Файл: The Verb, Basic Forms and Grammar Categories. The Indefinite Tenses.doc

5. THE PERFECT- CONTINUOUS TENSES

The Perfect Continuous form denotes an action in progress, whose duration before a definite moment in the present, past or future is expressed. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in one of the perfect tenses and Participle I of the notional verb.

to have been + Participle I



The Present Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on.

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Present Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.

The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. The Past Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Past Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle I of the notional verb.

The Future Perfect Continuous denotes an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will be going on at that moment. The Future Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the Future Perfect of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle 1 of the notional verb.

In the interrogative form the first auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb.

	Present	Past	Future
Affirmative	have been + Participle I has	had been + Participle I	shall have        been + Participle I will have
Interrogative	Have Ⓢbeen + Participle I? Has	Had + Ⓢbeen Participle I?	Shall      Ⓢ + have been Participle I? Will
Negative	have Ⓢ + not been Participle I has	Ⓢ had not been Participle I	shall Ⓢ    not + have been Participle I will

TEST YOURSELF

1. 
   What does the Perfect-Continuous Tense denote?
   
2. 
   What does the Present Perfect-Continuous Tense denote?
   
3. 
   What does the Past Perfect-Continuous Tense denote?
   
4. 
   What does the Future Perfect-Continuous Tense denote?
   
5. 
   How is the Present Perfect-Continuous Tense formed
   
6. 
   How is the Past Perfect-Continuous Tense formed
   
7. 
   How is the Future Perfect-Continuous Tense formed
   
8. 
   How do we make an interrogative forms?
   
9. 
   How do we make a negative forms?
   

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Exercise 1. Put questions to the italicized words.

1. He has been playing chess since the childhood. 2. His younger brother has been skating for an hour. 3. Mary has been looking after the baby since her mother went to the market. 4. We have been looking for you for half an hour. 5. Ann has been speaking over the telephone for the last ten minutes.

Exercise 2. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.

1. Where are the pupils? — They (to plant) trees. They (to plant) them since the morning. They always (to plant) trees in October. They already (to plant) several hundred trees this year. 2. Ann (to have) her music lesson now. She (to have) her music lessons twice a week. 3. I am going to take a walk. I (to do) all my home exercises already. I (to do) them for three hours. 4. Since when they (to build) this house? 5. At last I (to find) the book I need. I (to look for) it for a quarter of an hour. 6. Don't shout. Helen (to read) an English book. She (to work) at her English every day. She (to learn) this language for three years. She (to read) many English stories this year. 7. What you (to do) in the morning? 8. What you (to do) since the morning?

Exercise 3. Translate into English.

1. Що ти робиш? — Чекаю автобуса. Скільки часу ти чекаєш його? — Я чекаю його вже десять хвилин. 2. Ми вивчаємо англійську мову. Ми вивчаємо її вже чотири роки. 3. З якого часу його батько працює головним інженером заводу? 4. Дощ іде зранку. 5. Ніна загубила ручку, вона вже чверть години шукає її. 6. Микола закінчив середню школу три роки тому. З того часу він працює на заводі. 7. Коли ви почали читати цю книжку? Скільки розділів ви вже прочитали? Скільки часу ви читаєте її? 8. Учні вже півтори години обговорюють роман, який вони читали минулого місяця.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Коли я, увійшов до класу, учні обговорювали план екскурсії. Вони обговорювали його вже 20 хвилин. 2. Коли Ольга закінчила інститут, її сестра вже п'ять років викладала англійську мову в школі. 3. Його батьки залишили квартиру, в якій вони прожили двадцять років. 4. Я шукав свій зошит півгодини, перш ніж знайшов його під газетою.

5. Вчора листоноша приніс мені лист. Я чекав цього листа три тижні. 6. Коли ми вийшли з дому, йшов дощ. Він ішов уже дві години.

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6. THE INFINITIVE

The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the Verb which has a double nature, nominal and verbal.



1. The nominal character of the infinitive is manifested in its syntactic functions. It can be used:

(a) as the subject of a sentence. To go on like this was dangerous.

(b) as a predicative. Her plan was now to drive to Bath during the night.

(c) as an object. I have never learnt to read or write.

2. The verbal characteristics of the infinitive are as follows:

(a) the infinitive of transitive verbs can take a direct object. He ... began to feel some curiosity ...

