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Imaujvdh\Zy dZf_jZ h[eZ^Z_l [hevrbf [ukljh^_ckl\b_f \ hlebqb5. _ hl dZf_ju <bevkhgZ Imaujvdh\Zy dZf_jZ hlebqZ_lky hl dZf_ju <bevkhgZ l_f qlh \ g_c \f_klh i_j_kus_ggh]h iZjZ ijbf_gy_lky i_j_]j_lZy \ur_ lhqdb dbi_gby `b^dhklv
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§59. |
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1. |
Hiul aZdexqZ_lky \ bkke_^h\Zgbb \aZbfh^_ckl\by α qZklbp k |
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y^jZfb Zlhfh\ ZahlZ E_lysZy k [hevrhc kdhjhklvx α qZklbpZ ijb |
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ihiZ^Zgbb \ y^jh ZlhfZ ZahlZ |
\u[b\ZeZ ba g_]h |
y^jh ZlhfZ |
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\h^hjh^Z dhlhjh_ J_a_jnhj^ gZa\Ze ijhlhghf |
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2. |
H lhf qlh \ j_amevlZl_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by α qZklbp k y^jZfb Zlhfh\ |
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ZahlZ h[jZah\Zebkv y^jZ dbkehjh^Z b \h^hjh^Z |
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3. |
Y^jh ZlhfZ \h^hjh^Z 1 |
bgZq_ gZau\Z_lky |
ijhlhghf b |
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h[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehf 11 p beb p. |
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4. |
Ij_^iheh`_gb_ h lhf qlh ijhlhgu \oh^yl \ khklZ\ y^jZ ex[h]h |
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ZlhfZ |
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§60. |
1. |
Y^jZ Zlhfh\ bf_xl [hevrmx fZkkm q_f kmfZ fZkk khklZ\eyxsbo |
bo ijhlhgh\ Wlh [ueh mklZgh\e_gh hiulguf iml_f b ^Z_l iheZ]Zlv |
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qlh ihfbfh ijhlhgh\ \ khklZ\ y^jZ \oh^yl dZdb_ lh ^jm]b_ qZklbpu |
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2. |
Wlh ij_^iheh`_gb_ [ueh \ukdZaZgh Wjg_klhf J_a_jnhj^hf \ ] |
3. |
>`_cfk Q_^\bd \ ] |
4. |
M g_cljhgh\ hlkmlkl\m_l aZjy^ ihkdhevdm hg g_ hldehgy_lky |
we_dljbq_kdbf b fZ]gblguf ihe_f FZkkm hij_^_ebeb ba |
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dhebq_kl\_gguo oZjZdl_jbklbd \aZbfh^_ckl\by g_cljhgZ k ^jm]bfb |
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qZklbpZfb |
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5. |
G_cljhg h[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehf 01n beb n _]h fZkkZ ihqlb jZ\gZ |
g_fgh]h [hevr_ fZkk_ ijhlhgZ |
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§61. |
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1. |
Gmdehgu |
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2. |
FZkkh\uf qbkehf gZau\Z_lky qbkeh gmdehgh\ \ |
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y^j_ ZlhfZ |
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FZkkh\h_ qbkeh h[hagZqZ_lky [md\hc :. |
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3. |
FZkkh\h_ qbkeh jZ\gh k lhqghklvx ^h p_euo qbkem Zlhfguo |
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^bgbp fZkku kh^_j`Zsboky \ fZkk_ ZlhfZ |
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4. |
Qbkeh ijhlhgh\ \ Zlhf_ h[hagZqZ_lky |
[md\hc Z |
b |
gZau\Z_lky |
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aZjy^h\uf qbkehf |
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5. |
I_j_^ kbf\hehf kgbam |
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32
AZjy^h\h_ qbkeh jZ\gh aZjy^m y^jZ \ujZ`_gghfm \ we_f_glZjguo we6. _dljbq_kdbo aZjy^Zo AZjy^h\h_ qbkeh ZlhfZ jZ\gh _]h ihjy^dh\hfm ghf_jm \ lZ[ebp_ F_g^_e__\Z
A a^_kv O ²kbf\he obfbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ 7. QbkehZ X g_cljhgh\ \ y^j_ h[hagZqZxl [md\hc
