 
   The Verb, Basic Forms and Grammar Categories.
   
2. 
   The Indefinite Tenses.
   
3. 
   The Continuous Tenses.
   
4. 
   The Perfect Tenses.
   
5. 
   The Perfect Continuous Tenses.
   
6. 
   The Інфінітив.
   
7. 
   The Participles
   
8. 
   The Gerund
   
9. 
   The Numerals.
   
10. 
    Complex Object.
    
11. 
    Complex Subject.
    

THE VERB.

Basic forms. Grammar categories.

The verb is a part of speech which denotes an action.



§ 1. Verbs may be transitive and intransitive. Transitive verbs can take a direct object, i. e. they express an action which passes on to a person or thing directly. Here belong such verbs as to take, to give, to send, to make, etc.

Verbs have finite forms which can be used as the predicate of a sentence and non-finite forms which cannot be used as the pre­dicate of a sentence.

According to their morphological structure verbs are divid­ed into:

simple (read, live, hide, speak);

derived, i. e. having affixes (magnify, fertilize, captivate, undo, decompose);

compound, i. e. consisting of two stems (daydream, brow­beat);

composite, consisting of a verb and a postposition of adver­bial origin (sit down, give up).

The postposition often changes the meaning of the verb with which it is associated. Thus, there are composite verbs whose meaning is different from the meaning of their components: to give up — бросать, прекращать; to bring up — воспитывать; to do away — ликвидировать.

According to their function we recognize notional and auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary (helping) verbs are those which have lost their meaning and are used only as form words, thus having only a grammatical function. Here belong such verbs as to do, to have, to be, sliall, will, should, would.

§ 2. The basic forms of the verb in Modern English are: the Infinitive, the Past Indefinite and Participle II: to speak— spoke — spoken.

According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Parti­ciple II are formed, verbs are divided into: regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs form the Past Indefinite and Parti­ciple II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb. Irregular verbs form the Past Indefinite and Parti­ciple II in different ways, they can change their root vowel or the whole stem or remain unchangeable.

§ 3 The verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood.

The category of tense denotes the relation of the action either to the moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future.

The category of aspect shows the way in which the action develops, if it is in progress or completed, etc. There are four groups of tenses: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous. The Indefinite form has no aspect characteristics while, the Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Con­tinuous forms denote both time and aspect relations. Each of these forms includes four tenses: Present, Past, Future and Future in the Past (future from the point of view of the past). Thus there are 16 tenses in English.

The category of Voice indicates the relation of the predicate to the subject and the object. There are 2 voices in English: the active voice, the passive voice, The active voice shows that the subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate. The passive voice shows that the subject is acted upon.

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The category of Mood indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action from the point of view of its reality. We distinguish the indicative mood, the imperative mood, and the subjunctive mood.



TEST YOURSELF

1. 
   What is the verb?
   
2. 
   What are transitive verbs?
   
3. 
   What are intransitive verbs?
   
4. 
   What verbs are called simple (derived, compound, composite)?
   
5. 
   What are auxiliary verbs?
   
6. 
   What are regular (irregular) verbs?
   
7. 
   What are the basic forms of the verb?
   
8. 
   What grammatical categories: does the verb have?
   
9. 
   What does the category of tense denote?
   
10. 
    What does the category of aspect show?
    
11. 
    What does the category of Voice indicate?
    
12. 
    What does the category of Mood indicate?
    

Exercise I. Make up basic forms of the verbs.

To meet, to tell, to find, to send, to give, to take, to read, to look, to go, to open, to close, to put. To copy out, to sit, to do, to come.

Exercise 2. Translate the verbs into English, make up their basic forms.

Читати, розповідати, робити, покинути, відкрити, відправити, закривати, дивитися, брати, давати, сидіти, переписати, заходити, питати, відповідати, дякувати, жити, працювати, вивчати, перекладати, ходити, повертатися, залишати, продовжувати, закінчити, повторювати.

Exercise 3. Point out the morphological structure of the verbs, translate them into Ukrainian.