(b) the infinitive can be modified by an adverb. I cannot write so quickly.

(c) the infinitive has tense and aspect distinctions; the infinitive of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions.

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect - Continuous	to write to be writing to have written to have been writing writing	to be written -------------- to have been written --------------

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  The Indefinite Infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, so it may refer to the present, past or future. I am glad to meet you.
  
• 
  The Continuous Infinitive denotes an action in progress simulta­neous with that expressed by the finite verb. They happened, at the moment, to be standing near a small con­servatory at the end of the garden.
  
• 
  The Perfect Infinitive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. "I'm glad to have seen you," he said.
  
• 
  The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action which lasted a certain time before the action of the finite verb. For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat, cake and bread and jam.
  
• 
  Active Voice of the Infinitive points out that the subject is the doer of the action.
  
• 
  Passive Voice points out that the subject is acted upon. It is so glorious to love and to be loved
  

3. The use of the infinitive without the particle to:

1. After auxiliary verbs. We shall go there at once.

2. After modal verbs except the verb ought. If one cannot have what one loves, one must love what one has.

3. After verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to feel, etc. In a few minutes they heard him ascend the ladder to his own room.

4. After the verb to let. Let us be the best friends in the world!

5. After the verb to make in the meaning of 'заставляти' What makes you think so?

4. The infinitive can be used in different syntactic functions.

1. subject. То acquire knowledge is the first duty of a student.

2. predicative. My intention is to get into parliament.

3. part of a compound verbal predicate. We must not leave him by himself any longer.

4. object. Leila had learned to dance at boarding school.

5. part of a complex object. I never saw you act this way before.

6. attribute. I have not had time to examine this room yet.

7. adverbial modifier. (Laws were not made to be broken, laws were made to stay within.

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TEST YOURSELF

1. 
   What is the Infinitive?
   
2. 
   In what way is the nominal character of the infinitive manifested?
   
3. 
   What are the verbal characteristics of the infinitive?
   
4. 
   What does the Indefinite Infinitive express?
   
5. 
   What does the Continuous Infinitive denote?
   
6. 
   What does the Perfect Infinitive denote?
   
7. 
   What does the Perfect Continuous Infinitive denote?
   
8. 
   What does the Active Voice of the Infinitive point out?
   
9. 
   What does the Passive Voice points out?
   
10. 
    When the infinitive is used without the particle to?
    
11. 
    In what syntactic functions can the infinitive be used?
    

Exercise__4._Open_the_brackets_using_necessary_form_of_the_Infinitives.'>Exercise__3._Translate_into_Ukrainian_paying_attention_to_the_Perfect_Infinitive.'>Exercise__2._Translate_into_Ukrainian_paying_attention_to_the_Active_and_Passive_Infinitives.'>Exercise__1._Put_the_particle_"to"_before_the_infinitives_if_necessary.'>Exercise 1. Put the particle "to" before the infinitives if necessary.

1. I like ... play the guitar. 2. My brother can ... speak French. 3. We had ... put on our overcoats because it was cold. 4. They wanted ... cross the river. 5. It is high time for you ... go to bed. 6. May I ... use your telephone? 7. They heard the girl ... cry out with joy. 8. I would rather ... stay at home today. 9. He did not want ... play in the yard any more. 10. Would you like ... go to England? 11. You look tired. You had better ... go home. 12. I wanted ... speak to Nick, but could not... find his telephone number. 13. It is time ... get up. 14. Let me ... help you with your homework. 15. I was planning ... do a lot of things yesterday. 16. I'd like ... speak to you. 17. I think I shall be able ... solve this problem. 18. What makes you ... think you are right? 19. I shall do all I can ... help you. 20. I like ... dance. 21. I'd like ... dance. 22. She made me ... repeat my words several times. 23. I saw him ... enter the room. 24. She did not let her mother ... go away. 25. Do you like ... listen to good music? 26. Would you like ... listen to good music? 27. That funny scene made me ... laugh.

Exercise 2. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the Active and Passive Infinitives.

1. Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet. 2. To improve your phonetics you should record yourself and analyse your speech. 3. This is the book to be read during the summer holidays. 4. To be instructed by such a good specialist was a great advantage. 5. To play chess was his greatest pleas­ure. 6. The child did not like to be washed. 7. Isn't it natural that we like to be praised and don't like to be scolded? 8. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents? He is very forgetful, but he doesn't like to be reminded of his duties.

Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the Perfect Infinitive.

1. I am awfully glad to have met you. 2. Sorry to have placed you in this disagreeable situation. 3. I am very happy to have had the pleasure of making your acquaintance. 4. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 5. Clyde was awfully glad to have renewed his acquaintance with Sondra. 6. Sorry not to have noticed you. 7.1 am sorry to have added some more trouble by what I have told you. 8. When Clyde looked at the girl closely, he remembered to have seen her in Sondra's company. 9. I remembered to have been moved¹ by the scene I witnessed. 10. The child was happy to have been brought home. 11. Jane remembered to have been told a lot about Mr. Rochester. 12. The children were delighted to have been brought to the circus. 13. I am sorry to have spoilt your mood. 14. Maggie was very sorry to have forgotten to feed the rabbits.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets using necessary form of the Infinitives.

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1. I hate (to bother) you, but the students are still waiting (to give) books for their work. 2. He seized every opportunity (to appear) in public: he was so anxious (to talk) about. 3. Is there anything else (to tell) her? I believe she deserves (to know) the state of her sick brother. 4. He began writing books not because he wanted (to earn) a living. He wanted (to read) and not (to forget). 5. I consider myself lucky (to be) to that famous exhibition and (to see) so many wonderful paintings. 6. He seems (to know) French very well: he is said (to spend) his youth in Paris. 7. The enemy army was reported (to overthrow) the defence lines and (to advance) to­wards the suburbs of the city. 8. The woman pre­tended (to read) and (not to hear) the bell. 9. You seem (to look) for trouble. 10. It seemed (to snow) heavily since early morning: the ground was cov­ered with a deep layer of snow. 11. They seemed (to quarrel): I could hear angry voices from behind the door. 12. Perhaps it would upset her (to tell) the truth of the matter. 13. They are supposed (to work) at the problem for the last two months. 14. The only sound (to hear) was the snoring of grandfather in the bedroom. 15. Her ring was believed (to lose) until she happened (to find) it during the general cleaning. It turned out (to drop) between the sofa and the wall. 16. They seemed (to wait) for ages.

Exercise 5. Translate into English, using necessary form of the Infinitives.

1. Я рад, что рассказал вам эту историю. 2. Я рад, что мне рассказали эту историю. 3. Я хочу познакомить вас с этой артисткой. 4. Я хочу, чтобы меня познакомили с этой артисткой. 5. Я рад, что встретил ее на станции. 6. Я рад, что меня встретили на станции. 7. Мы очень счаст­ливы, что пригласили его на вечер. 8. Мы очень счастливы, что нас пригласили на вечер. 9 Дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки. 10. Я не предполагал останавливаться на этой станции. 11. Я не ожидал, что меня остановят. 12. Я со­жалею, что причинил вам столько беспокойства. 13. Он будет счастлив посетить эту знаменитую картинную галерею. 14 Он был счастлив, что по­сетил эту знаменитую картинную галерею. 15. Он не выносит¹, когда ему лгут. 16. Я вспомнил, что уже встречал это слово в какой-то книге.

Exercise 6. Translate into English, using necessary form of the Infinitives.

1. Мне очень жаль, что я пропустил эту инте­ресную лекцию. 2. Она счастлива, что слышала концерт известного итальянского дирижера. 3. Она рада, что присутствовала на лекции. 4. Он очень доволен, что закончил свою книгу. 5. Им повезло, что они увидели этот прекрасный парк в ясный солнечный день. 6. Наши спорт­смены гордятся тем, что выиграли кубок. 7. Он попросил, чтобы его проводили в актовый зал 8. Я только хочу, чтобы мне позволили помочь вам. 9. Я был благодарен, что мне дали комнату с большим окном. 10. Он был счастлив, что вер­нулся домой. 11. Он был счастлив, что снова дома. 12. Я сожалею, что прервал вас. 13. Я со­жалею, что не застала вас дома. 14. Я рада, что дала вам нужные сведения. 15. Джейн была сча­стлива, что уезжает от миссис Рид. 16. Рочестер Г)мл рад познакомиться с Джейн. 17. Рочестер Пыл рад, что познакомился с Джейн.

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