8. N.
9. A = Z + N.
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§62. |
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1. |
Bahlhiu ² we_f_glu k h^bgZdh\ufb |
aZjy^Zfb y^_j |
gh |
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jZaebqgufb fZkkZfb |
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2. |
Y^jZ bahlhih\ h^gh]h we_f_glZ bf_xl h^bgZdh\uc aZjy^ |
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3. |
JZagu_ bahlhiu h^gh]h we_f_glZ kh^_j`Zl jZagh_ dhebq_kl\h |
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g_cljhgh\ |
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4. |
M \h^hjh^Z _klv ljb bahlhiZ ijhlbc 1 |
^_cl_jbc 2 |
), |
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1 |
1 |
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ljblbc 3 |
). |
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5. |
Ihlhfm qlh fZkkZ Zlhfh\ \uqbkey_lky dZd kj_^g__ agZq_gb_ fZkk |
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\k_o _]h bahlhih\ |
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§63. |
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1. |
FZkkZ ZlhfZ mf_gvrZ_lky gZ Z aZjy^ _]h y^jZ²gZ |
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2. |
GZijbf_j 22688 Rd → 22286 Rn +24 He . |
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3. |
Y^jh jZ^hgZ kh^_j`bl gZ ijhlhgZ f_gvr_ q_f y^jh jZ^by |
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4. |
Ijb |
α jZkiZ^_ h[jZam_lky gh\uc |
obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl |
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ihjy^dh\uc ghf_j |
dhlhjh]h |
\ |
lZ[ebp_ |
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F_g^_e__\Z f_gvr_ |
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bkoh^gh]h gZ |
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5. |
Ijb |
β jZkiZ^_ baemqZ_lky we_dljhg b |
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Zglbg_cljbgh H^bg |
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g_cljhg \ y^j_ ijb lZdhf jZkiZ^_ ij_\jZsZ_lky \ ijhlhg we_dljhg |
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b Zglbg_cljbgh |
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6. |
Ijb |
β jZkiZ^_ h[jZam_lky gh\uc obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl |
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ihjy^dh\uc ghf_j |
dhlhjh]h |
\ |
lZ[ebp_ |
F_g^_e__\Z [hevr_ |
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bkoh^gh]h gZ |
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7. |
G_l ihlhfm qlh fZkkh\h_ qbkeh jZ\gh qbkem gmdehgh\ Z wlh |
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qbkeh ijb β jZkiZ^_ g_ f_gy_lky |
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8. |
>ey α jZkiZ^Z A X |
→ A−4 Y+4 He . |
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Z |
Z −2 |
2 |
0~ . |
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>ey β jZkiZ^Z A X → |
AY+ |
0e+ |
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Z |
+1 |
−1 |
0 |
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9. |
α b β jZkiZ^ qZklh khijh\h`^Z lky γ baemq_gb_f |
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33
§64.
<hagbdZe \hijhk h lhf ihq_fm y^jZ g_ jZkiZ^Zxlky gZ hl^_evgu_ gmdehgu1. ih^ ^_ckl\b_f we_dljhklZlbq_kdbo kbe hllZedb\Zgby f_`^m iheh`bl_evgh aZjy`_ggufb gmdehgZfb Bkoh^y ba wlh]h mq_gu_ ijbreb d aZdexq_gbx qlh f_`^m gmdehgZfb y^jZ ^_ckl\mxl kbeu ijbly`_gby ^jm]hc ijbjh^u
Kbeu ijbly`_gby f_`^m gmdehgZfb \ y^j_ gZau\Zxlky y^_jgufb Bo2. hkh[_gghklv khklhbl \ lhf qlh bo ^_ckl\b_ agZqbl_evgh ijhy\ey_lky gZ jZkklhygbyo kjZ\gbfuo k jZaf_jZfb y^jZ ihjy^dZ 10-15 f M`_ gZ jZkklhygbb ihjy^dZ -14 bo ^_ckl\b_ gbqlh`gh fZeh
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§65. |
1. |
Wg_j]b_c k\yab y^jZ gZau\Z_lky fbgbfZevgZy wg_j]by dhlhjmx |
g_h[oh^bfh aZljZlblv gZ jZks_ie_gb_ y^jZ gZ hl^_evgu_ gmdehgu |
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2. |
m = (Zmp + Nmn) – My ]^_ m ² ^_n_dl fZkk Z b N ² qbkeh |
ijhlhgh\ b g_cljhgh\ \ y^j_ khhl\_lkl\_ggh mn b mp ² fZkku |
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ihdhy g_cljhgZ b ijhlhgZ khhl\_lkl\_ggh M ²fZkkZ y^jZ |
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3. |
E0 = mc2 ]^_ E0 ²wg_j]by k\yab y^jZ m ²^_n_dl fZkk k |
²kdhjhklv k\_lZ \ \Zdmmf_
§66.