To retell, to disappear, to undo, to shorten, to signify, to organize, to graduate, to rewrite, to disarm, to unload, to broaden, to clarify, to memorize, to separate, to reconstruct, to discharge, to untie, to strengthen, to magnify, to simplify, to mobilize, to demonstrate.

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2. THE INDEFINITE TENSES

The Indefinite form shows that the action takes place in the present, past or future. The form of the verb gives no indication as to its duration or completion.



§ 4. The Present Indefinite is formed from the infinitive without the particle to.

In the third person singular the ending -s is added. After a sibilant represented in spelling by s, ss, ch, sh, tch, x, гand after the vowel o, -esis added: he writes, he reads, he speaks; he passes, he pushes, he watches, he teaches; he goes, he does

The ending -s (-es)is pronounced as:

[iz] after the sibilants [s], [z], [J], [tc∫], [dз]: passes ['pasiz];

[z] after voiced and vowels: lives [livz], sees [si:z];

[s] after voiceless: wants [wonts].

In the third person singular we find the following orthogra­phical change: a final уis changed into iif it is preceded by a consonant amd then -es is added: to study — he studies; to try — he tries. After a vowel уis kept unchanged: to play —he plays; to stay— he stays.

The interrogative and the negative forms are formed with the auxiliary verb to do in Present Indefinite and the Infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

1 work Do I work? I do not work

He works Does he work? He does not work

She works Does she work? She does not work

We work Do we work? We do not work

You work Do you work? You do not work

They work Do they work? They do not work

The contracted negative forms are: I don't work He doesn't work

The negative-interrogative forms are: Do you not work? - Don't you work?

Does he not work? - Doesn't he work?



TEST YOURSELF

What does the Indefinite form show?

How is the Present Indefinite formed?

How is the ending -s (-es) pronounced?

How are the interrogative and the negative forms formed?

What are the contracted negative forms?

What are the negative-interrogative forms?



§ 5. The Past Indefinite is formed by adding -edor -dto the stem (regular verbs), or by changing the root vowel, or in some

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other ways (irregular verbs).

The interrogative and the negative forms are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to doin Past Indefinite (did)and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I worked (wrote) Did I work (write)? 1 did not work (write)

He worked (wrote) Did he work (write)? He did not work (write)

She worked (wrote) Did she work (write)? She did not work (write)

We worked (wrote) Did we work (write)? We did not work (write)

You worked (wrote) Did you work (write)? You did not work (write)

They worked (wrote) Did they work (write)? They did not work (write)
The contracted negative forms are: I didn't work She didn't work

The negative-interrogative forms are: Did you not work? Didn't you work?
§ 6. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall and will and the infinitive without to of the notional verb. In Modern English we can observe the tendency to use will for all persons in all the Future Tenses.

In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I shall (will) work Shall I work? I shall not work

He will work Will he work? He will not work

She will work Will she work? She will not work

We shall work Shall we work? We shall not worn

You will work Will you work? You will not work

They will work Will they work? They will not work

The contracted affirmative forms are: I'll work You'll work

The contracted negative forms are: I shan't ∫ant] work He won't [wount] work

The negative-interrogative forms are: Shall we not work? Will he not work?

Shan't we work? Won't he work?



TEST YOURSELF

How is the Past Indefinite formed?

How are the interrogative and the negative forms of the Past Indefinite formed?

How is the Future Indefinite formed?

How are the interrogative and the negative forms of the Future Indefinite formed?

What are the contracted Past Indefinite negative forms?

What are the contracted Future Indefinite negative forms?



Exercise 1. Conjugate the verbs in affirmative, interrogative and negative forms according to the model.

Model. Affirmative Interrogative Negative

1 work Do I work? I do not work

He works Does he work? He does not work

She works Does she work? She does not work

We work Do we work? We do not work

You work Do you work? You do not work

They work Do they work? They do not work

To close, to go, to open, to read, to sit, to live, to work, to study, to come, to write,to do, to speak, to send, to meet, to give, to take, to copy out, to put.

