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the division of labour, the function of markets, and the international implications of
a laissez-faire economy. "Wealth of Nations" established economics as an autonomous
subject and launched the economic doctrine of free enterprise.
Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market and
still holds true today. He is most often recognized for the expression " the invisible
hand", which he used to demonstrate how self-interest guides the most
efficient use of resources in a nation's economy, with public welfare coming as a
by-product. To underscore his laissez-faire convictions, Smith argued that state
and personal efforts, to promote social good are ineffectual compared to unbridled
market forces.
In 1778 he was appointed to a post of commissioner of customs in Edinburgh,
Scotland. But soon he fell ill and died there on July 17, 1790. At the end
it was discovered that Smith had devoted a considerable part of his income to
numerous secret acts of charity. Smith was the Scottish who became famous for
his influential book "The Wealth of Nations" written in 1776.
A BRITISH PAINTER AND A RUSSIAN SCIENTIST
The first ever Turner exhibition at Moscow’s Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts
was devoted to the 200th anniversary of Turner’s birth (1775-1851).
When one looks at his wonderful paintings, one cannot help thinking about
another man - the great Russian naturalist Kliment Timiryazev. He first saw
Turner’s work in reproduction, and later he went to see his pictures every time
he was in England. “Probably”, Timiryazev said, “there is some sort of an inner
connection between the logic of the explorer of nature and the aesthetic feelings
of those who love nature’s beauty”.
That is why, even though being very busy with his research, Timiryazev,
already well-advanced in years, decided to translate the book of an English art
critic C. L. Hind “Turner”.
Having a deep understanding of the English painter he also wrote a long
preface to the book “Natural Science and the Landscape” which is important
from scientific point of view and added his own comments to the book expressing
his own opinion and disagreeing with the author.
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The translation published in Russia in 1910 was a good present to Russian
readers. It was reprinted in Timiryazev’s collected works published
in 1940.
Timiryazev, who spent his life solving the great mystery – the role of
sunlight in the synthesis of living plant tissue, which means the mystery of life
on earth in general, – was interested in Turner all his life. For light and colour
were for Timiryazev in biology what they are for a painter in art. The study of
these factors has led to new revelations both in botany and art.
Timiryazev was inspired in translating the book by his interest in Russian
art in general and, above all, in landscape painting, because he agreed
with Dmitry Mendeleyev, the outstanding Russian chemist, that “the study
of outer nature helps in making correct assessments of even the inner nature
of man”.
It is known that Turner unfluenced a whole galaxy of Russian painters such
as K. Brullov, I. Aivasovsky, A. Savrasov, etc.
CHARLES DICKENS
Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth on the 7th of February, 1812.
His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. When Dickens was about four
years old his family moved to Chatham. There Dickens went to school. In
his tenth year the family left Chatham and settled down in a mean street in
London. Things went from bad to worse and soon Dickens’s father was imprisoned
for debt and the family home was sold up. Little Charles had to
work at a blacking factory. For two years he never had sufficient to eat. His
poverty, however, brought him into contact with the homes of the very poor,
with their modes of life, their hopes and fears. This was of great value to
him when he became an author. After two years Dickens’s father came into
some money enabling him to leave prison and send Charles to a private
school. After his schooldays he became a clerk in a lawyer’s office and in
his spare time studied shorthand. When he was nineteen he was able to do
some reporting in the House of Commons for newspapers. As a reporter he
often had to go to the country and he described his experiences “on the
road” in many of his novels. In 1833 Dickens published a number of papers
under the title “Sketches by Boz”, but it was in 1836 that he suddenly rose
to fame. A firm of publishers asked Dickens to write some short articles to
illustrate a number of amusing pictures they intended to publish. There was
born the famous “Pickwick Papers”. This book, full of humour, brought him
world-wide fame. Dickens followed up his triumph with a quick succession
of novels, among them “Oliver Twist”, “Nicholas Nickleby”, “The Old Curiosity
Shop”, “Great Expectations”, “Little Dorrit”, “Dombey and Son”,
“David Copperfield” and many others.
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FOOTBALL CRAZY
A lot has changed since the days of one of the greatest English footballers,
Sir Mathews, who died recently at the age of 85. At the top of his career he
earned a maximum of $50 a week. Now players earn up to $20. 000 a week! He
continued playing football until he was fifty years old and was never “booked”.
Football is one of the most popular sports in Britain. Children like to start
playing as soon as they are old enough to kick the ball. They begin to follow
their favourite team, either watching on television or going to matches with their
friends and family. Football teams are divided into groups called leagues. The
best teams are in the premier league, the rest are in the first, second, third and
fourth divisions.
Supporters often buy the same shirt and shorts as the players. The styles
change each season so the fans can find it very expensive to keep up.