>_e_gb_ y^_j mjZgZ ijb [hf[Zj^bjh\d_ bo g_cljhgZfb [ueh hldjulh1. \ ] Hllh =Zghf b Njbp_f RljZkkfZghf
Ijb ih]ehs_gbb y^jhf g_cljhgZ hgh ^_nhjfbjm_lky b ijbh[j2. _lZ_l \ulygmlmx nhjfm L d y^_jgu_ kbeu ² dhjhldh^_ckl\mxsb_ lh gZ gmdehgu \ \ulygmlhf y^j_ bo ^_ckl\b_ hkeZ[_\Z_l b gmdehgu jZae_lZxlky ih^ ^_ckl\b_f we_dljhklZlbq_kdbo kbe LZdbf h[jZahf ^_e_gb_ y^jZ fh`_l gZqZlvky lhevdh lh]^Z dh]^Z hgh ^_nhjfbjm_lky ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ih]ehs_ggh]h nhlhgZ
< j_amevlZl_ ^_e_gby y^jZ h[jZamxlky ^\Z hkdhedZ jZgg__ khklZ\eyxsb3. _ y^jh b g_cljhgZ
QZklv \gmlj_gg_c wg_j]bb y^jZ ijb _]h ^_e_gbb i_j_oh^bl \ dbg4. _lbq_kdmx wg_j]bx h[jZah\Z\rboky hkdhedh\ b g_cljhgh\
Dbg_lbq_kdZy wg_j]by hkdhedh\ ijb bo lhjfh`_gbb ij5. _h[jZam_lky \h \gmlj_ggxx wg_j]bx hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u
J_Zdpby ^_e_gb_ y^_j mjZgZ b^_l k \u^_e_gb_f wg_j]bb \ hdjm`Zxsmx6. kj_^m
34
§67.
JZkkfhljbf f_oZgbaf ijhl_dZgby p_ighc j_Zdpbb ^_e_gby y^jZ gZ1. ijbf_j_ bahlhiZ mjZgZ 235 jbk mq_[gbdZ Ijb ^_e_gbb y^jZ ZlhfZ mjZgZ \ j_amevlZl92 U_ aZo\ZlZ g_cljhgZ h[jZamxlky ljb g_cljhgZ >\Z ba gbo \ua\Zeb j_Zdpbx ^_e_gby _s_ ^\mo y^_j mjZgZ ijb wlhf h[jZah\Zehkv q_luj_ g_cljhgZ <gh\v h[jZah\Z\rb_ g_cljhgu \ua\Zeb ^_e_gb_ q_luj_o y^_j mjZgZ ijb wlhf h[jZah\Zehkv ^_\ylv g_cljhgh\ b l ^ LZdbf h[jZahf qbkeh g_cljhgh\ \ dmkd_ mjZgZ eZ\bghh[jZagh jZkl_l k l_q_gb_f \j_f_gb Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh j_adh \hajZklZ_l qbkeh ^_e_gbc y^_j mjZgZ b wg_j]by \u^_eyxsZyky \ _^bgbpm \j_f_gb
Djblbq_kdhc fZkkhc mjZgZ gZau\Z_lky gZbf_gvrZy fZkkZ ijb dhlhjhc2. g_cljhgh\ ihy\b\rboky ijb ^_e_gbb y^_j jZ\gh qbkem ihl_jygguo g_cljhgh\ aZo\Zq_gguo y^jZfb [_a ^_e_gby b \ue_l_\rbo aZ ij_^_eu dmkdZ mjZgZ
?keb fZkkZ mjZgZ f_gvr_ djblbq_kdhc lh j_Zdpby ^_e_gby g_ ijhl3. _dZ_l ba aZ g_^hklZldZ g_cljhgh\
?keb fZkkZ mjZgZ [hevr_ djblbq_kdhc lh p_igZy j_Zdpby ijb\h^bl4. d \aju\m ba aZ j_adh]h m\_ebq_gby qbkeZ k\h[h^guo g_cljhgh\
FZkkZ mjZgZ gZebqb_ hljZ`Zxs_c h[hehqdb gZebqb_ ijbf_k_c aZf5. _^ebl_ev g_cljhgh\
Y^_jguc j_Zdlhj ² wlh mkljhckl\h§68. kihkh[gh_ hkms_kl\eylv mijZ\ey1. _fmx y^_jgmx j_Zdpbx
