Файл: The Verb, Basic Forms and Grammar Categories. The Indefinite Tenses.doc

9. THE NUMERALS

The numeral is a part of speech which indicates the exact number or the order of persons and things in a series. Accordingly numerals are divided into cardinals (cardinal numerals) and ordinals (ordinal numerals).



§ 1. Cardinal numerals.

Cardinal numerals indicate exact number, they are used in count­ing. As to their structure, the cardinal numerals from 1 to 12 and 100, 1000, 1,000,000 are simple words (one, two, three, etc., hundred, thousand, million); those from 13 to 19 are derivatives with the suffix -teen (thirteen, fourteen, etc.); the cardinal numerals indicating tens are formed by means of the suffix -ty (twenty, thirty, etc.). The numerals from 21 to 29, from 31 to 39, etc. are composite: twenty-two, thirty-five, etc.

Such cardinal numerals as hundred, thousand, and million may be used with articles (a hundred, a thousand, a million); they may be substantivized and. used in the plural (hundreds, thousands, millions). When used after other numerals they do not take -s (two hundred times, thirty thousand years, etc.). The word million may be used with or without -s (two million, two millions). When the word million is followed by some other cardinal nu­meral only the first variant is possible: two million five hundred inhabitants.

§ 2. Ordinal numerals.

Ordinal numerals show the order of persons and things in a series. With the exception of the first three {first, second, third) the ordinal numerals are formed from cardinal numerals by means of the suffix -th. In ordinal groups only the last member of the group takes the ordinal form: (the) sixty-fifth, (the) twenty-third. Ordinal numerals are generally used with the definite article: (the first, the fifth, the tenth, etc.).

§ 3. Fractional numerals.

In fractional numerals a numerator is read as cardinal, a denominator as a substantivized ordinal: 1/5 – one fifths, ¾ - three fourths.



TEST YOURSELF

1. 
   What are the Numerals?
   
2. 
   What are Cardinal numerals?
   
3. 
   What are simple numerals?
   
4. 
   What are derivatives numerals?
   
5. 
   What are compositenumerals?
   
6. 
   What are substantivized numerals?
   
7. 
   What are Ordinal numerals?
   
8. 
   What are Fractional numerals?
   

Exercise 1. Read and write the following cardinal numerals.

a) 3; 13; 30; 4; 14; 40; 5; 15; 50; 2; 12; 20; 8; 18; 80.

b) 21; 82; 35; 44; 33; 55; 96; 67; 79, 41; 53; 22.

c) 143; 258; 414; 331; 972; 205; 101; 557; 999; 313.

d) 1,582; 7,111; 3,013; 5,612; 2,003; 9,444; 4040.

e) 15,500; 57,837; 45,971; 92,017; 65,331; 11,443.

f) 235,142; 978.218; 106,008; 321,103; 627,344; 552,331.

g) 1,352,846; 4,125,963; 35,756,394; 257,382,761.

Exercise 2. Form, read and write ordinal numerals from the following.

a) 7; 4; 8; 9; 5; 12; 3; 2; 1; 13; 15; 11; 10.

b) 20; 21; 30; 32; 40; 43; 50; 54; 60; 75; 80; 98.

c) 100; 120; 125; 200; 230; 231; 300; 450; 563; 892.

Exercise 3. Read and write the following dates.

17/XII. 1812; 22/IV. 1990; 9/V. 1945; 23/11. 1928; 12/IV. 1961; 27/X. 1977; 30/XI. 1982.

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions.

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1. How much is 17 plus 19? 2. How much is 25 plus 32? 3, How much is 120 plus 205? 4. How much is 13 minus 4? 5. How much is 200 minus 45? 6. How much is 7 multiplied by 8? 7. How much is 42 divided by 6?

Exercise 5. Read and write out in words the following common and decimal fractions.

a) 1/7; 1/5; 1/9; 1/3; 1/12; 1/15; 1/25; 3/8; 2/5; 4/7; 9/23; 3/4; 5/9; 1 3/40; 1 3/5; 2 5/7; 5 1/3; 4 1/6.

b) 3.5; 2.34; 12.3; 52.51; 0.1; 0,25; 0,302,132.054; 5.37; 6.4.

10. Construction “COMPLEX OBJECT”

“Complex Object” is a construction in which the Infinitive (or the Participle) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. Translating this construction into Ukrainian we almost always use a subordinate clause.



The construction “Complex Object” consists of 2 parts:

1. A Noun in the Common Case or a Pronoun in the Objective Case (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) 2. Infinitive with or without particle “to” or Participles.

Subject + Predicate + Complex Object + .. .

I want him to go home.

Я хочу, щоб він пішов додому.

1. The Infinitive is used without particle “to” within “Complex Object”

1) after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice. Egs. I saw Brown enter the room.

2) after the verb “make” in the meaning “заставляти”. Egs. Mother made her daughter eat the soup.