Footballers are bought and sold by the managers of each team. The premier
league has many international players who are highly paid in Britain. As a result
many footballers have lifestyles similar to film celebrities or pop stars. In fact, two
of the most famous people in Britain today are David Beckham, a footballer who
plays for Manchester United and England, and his wife, Victoria, from the Spice
Girls pop group. Some people have criticized David Beckham for spending more
time on his celebrity lifestyle than on practicing his football skills.
In the World Cup or European matches, the United Kingdom is divided
into four separate countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
There is always great competition when England and Scotland play each other.
Many Scottish fans will support any other team which is playing England, rather
than cheer for their neighbours and fiercest rivals!
HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE
University originated in Europe during the eleventh century, but they were
not the first in the world. Perhaps, the University of Al-Azhar founded in Cairo
in 970 is one of the oldest still operating universities in the world.
European universities developed from monastery schools and their development
took place so slowly that it is difficult to know the point at which they
became universities. Many scholars believe that the oldest European university
is the University of Bologna, Italy. It was founded in the late tenth century, but
it had existed as a low school since 890. The University of Paris developed during
the eleventh century. Many other universities appeared in Europe during the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
These first schools were founded largely to serve the professions. They
provided the first unified teaching of law, medicine and theology. The lessons
were conducted in the Latin language, which the students were to speak even
among themselves.
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The oldest universities in Britain, Oxford and Cambridge, were founded in
the Middle Ages. They have much in common and are, therefore, often spoken
together, and are sometimes called collectively for convenience as Oxbridge.
The word "college" originated later. There were no colleges in those early days
and students' life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all
ages and came from everywhere. When the students began to settle in Oxford in
the 12th century they lived as they could, lodging in inns and with townsfolk, or
grouping themselves together and renting a house for their use. The first college
(Merton College) was founded in 1249 and it was associated only with the residence
for students to lodge. Life in college was strict. Students were not allowed
to play games, to sing or dance, to hunt or even to fish. Later, however, colleges
developed into complete educational institutions.
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Библиографический список
1. Акопова А. С. Методические указания контрольные работы по анг-
лийскому языку для студентов-заочников 3 курса исторического факульте-
та / А. С. Акопова, С. В. Шелковникова. – Ростов на/Д. : Изд-во РГУ, 2002.
– Вып. 6.
2. Андриенко А. Английский язык для студентов неязыковых вузов. –
М. : Феникс, 2007.
3. Базанова Е. М. Английский язык : учебник для студентов неязыко-
вых вузов. Intermediate / Е. М. Базанова, И. В. Фельснер. – М. : Дрофа,
2002.
4. Барникова В. Е. Учебник английского языка для неязыковых фа-
культетов. – М. : Изд-во УРАО, 1999.
5. Блинова С. И. Тесты и контрольные работы по грамматике англий-
ского языка. – СПб. : Союз, 2003.
6. Голицинский Ю. Б. Грамматика английского языка : сборник уп-
ражнений. – М., 2005.
7. Меркулова Е. М. Английский язык для студентов университетов.
Чтение, письменная и устная практика. – СПб. : Изд-во «Союз», 2000.
8. Мыльцева Н. А. Универсальный справочник по грамматике англий-
ского языка / Н. А. Мыльцева, Т. М. Жималенкова. – М., 2001.
9. Орловская И. В. Учебник английского языка для технических уни-
верситетов и вузов / И. В. Орловская, Л. С. Самсонова, А. М. Скубриева. –
М. : МГТУ им. Н. Э. Баумана, 2006.
10. Смирнова Л. В. Контрольные задания по английскому языку для
студентов-заочников / Л. В. Смирнова, С. В. Богачева. – Кострома : КГУ
им. Н. А. Некрасова, 2003.
11. Смирнова Л. В. Практикум по английскому языку для самостоя-
тельной работы студентов. – Кострома : КГУ им. Н. А. Некрасова, 2007.
12. Шепелева Н. Ю. Пособие по английскому языку для самостоя-
тельной работы студентов исторического факультета. – Кострома : КГУ
им. Н. А. Некрасова, 2007.
13. Шепелева Н. Ю. Сборник страноведческих текстов по английско-
му языку. – Кострома : КГУ им. Н. А. Некрасова, 2008.
14. Англо-русские и русско-английские словари.
15. Atzioni H. The Semi Profession and Their Organisation. – N. Y., 2007.
16. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning,
Teaching, Assessment Council of Europe. – Cambridge University Press, 2001.
17. Raymond Murphy Essential Grammar in Use: A self-study reference
and practice book for elementary students of English. – Cambridge University
Press, 1998.
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У ч е б н о е и з д а н и е
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
С о с т а в и т е л и :
Смирнова Людмила Владимировна
Шепелева Наталья Юрьевна
Корректор Л. Г. Чекмарева
Компьютерный набор Т. А. Лукьянец
Подписано в печать 15.04.2011
Формат 60 х90/16
Уч.-изд. л. 2,4
Тираж 100 экз.
Изд. № 55
Костромской государственный университет им. Н. А. Некрасова
156961, Кострома, ул. 1 Мая, 14