MijZ\e_gb_ y^_jghc j_Zdpb_c aZdexqZ_lky \ j_]mebjh\Zgbb kdhjhklb2. h[jZah\Zgby g_cljhgh\ lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u bo qbkeh hklZ\Zehkv g_baf_gguf
Hkgh\gu_ qZklb j_ZdlhjZ ^_eys__ky \_s_kl\h y^_jgh_ lhieb\h aZsblgZy3. h[hehqdZ Zdlb\gZy ahgZ hljZ`Zl_ev j_]mebjmxsb_ kl_j`gb l_iehh[f_ggbd
< Zdlb\ghc ahg_ j_ZdlhjZ gZoh^ylky mjZgh\u_ kl_j`gb y\eyxsb4. _ky y^_jguf lhieb\hf j_]mebjmxsb_ kl_j`gb ih]ehsZxsb_ g_cljhgu \h^Z kem`ZsZy aZf_^ebl_e_f g_cljhgh\ b l_iehghkbl_e_f
>ey lh]h qlh[u \ h^ghf kl_j`g_ p_ighc j_Zdpbb g_ ijhbkoh^beh5. Wlh ^_eZ_lky jZ^b [_ahiZkghklb
J_]mebjmxsb_ kl_j`gb gZoh^ykv iheghklvx \ Zdlb\ghc ahg_ ih]ehsZxl6. g_cljhgu b p_igZy j_Zdpby b^lb g_ fh`_l >ey aZimkdZ
35
j_Zdpbb j_]mebjmxsb_ kl_j`gb \u\h^yl ba Zdlb\ghc ahgu ^h l_o ihj ihdZ g_ gZqg_lky p_igZy j_Zdpby
<lhjZy nmgdpby \h^u ihfbfh aZf_^e_gby g_cljhgh\ ² l7. iehghkbl_ev hl\h^ysbc l_ieh
<h \lhjhf dhglmj_ iZj h[jZah\Z\rbc \ af__\bd_ \jZsZ_l lmj[bgm8. dhlhjZy ijb\h^bl d \jZs_gbx jhlhjZ ]_g_jZlhjZ we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ AZl_f hljZ[hlZgguc iZj ihklmiZ_l \ dhg^_gkZlhj ]^_ ij_\jZsZ_lky \ \h^m AZl_f pbde ih\lhjy_lky LZdbf h[jZahf g_ij_ju\gh \ujZ[Zlu\Z_lky we_dljbq_kdbc lhd
Ijb ihemq_gbb we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ gZ Zlhfguo we_dljhklZgpbyo ijhbkoh^yl9. ke_^mxsb_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby wg_j]bb <gmlj_ggyy wg_j]by Zlhfguo y^_j mjZgZ ijb ^_e_gbb qZklbqgh i_j_oh^bl \ dbg_lbq_kdmx wg_j]bx g_cljhgh\ b hkdhedh\ G_cljhgu b hkdhedb jZae_lZykv k [hevrhc kdhjhklvx ihiZ^Zxl \ \h^m Ijb wlhf bo dbg_lbq_kdZy wg_j]by qZklbqgh i_j_oh^bl \h \gmlj_ggxx wg_j]bx \h^u Ijb wlhf \h^Z gZ]j_\Z_lky b ijhoh^y q_j_a l_iehh[f_ggbd i_j_^Z_l wg_j]bx \h^_ gZoh^ys_cky \ af__\bd_ ij_\jZsZy __ \ iZj l _ \gmlj_ggyy wg_j]by \h^u i_j_oh^bl \h \gmlj_ggxx wg_j]bx iZjZ Z aZl_f \ _]h dbg_lbq_kdmx AZl_f iZj \jZsZ_l lmj[bgm dhlhjZy ijb\h^bl d \jZs_gbx jhlhjZ ]_g_jZlhjZ we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ l _ dbg_lbq_kdZy wg_j]by iZjZ i_j_oh^bl \ dbg_lbq_kdmx wg_j]bx jhlhjZ lmj[bgu b jhlhjZ ]_g_jZlhjZ dhlhjZy \ k\hx hq_j_^v i_j_oh^bl \ we_dljbq_kdmx
§69.
