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Предназначено для иностранных студентов 1-2 курса ГБОУ ВПО ИГМУ Минздрава России, специальности: 060101 – Лечебное дело, 060103 – Педиатрия, 060201 – Стоматология, 060105 – Медико-профилактическое дело, 060601 – Медицинская биохимия. УДК 611.018(075.8) ББК 28.86я73 © Васильева Л. С., Изатулин В. Г., Иванова Л. А., Украинская Л. А., Колесникова О. В., Крупская Т. В., составлено 2013 © ГБОУ ВПО ИГМУ Минздрава России, 2013
Connective tissues Соединительные ткани (consist of cells and intercellular substance which is more, than cells.)
Собственно соединительные тканиActually connective tissues Скелетные тканиSkeletal tissues ВолокнистаяProper(Collagenic) Со специальными свойствами With special properties ХрящеваяCartilage КостнаяBone Рыхлая неоформленнаяLoose collagen Dense collagen (Плотная) regular type (оформленная) irregular type (неоформленная) reticular (Ретикулярная) adipose (Жировая) mucoid (Слизистая ) hyaline (Гиалиновый) elastic (Эластический) fibrous (Волокнистый ) reticulofibrosus (Ретикулофиброзная) lamellaris (Пластинчатая)Функции соединительных тканей
Опорная (капсулы органов, сухожилии, фасции, скелет) 2. Трофическая (обмен веществ между кровью и клетками) 3. Защитная (механич. защита, прочность органов, фагоцитоз макрофагами, участие в воспалении и иммунном ответе) 4. Кроветворная (микроокруже-ние для клеток гемопоэза) 5. Пластическая (адаптирует к изменяющимся условиям за счёт изменения обмена веществ)Functions of connective tissuesBasic - make capsules of organs, tendons, fascia, skeleton. 2. Trophic – a metabolism between the blood and cells. 3. Protective – a mechanical protection, durability of organs, phagosytosis by macrophages, participates in an inflammation and immunity.4. Hemopoietic - a microenvironment for hemopoiesis cells. 5. Plastic - adapts organs at change of conditions due to change of a metabolism, participates in regeneration. Рыхлая волокнистая соединительная ткань (РВСТ)Loose collagen connective tissue (LCCT)CellsElastic fibersCollagen fibersGround(amorphous) substance It consists of different cells and intercellular substance which is developed by cells called fibroblasts and consists of the ground substance and fibers.The ground (amorphous) substance – a gelly-like colloid system from water, salts and organic substances: glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and proteoglycans.
Glycoproteins
are the proteins connected with oligosaccharines,
connect cells with fibres, happen soluble and insoluble structural,
species-specific.
Proteoglycans are the proteins connected with GAG.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are sour high-polymer
combinations, synthesized by fibroblasts. Distinguish 5 groups of
GAG.
Основное вещество
Ground (amorphous)
Substance contains:
2. Salts (Соли)
1. Water (Вода)
3. Organic substances (Органические вещества) :
glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
(Гликозаминогликаны )
glycoproteins (proteins+oligosaccharines)
(Гликопротеиды)
proteoglycans (proteins + GAG)
(Протеогликаны)
1 гр. – хондроитинсульфаты
А,В,С
2 гр. – дерматансульфаты
3 гр. – кератансульфаты
4 гр. – гепарансульфаты и гепарин
Не сульфатирована, гидрофильна:
5 гр. – гиалуроновая кислота
Сульфатированные, гидрофобные:
Гликозаминогликаны (ГАГ) Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
4 groups are sulfatated,
connected with proteins,
are a part of proteoglycans:
chondroitinsulfats A,B,C,
dermatansulfats,
keratansulfats,
heparansulfats and heparin.
5-th group is not sulfatated:
5) hyaluronic acid
It has the greatest molecular weight,
can be free or
connected with proteins.
GAGs define permeability of a tissue for water and solutions.
Hyaluronic acid is hydrophilic, connects water very well, stimulates a metabolism, phagocytosis, duplication and mobility of cells. There is a lot of it at young organisms.
Chondroitinsulfats are hydrophobic, brake duplication of cells and regeneration; with the years their quantity increases.
Heparin blocks phagocytosis, the metabolism, duplication and mobility of cells, permeability of tissues, coagulability of blood, but activates disintegration of fibrin and fats.
Breach of GAG parity in tissue leads to breach of fiber formation and development of collagenouses (rheumatism, sclerodermia).
Коллагеновые волокна (из белка коллагена)
Collagen fibers (from protein collagen)
Collagenic fibers are
very strong,
oxiphilic,
tape-like,
not anastomose,
lay freely,
slightly twisting.
Collagenic fibers are constructed of tropocollagen-protein which consists of triplets of amino-acids. In each triplet the first amino-acid is glycine, the second - prolin or lysine, the third - anyone in different types of collagen.
Fibroblasts synthesize tropocollagen and secrete it in the intercellular environment. Then it is polymerisated in fibril with participation of acidic GAG, thus the tropocollagen molecules are displaced rather each other on ¼ of length therefore fibrils are cross-striated.
Fibrils are combined collagen fibers having thickness from 1 up to 12 microns.
Fibroblast by means of the shoots creeps along of a fiber and completes it at length and thickness.
Young organism has a lot of hyaluronic acid, therefore a fiber is thin and long.
Old organism has a lot of heparin, therefore fibres is short and thick.
Deficiency of vit.C blockages a tropocollagen formation, that leads to defects of bones, a teeth, healing of wounds, crises of bones.