2. The Infinitive can be active or Passive. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II. Egs. I want the work to be done.

3. Participle I and II can be used instead of the infinitives.

Egs. I want to have my hair cut. I saw her entering the classroom.



TEST YOURSELF

1. 
   What is “Complex Object”?
   
2. 
   How many parts does it consist of?
   
3. 
   What is the first part?
   
4. 
   What is the second part?
   
5. 
   In what way is it translated into Ukrainian?
   

Exercise 1. Underline Complex Object. Translate from English into Ukrainian.

1. Our grandmother wanted the children to bring her some water from the river. 2. Kate wanted her classmates to come to her birthday party. 3. He knows my mother to be a very kind woman. 4. I expect him to understand your problem and help you. 5. I like the children to smile. 6. The teacher made her write this exercise. 7. The rain made us come back. 8. I believe him to know my address. 9. She saw him walking in the garden. 10. I have never seen her play chess. 11. If you want things done well, do them yourself. 12. Would you like your luggage carried upstairs?

Exercise 2. Make up sentences with given words using “Complex Object”.

1. to want; to make an appointment.

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Model: I want us to make an appointment for Monday.

2. should/would like, to give up a hobby.

3. to see, play football.

4. to make, eat this porridge.

5. to ask, to do homework.

6. to find, to be a clever man.

7. to hear, sing a song.

8. to watch, smoke a cigarette.

Exercise 3. Translate from Ukrainian into English and use Complex Object.

1) Я хочу, щоб ви прочитали цю книгу. 2) Я не хочу, щоб ти отримав погану оцінку.

3) Він розраховував (to expect), що вчитель похвалить його. 4) Вона знала, що він дуже добра людина. 5) Тату подобається, коли я розмовляю англійською. 6) Він змусив брата стрибнути в воду. 7) Вона бачила, як він читав в саду. 8) Його друзі побачили,як Петро придбав квіти.

9) Я хочу, щоб спальня була готова для моїх друзів. 10) Я не хочу, щоб продивлялися мої папери.

11. Construction “COMPLEX SUBJECT”

is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the com­mon case or a pronoun in the nominative case.

The construction consists of 2 parts:

1) a noun in the com­mon case or a pronoun in the nominative case.

2) the Infinitive or the Participle.

The first and the second parts are always separated by the predicate in the Passive Voice (4 verbs are used in the Active Voice)

The construction is translated into Ukrainian as a complex sentence. The translation starts from the predicate which is rendered as an impersonal main clause.

He is said to know six languages - Говорять, що він знає шість мов

THE USE OF THE SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

Verbs which are used in the Passive Voice with the Construction the Construction is used with the following groups of verbs in the Passive Voice:

1. With verbs denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, etc.

2. With verbs denoting mental activity: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose.

3. With the verb to make.

4. With verbs to say and to report.

Several verbs are used in the Active Voice with the Construction: to appear – зявлятися, to prove – зясовуватися, to happen – статися, to turn out – статися, to seem - здаватися

The Perfect Infinitive is used if the action expressed by the construction is preceded by the action expressed by the predicate. He is said to have gone to London.



TEST YOURSELF

1. 
   What is “Complex Subject”?
   
2. 
   How many parts does it consist of?
   
3. 
   2What is the first part?
   
4. 
   What is the second part?
   
5. 
   In what way is it translated into Ukrainian?
   

Exercises.

Exercise 1. Inderline the Complex Suibject. Translate from English into Russian.

1. He was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicists. 2. Clyde was expected to arrive at the week – end. 3.Many new texts – books are expected to be published soon. 4. His invention is considered to be of great importance. 5. He appeared to be an ideal man. 6. The operation seemed to be a complicated one. 7. The new methods of work appear to be very effective. 8. The language of the article turned out to be quite easy. 9. They appeared to have lost the way. 10. She is not likely to change hear opinion. 11. These two young people are sure to be very good friends. 12. He is sure to give us some useful information. 13. They seem to have heard all about it. 14. Clyde appeared to have forgotten of his promise to spend his evenings with Roberta.

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Exercise 2. Write these sentences with Complex Subject. Translate from Russian into Engish.

It is said that he wants to enter the university.→ He is said to enter the iniversity.

1.It is said that he began to write potries, when he was 6. 2. It seems that you know all the rules.

3. It is said that he made a report in England. 4. It is known that the children like sweets.

5. It seemed that they were kind people. 6. It is known their car was in the exhibition.

Exercise 3. Translate these sentences from Russian into English using the Complex Subject.

1. Новые автобусы оказались очень удобными. 2. Говорят, что эта статья очень интересная.

3. Вы, кажется, устали. 4. Предполагают, что заседание закончиться в 9 часов. 5. Вы, кажется, много читали в школе. 6. Вероятно, что доктор придёт завтра. 7. Считали, что он много работает.

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