< k\yab k [hevrbf jhklhf ihlj_[e_gby we_dljhwg_j]bb
1. <h i_j\uo :WK lj_[m_lky gZfgh]h f_gvr__ dhebq_kl\h lhieb\Z q2. f LWK <h \lhjuo :WK \ f_gvr_c kl_i_gb aZ]jyagyxl hdjm`Zxsmx kj_^m ijb ijZ\bevghc wdkiemZlZpbb q_f LWK
:lhfgZy wg_j]_lbdZ lj_[m_l j_r_gby ke_^mxsbo lj_o hkgh\guo ijh[e3. _f kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ l_ogheh]bc k p_evx mf_gvr_gby h[jZah\Zgby hloh^h\ i_j_jZ[hldZ hloh^h\ b mf_gvr_gb_ hiZkghklb hl jZkijhkljZg_gby \ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_ gZ^_`gZy baheypby hloh^h\ hl hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u
4. Hl\_j`^_gb_ `b^dbo hloh^h\ hkl_deh\Zgb_ hloh^h\
< lhf qlh \ha^_ckl\b_ §70. b emq_c gZ `b\mx ldZgv1ijhbkoh^bl. __ bhgbaZpby gZjmrZα- β _l `bagγ _^_yl_evghklv de_lhd ^Zgghc ldZgb qlh hljbpZl_evgh kdZau\Z_lky gZ a^hjh\v_ `b\h]h hj]ZgbafZ
36
2. |
Ih]ehs_gghc ^hahc |
baemq_gby |
gZau\Z_lky ih]ehs_ggZy |
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s_kl\hf wg_j]by bhgbabjmxs_]h baemq_gby jZkkqblZggZy gZ |
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_^bgbpm fZkku Ih]ehs_ggZy ^haZ baemq_gby D hij_^_ey_lky ih |
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nhjfme_ D = |
E |
]^_ ? ² ih]ehs_ggZy \_s_kl\hf wg_j]by m — |
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fZkkZ \_s_kl\Z ?^bgbp_c baf_j_gby ih]ehs_gghc ^hau baemq_gby |
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m |
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1 |
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\ kbkl_f_ KB y\ey_lky ]j_c =j =j |
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3. |
Ijb [hevr_c ^ha_ baemq_gby |
1 |
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4. |
JZagu_ \b^u bhgbabjmxsbo baemq_gbc ijb h^bgZdh\hc |
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ih]ehs_gghc ^ha_ h[emq_gby hdZau\Zxl jZaebqgu_ ih \_ebqbg_ |
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[bheh]bq_kdb_ wnn_dlu \ |
`b\hf hj]Zgbaf_ GZijbf_j |
ijb |
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h^bgZdh\hc ih]ehs_gghc ^ha_ [bheh]bq_kdbc wnn_dl hl |
α- |
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baemq_gby ijbf_jgh \ jZa [hevr_ q_f hl γ baemq_gby |
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5. |
Dhwnnbpb_gl dZq_kl\Z baemq_gby ihdZau\Z_l \h kdhevdh jZa |
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[hevr_ jZ^bZpbhggZy hiZkghklv hl \ha^_ckl\by gZ `b\hc hj]Zgbaf |
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^Zggh]h \b^Z baemq_gby |
ih kjZ\g_gbx k |
γ baemq_gb_f |
ijb |
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h^bgZdh\uo ih]ehs_gguo ^haZo Dhwnnbpb_gl dZq_kl\Z baemq_gby |
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^ey α baemq_gby jZ\_g ^ey β- γ b j_gl]_gh\kdh]h baemq_gby² |
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6. |
Wd\b\Ze_glgZy ^haZ baemq_gby [ueZ \\_^_gZ \ k\yab k l_f qlh |
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1. |
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ijb h^bgZdh\hc ih]ehs_gghc ^ha_ baemq_gby jZaebqgu_ \b^u |
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baemq_gbc \uau\Zxl jZaebqgu_ [bheh]bq_kdb_ wnn_dlu |
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Wd\b\Ze_glgZy ^haZ baemq_gby H \uqbkey_lky |
dZd ijhba\_^_gb_ |
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ih]ehs_gghc ^hau D |
gZ dhwnnbpb_gl dZq_kl\Z D: H = DK ?_ |
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_^bgbp_c baf_j_gby y\ey_lky ab\_jl A\ |
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7. |
Qm\kl\bl_evghklv |
jZaebqguo ldZg_c `b\h]h hj]ZgbafZ |
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hij_^_ey_lky dhwnnbpb_glhf jZ^bZpbhggh]h jbkdZ \j_fy |
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h[emq_gby |
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8. |
Hl \ha^_ckl\by gZ |
`b\hc hj]Zgbaf jZ^bhZdlb\guo baemq_gbc |
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ijbf_gyxlky ki_pbZevgZy h^_`^Z jZaebqgu_ aZsblgu_ m[_`bsZ |
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JZ^bhZdlb\gu_ ij_iZjZlu ke_^m_l ojZgblv |
\ ki_pbZevguo |
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aZsblguo dhgl_cg_jZo h[uqgh k\bgph\uo |
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§72.