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Exercise 2. Make up the interrogative and the negative forms. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. 1. I often meet this student here. 2.You go to the college every day. 3. I read newspapers every morning. 4. His sisters always give me interesting English books too read. 5. They often go to the library. 6. I usually read the newspaper at home. 7. They often come here. 8. We write questions at home.

Exercise 3. Make up the interrogative and the negative forms. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Her brother lives in Luhansk. 2. He learns English. 3. Our teacher speaks English and German. 4. This student studies at our college. 5. My sister goes there every morning. 6. Her friend does English exercises at home. His name is Vasil.

Exercise 4.Fill in the blank with the personal pronouns.

1. … lives in Luhansk region. 2. …. Go into their class-room and sit down at the tables. 3. “Does …. Sometimes meet his friend at the college?” “Yes …does”. 4. …. Have our English on the morning. 5. … doesn’t speak English to her teacher. 6. … don’t learn English, … learn French. 7. Do …have lessons in the morning? 8. Does … have his French in the morning or in the Evening? 9. ….doesn’t often write sentences on the blackboard. 10. “What do ….usually read at class?” “…. Usually read our trxtbooks”.

Exercise 5. Put questions to the italicized words. 1. The children go to bed at ten o'clock. 2. His son knows English well. 3. My father reads newspapers in the evening. 4. Her aunt lives in Luhansk. 5. Our parents grow wheat. 6, This man works at a machine-building plant. 7. It snows in winter. 8. We buy bread at this shop. 9. My sister learns many poems by heart. 10. Ann helps her mother about the house. 11. At the lessons we read and speak English. 12. Her mother teaches Ukrainian.

Exercise 6. Translate into English. 1. Я вивчаю англійську мову. Мій друг також вивчає англійську мову. 2. Де ти живеш? Де живе твій товариш? 3. Ми не працюємо на заводі. Ми ходимо до школи. 4. Моя сестра не вивчає англійської мови. Вона вивчає французьку мову. 5. Твій брат працює в лікарні. 6. Де працюють твої батьки? 7. В якій школі вчиться цей хлопець? 8. Ви читаєте французькі книжки? 9. Що ви робите після уроків? 10. Де працює цей інженер? 11. Коли ви граєте в шахи? 12. Мені не подобається ця книжка. 13. Моєму товаришеві не подобається це оповідання. 14. її батько викладає математику в нашій школі. 15. Чому ти пропускаєш уроки? 16. Ця дівчина працює на фабриці і вчиться у вечірній школі. 17. О котрій годиш ви встаєте? 18. О котрій годині ваш син лягає спати? 19. У суботу ми ходимо в театр або в кіно. 20. Хто живе в цьому будинку? 21. Хто викладає англійську мову в вашій школі? 22. Як вчиться її син? 23. Чия сестра знає іспанську мову? 24. Хлопчик хоче іти в ліс? 25. Хіба ви не вивчаєте фізики? 26. Хіба твій брат не ходить до школи? 27. Ця дівчина дуже добре співає. 28. Хто допомагає тобі вивчати англійську мову? 29. Скільки водіїв працює тут? ЗО. Як учні проводять літні канікули?

Exercise 7. Translate the following into English. 1. Мій батько — тракторист. 2. Наш учитель зараз у Києві. 3. Твоя сестра дома? 4. Петро не хворий. 5. Де твій брат? Його нема в кімнаті. 6. Ми в школі. 7. Трактори в полі. 8. Ольга вдома? 9. Його батько зараз дуже стомлений. 10. Хто твоя сестра? Вона лікар. 11. її дочка в Києві? Ні, вона не в Києві, вона у Львові. 12. Учні в залі? Ні, їх нема в залі, вони в класах. 13. Де твоя ручка? Вона в портфелі. 14. Де твої книжки? Вони в портфелі. 15. Де географічна карта? Вона на стіні. 16. Газети на столі. 17. Якого кольору твоя ручка? Моя ручка червона. 18. Якого кольору парти? Вони білі. 19. Де ти? Я в кухні. 20. Чому тут нема Петра? Він у школі.

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