ФИБРОБЛАСТ
Tropocollagen
Тропоколлаген
Прото-
фибрилла
Образование коллагеновых волокон
Collagen fibers formationFibroblastnucleuscytoplasmIntercellular substanceprotofibrilmicrofibrilfibrilfiberФибрилла (тропоколлаген)Fibril (tropocollagen)tropocollagen molecule Intervals fill in GAG 64 nm
Типы коллагена Types of collagen
1 type - in a connective tissue, bones and a teeth в соединительной ткани, в костях, зубах 2 type - in cartilages and vitreous body of an eye в хрящах, в стекловидном теле глаза3 type - in reticular and loose collagen tissue в ретикулярной и рыхлой соед. ткани4 type - in basement membrane of epithelium в базальных мембранах эпителия5 type - in basement membrane of endothelium в базальных мембранах эндотелияТолстыеволокнаТонкиеволокнаThick fibersThin fibersNow many types of collagen are known and 5 types from them prevail.Reticular fibers(collagen 3 type)Ретикулярные волокна (коллаген 3 типа)nucleous of cells Ядра клеток Impregnation AgNO3 (импрегнация азотнокислым серебром) thickness 1 micron, bunches of collagen 3-rd type, "dressed" in a cover from neutral glycoproteins, not painted by hematoxilin-eosin, but impregnate by silver. are steady against acids, alkalis and enzymes, strong branched, anastomozed, braid cells, a lot of they in stroma of hemopoietic organs, in smooth muscle tissue, mucous layers, basement membranes. Эластические волокна (из белка эластина) Анастомозы волоконElastic fibers (protein elastin)Anastomosis of fibers are more thin and light then collagen fibers, less strong, are well stretched, rectilinear, branching and anastomozing. are painted by orsein, collapse only by elastasa, elasticity is provided by means of derivative amino acids – desmozin and isodesmozin. Клетки соединительной ткани: Фибробласты Тканевые макрофаги 3. Тучные клетки 4. Малодиффе- ренцированные клетки 5. Липоциты 6. Меланоциты 7. Эндотелиоциты 8. Плазмоциты 9. ЛейкоцитыОсновныерезидентныеМалочисленныерезидентныеВ сосудахПриносятся кровью Fibroblasts Histiocytes 3. Labrocytes 4. Little differentiated cells 5. Lipocytes 6. Melanocytes 7. Endotheliocytes 8. Plasmocytes 9. LeucocytesCells of connective tissueare various and mobile :Mainresident cellsNot numerousresidental cellsIn vesselsAre brought by bloodAt the immune answer lymphocytes,, plasmocytes, eosinophils, basophils prevail, at an acute inflammation - neutrophils.Рыхлая волокнистая соединительная ткань Тучные клеткиLabrocytes ЛипоцитLipocytes Плазмоциты Plasmocytes Лейкоциты Leucocytes Капилляры Hemocfpillary Адвентициальная клетка (малодифференцированная)Adventitial cells (little differentiated) ФибробластыFibroblast Фибробласт FibroblastLoose collagen connective tissue Макрофаги Macrophages ПлазмоцитыPlasmocytes Светлый дворикlight court yardLymphocytes, eosinophis, basophils prevalence at the immune answer, neutrophils - at a acute inflammation. Plasmocytes happens at a chronic inflammation, at an allergy. Plasmocytes have: a dense nucleus with arrangement of dense chromatin in the form of spokes in a wheel, basophilic cytoplasm, well developed a rough endoplasmic reticulum, a light court yard about a nucleus (a site where Goldgi’s complex is located). Fibroblasts are builders of a connective tissue. Their main function is synthesis and secretion of the ground substance, collagens and elastin. Mature fibroblast is large cell, d 40-50 microns, with shoots. A nucleus is light oval with nucleolus. Cytoplasm is poorly basophilic, there are well developed ER and inclusions. Outline of a cell is indistinct. Виды фибробластов: Types of fibroblasts: Малодифференцированные 1. Little differentiated (divide and differentiate) Зрелые 2. Mature (40-50 мкм)(builders of a connective tissue) Фиброкласты 3. Fibroclasts (destructors of tissue) Миофибробласты 4. Myofibroblasts (can shorten) Фиброциты 5. Fibrocytes (final form)ФибробластыFibroblastsФиброцитыFibrocytes Митохондрия mitochondrion грЭПС endoplasmic reticulum Комплекс Гольджи Golgi Complex Комплекс Гольджи Golgi Complex грЭПС endoplasmic reticulumТучные клетки – тканевые базофилы (лаброциты) Labrocytes – histiobasophils, mast cells Тучные клеткиLabrocytes АдипоцитыLipocytes ДегрануляцияDegranulation Сосуды Vessels Labrocytes: consist of granules with histamine, heparin etc., influence on properties and functions of a tissue, adjust: - permeability of vessels and tissue, - coagulation of blood, - synthesis of fibers, - participate in an allergy. Макрофаги – гистиоциты Macrophages - histiocytes dense oval nucleus, cytoplasm is foamy, a lot of lysosomes and small vacuoles (foamy). Functions : phagocytosis of bacteria, secretion of lysocim and the enzymes lyzing lost tissue, clarification of an organism from the lost structures, clearing endogenic waters at lipocytes, are A-cells in the immune answer, secretion of cytokins. Бактерии bacteria Псевдоподии макрофага Pseudopodia of macrophage