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G R A M M A R 16 M O D A L VERBS: PRESENT A N D FUTURE

3Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence.

a)We can't be lost. It isn't allowed/I don't believe it.

b)Jane is bound to be late. She always is/She must be.

c)Late-comers are to report to the main office. It's a good idea/It's the rule.

d)You don't have to stay unless it's necessary/if you don't want to.

e)Astronauts must feel afraid sometimes. They're supposed to/It's only natural.

f)You can't come in here. It isn't allowed/I don't believe it.

g)All motorcyclists have to wear crash helmets. It's a good idea/It's the rule.

h)I ought not to tell Jack. It's not a good idea/It's the rule.

i)We should be there soon. I expect so/It's absolutely certain.

j)You'd better leave now. That's my advice/That's an order!

4Complete each sentence so that it contains might, might not, must, mustn't, can or can't. More than one answer may be possible.

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G R A M M A R 16 M O D A L VERBS: PRESENT A N D FUTURE

C)

1) I'm afraid we have to operate.

2) I'm afraid we should operate.

d)

1) Mind out, you could drop it!

2) Mind out! You can drop it!

e)

1) Thanks, but I'd better not!

2) I don't have to, thanks.

f)

1) We must be here for hours!

2) We're bound to be here for hours!

But in formal speech or writing should can be a way of expressing a strong obligation.

Passengers for Gatwick Airport should change at Reading.

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•Needn't have and didn't need to

There is a slight difference between these two forms. Compare: / needn't have arrived at seven.

(I arrived at seven, but it wasn't necessary) / didn't need to arrive at seven.

(we don't know when I arrived - maybe seven or later)

But in everyday speech we often use didn't need to for both cases.

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G R A M M A R 1 7 M O D A L VERBS: PAST

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FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Choose the most suitable response to each comment or question.

a)A: What did I do wrong?

B:1) YOU shouldn't have connected these two wires.

2)You didn't have to connect these two wires.

b)A: Why is the dog barking?

B:1) It should have heard something.

2)It must have heard something.

c)A: Why are you home so early?

B:1) I needn't have worked this afternoon.

2)I didn't have to work this afternoon.

d)A: Why did you worry about me? I didn't take any risks.

B:1) You must have been injured.

2)You could have been injured.

e)A: You forgot my birthday again!

B:1) Sorry, I should have looked in my diary.

2)Sorry, I had to look in my diary.

f)A: We had a terrible crossing on the boat in a storm.

B:1) That didn't have to be very pleasant!

2)That can't have been very pleasant!

g)A: Where were you yesterday? You didn't turn up!

B:1) I had to go to London.

2)I must have gone to London.

h)A: What do you think about the election?

B:1) The Freedom Party had to win.

2)The Freedom Party should have won.

i)A: There's a lot of food left over from the party, isn't there?

B:1) Yes, you couldn't have made so many sandwiches.

2)Yes, you needn't have made so many sandwiches.

j)A: What do you think has happened to Tony?

B:1) I don't know, he should have got lost.

2)I don't know, he might have got lost.

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G R A M M A R 1 7 M O D A L VERBS: PAST

2Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.

a)It wasn't necessary for me to go out after all. have

b)There was a plan for Jack to become manager, but he left. was

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