L_jfhy^_jghc j_Zdpb_c gZau\Z_lky j_Zdpby kebygby e_]dbo y^_j ijb1. hq_gv \ukhdhc l_fi_jZlmj_ ihjy^dZ khl_g fbeebhgh\ ]jZ^mkh\ Ijhl_dZgb_ l_jfhy^_jguo j_Zdpbc \hafh`gh lhevdh ijb hq_gv \ukhdbo2. l_fi_jZlmjZo l d g_h[oh^bfh ijb^Zlv y^jZf ^hklZlhqgh [hevrmx dbg_lbq_kdmx wg_j]bx ^ey bo k[eb`_gby gZ hq_gv fZeu_
jZkklhygby ijb dhlhjuo \hafh`gh bo kebygb_
37
3. Kebygb_ e_]dbo y^_j
4. |
21 H+31 |
→ 24 He+01n . |
5. |
Hkgh\gZy ljm^ghklv ijb hkms_kl\e_gbb l_jfhy^_jghc j_Zdpbb |
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aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh[u m^_j`Zlv \ukhdhl_fi_jZlmjgmx ieZafm |
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\gmljb mklZgh\db ?keb ieZafZ dhkg_lky kl_ghd mklZgh\db \ |
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dhlhjhc hgZ gZoh^blky lh hgb jZkieZ\ylky b ij_\jZlylky \ iZj |
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6. |
< j_amevlZl_ l_jfhy^_jguo j_Zdpbc ijhl_dZxsbo gZ Khegp_ |
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\u^_ey_lky wg_j]by g_h[oh^bfZy ^ey `bagb gZ A_fe_
38
MijZ`g_gby
MijZ`g_gb_
Fh`gh \ h[hbo kemqZyo l d jZaf_jZfb Z\lhfh[bey ijb ^Zgguo gZqZevguo1. mkeh\byo fh`gh ij_g_[j_qv
<k_ aZ\bkbl hl mkeh\bc aZ^Zq dhlhju_ gm`gh j_rblv ^bki_lq_jm b2.iZkkZ`bjm
Ih\_joghklv A_feb
3. IjZ\ b fZevqbd b ^_\hqdZ FZevqbd \u[jZe kbkl_fm hlkq_lZ k\yaZggmx4. k a_fe_c ^_\hqdZ²k dj_kehf dZjmk_eb
Z hlghkbl_evgh A_feb [ hlghkbl_evgh \h^u \ hlghkbl_evgh A5. feb ] hlghkbl_evgh hkb dhe_kZ ^ hlghkbl_evgh A_feb
MijZ`g_gb_
1. Ijhc^_gguc imlv 2. Ijyfhebg_cgh
MijZ`g_gb_
1.
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s |
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x\ = xk |
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+ s\o |
= 10 df + (–2 df) = 8 df; |
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O |
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xf = xk |
+ sfo |
df df |
df |
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2. Z o0 |
f [ sto = s1o + s2o |
f ±f |
f |
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\ xt = o0 + sto f f |
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MijZ`g_gb_ |
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1. =jZnbd fh^mey \_dlhjZ kdhjhklb g_ fh`_l gZoh^blvky ih^ hkvx |
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Ot ihkdhevdm fh^mev \_dlhjZ kdhjhklb \k_]^Z iheh`bl_e_g =jZnbd |
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ijh_dpbb \_dlhjZ kdhjhklb fh`_l gZoh^blvky ih^ hkvx Ot, |
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ihkdhevdm agZd aZ\bkbl ijh_dpbb \_dlhjZ kdhjhklb hl \u[hjZ |
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kbkl_fu dhhj^bgZl |
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2. |
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vx, |
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80 |
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60 |
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t |
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–90 |
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39