Файл: Practice with keys.pdf

It and there

It generally refers to something already mentioned. There is used with be to say

that something exists.

There is a good film on tonight. It stars Kim Basinger.

It is also used in some phrases which do not have a grammatical subject.

It's

raining again. It's half past six.

It doesn't matter. It's time to go.

It and adjectives

It is also used in the pattern it + adjective + infinitive/-ing.

It's good to see you. It was nice meeting you.

In informal speech, it and the verb be are often left out.

Good to see you.

Nice meeting you.

One

-

One can be used as a pronoun, and has a plural ones.

I don't like this one. I only like green ones.

• The phrase one another refers to two subjects.

Martin and David can't stand one another.

This means that Martin can't stand David, and David can't stand Martin.

• In normal conversation we use you to refer to anybody.

As you get older you tend to forget things.

But in formal speech and writing we can use one with this meaning. This is

considered over-formal by many speakers.

What does one wear to a dinner of this kind?

It's

not pleasant to

hear oneself described by one's employees.

Someone, everyone,

-

-body can be used instead of -one without a change in meaning.

anyone, somewhere,

-Words

beginning some or any follow the usual patterns for these words, with

etc

any words normally used in questions and after negatives.

There's something under the desk. Can you see anything?

But we can use some in a question if it is an offer or request.

Are you looking for somewhere to stay?

Could someone help me, please?

And we use any in positive statements where we mean it doesn't matter which

or there is no limit to the possibilities.

Please sit anywhere you like.

Anyone who's tall

will do.

What as a pronoun

What can be used as a pronoun meaning the thing(s) that.

What we need is a hammer.

Whatever, whoever,

• These words are used to add emphasis to the question word.

wherever, whenever,

What you are doing? -> Whatever are you doing? (shows more surprise)

why ever, however

• We also use these words to mean any at all.

Whatever you say is wrong! (Anything at all you say ...)

Reflexive

• Reflexive pronouns can be used for emphasis.

pronouns

Why

don't you

do it yourself?

I paid

for the

tickets myself.

Sue cut herself.

I have hurt myself.

Did you enjoy yourself?

But other verbs are not normally used with a reflexive pronoun, even though

they are in other languages. Examples include: change (clothes), complain,

decide, dress, feel, meet, relax, remember, rest, sit down, stand up, wake up, wash,

wonder, worry

Possessives: parts

When we talk about parts of the body we often use a preposition + the rather

of the body

than a preposition + a possessive adjective.

Jack gave Bill a punch on the nose.

I grabbed him by the arm.

Jack punched Bill on the nose.

I looked him in the eyes.

Whoever

stole

the

painting

must

have

been

John

gave

me

a

pat

on

the back.

b) Don't hold a rabbit's ears and pick it up.

by

Don't

the ears.

I'll never be able to look

again.

d) Sue grabbed the thief's arm.

by

Sue

arm.

e)

Helen took the baby's hand.

by

Helen

hand.

f)

The bee stung my arm.

me

The bee

arm.

g)

Somebody gave me a black eye.

punched

Somebody

eye.

h) Jane patted the dog's head.

on

Jane

head.

i)

'It's my arm! I'm hit!' said Billy the Kid.

wounded

'I'm

,' said Billy the Kid.

j)

I felt someone pat my shoulder.

me

I felt someone

shoulder.

a)

The local cinema has a good film on at the moment.

There is

a good film on at the local cinema at the moment.

b)

I can't drink coffee so late at night.

It's

so late at night.

c)

Don't worry if you can't answer all the questions.

It doesn't

all the questions.

d)

The fridge is empty.

There

fridge.

e)

This journey has been tiring.

It

journey.

f)

The station

is far away.

It

station.

g)

Let's have a break now.

It's

for a break now.

h)

I enjoyed seeing you.

It

you.

a)

I like this painting but I don't think much of those

C.

A) rest

B) other C) ones

D) besides

b)

What would

like to do this morning?

A) someone

B) one

C) yourself D) you

c)

Did you enjoy

?

A) at the party

B) the party

C) yourself the party

D) with yourself at the party

d)

nothing much to do in this town.

A) There's

B) It's not

C) There's not

D) It's

e)

you do, don't tell Harry that we've lost his camera.

A) Anything

B) What

C) Whatever

D) It's better

f)

One prefers to shop at Harrods,

?

A) doesn't one

B) isn't it C) don't you

D) isn't one

g)

didn't you tell me that you felt too ill to work?

A) Whoever

B) Whatever

C) However

D) Why ever

h)

Then George punched the police officer

the face!

A) at

B) on

C) to

D) in

i)

Harry shook my hand and said, 'Pleased

you'.

A) to meet

B) to introduce

C) to shake

D) to acquaint

j)

Please invite

you like to the reception.

A) one

B) anyone

C) ones

D) all

Key p o i n t s

1

In some cases,

it

does not refer to another noun. Instead, it stands as a subject

because the phrase does not have a real subject.

It's late.

It's a nice day.

It's five o'clock.

object.

I enjoyed the party.

Martha

cut her finger.

I enjoyed myself.

Martha

cut herself.