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Þ.Ï. Êîëîíòàºâñüêèé, À.Ã. Ñîñêîâ
ÅËÅÊÒÐÎͲÊÀ
³
̲ÊÐÎÑÕÅÌÎÒÅÕͲÊÀ
Çà ðåäàêö³ºþ
äîêòîðà òåõí³÷íèõ íàóê, ïðîôåñîðà
À.Ã. Ñîñêîâà
Çàòâåðäæåíî
̳í³ñòåðñòâîì îñâ³òè ³ íàóêè Óêðà¿íè
ÿê ï³äðó÷íèê
äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â âèùèõ íàâ÷àëüíèõ çàêëàä³â
Äðóãå âèäàííÿ
Êè¿â «Êàðàâåëà» 2009
ÓÄÊ 621.38(075.8)
ÁÁÊ 31.2
Ê45
Ðåöåíçåíòè:
Æåìåðîâ Ã.Ã.,
äîêòîð òåõí³÷íèõ íàóê, ïðîôåñîð êàôåäðè
ïðîìèñëîâî¿ ³ á³îìåäè÷íî¿ åëåêòðîí³êè
Íàö³îíàëüíîãî òåõí³÷íîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó «Õàðê³âñüêèé ïîë³òåõí³÷íèé ³íñòèòóò»;
Êîíîíîâ Á.Ò.,
çàñëóæåíèé ä³ÿ÷ íàóêè ³ òåõí³êè Óêðà¿íè, äîêòîð òåõí³÷íèõ íàóê,
ïðîôåñîð êàôåäðè åëåêòðîïîñòà÷àííÿ
Õàðê³âñüêîãî â³éñüêîâîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó.
Ê45 Êîëîíòàºâñüêèé Þ.Ï., Ñîñêîâ À.Ã.
Åëåêòðîí³êà ³ ì³êðîñõåìîòåõí³êà: ϳäðó÷íèê. 2-å âèä. / Çà ðåä. À.Ã. Ñîñêî-
âà. Ê.: Êàðàâåëà, 2009. 416 ñ.
ISBN 966-8019-38-5
Ðîçãëÿíóòî ïðèíöèï 䳿, õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, ïàðàìåòðè òà îáëàñò³ çàñòîñó-
âàííÿ åëåêòðîííèõ íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâèõ ïðèëàä³â; ïîáóäîâó òà ðîáîòó ïðè-
ñòðî¿â ³íôîðìàö³éíî¿ åëåêòðîí³êè: ï³äñèëþâà÷³â íàïðóãè çì³ííîãî òà ïî-
ñò³éíîãî ñòðóì³â, ³ìïóëüñíèõ ³ öèôðîâèõ ïðèñòðî¿â, âèêîíàíèõ íà îñíîâ³
äèñêðåòíèõ åëåìåíò³â òà ³íòåãðàëüíèõ ì³êðîñõåì; ïðèñòðî¿â åíåðãåòè÷íî¿
åëåêòðîí³êè: âåíòèëüíèõ âåäåíèõ ìåðåæåþ òà àâòîíîìíèõ ïåðåòâîðþâà÷³â;
íàâåäåíî ìåòîäèêè ðîçðàõóíêó îñíîâíèõ âóçë³â åëåêòðîííèõ ïðèñòðî¿â.
Äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â, ÿê³ íàâ÷àþòüñÿ çà íàïðÿìêàìè «Åëåêòðîìåõàí³êà» òà
«Åëåêòðîòåõí³êà». Ìîæå áóòè êîðèñíèì íåñïåö³àë³ñòàì ó ãàëóç³ åëåêòðî-
í³êè äëÿ ñàìîîñâ³òè.
ÓÄÊ 621.38(075.8)
ÁÁÊ 31.2
© Êîëîíòàºâñüêèé Þ.Ï., Ñîñêîâ À.Ã., 2009
ISBN 966-8019-38-5
© Âèäàâíèöòâî «Êàðàâåëà», 2009
Çàòâåðäæåíî ̳í³ñòåðñòâîì îñâ³òè ³ íàóêè Óêðà¿íè
ÿê ï³äðó÷íèê äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â âèùèõ íàâ÷àëüíèõ çàêëàä³â,
ÿê³ íàâ÷àþòüñÿ çà íàïðÿìêàìè
«Åëåêòðîìåõàí³êà» òà «Åëåêòðîòåõí³êà»
(ëèñò ¹ 14/18.2-2321 â³ä 22.01.2004)
3
Çì³ñò
ÏÅÐÅÄÌÎÂÀ ........................................................................................................ 9
ÂÑÒÓÏ ................................................................................................................ 10
ÐÎÇÄ²Ë 1. Ô²ÇÈ×Ͳ ÎÑÍÎÂÈ ÐÎÁÎÒÈ ÍÀϲÂÏÐβÄÍÈÊÎÂÈÕ
ÏÐÈËÀIJ ........................................................................................ 17
1.1. Íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêè. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³ .......................................................... 17
1.2. Ô³çè÷í³ îñíîâè ðîáîòè åëåêòðîííî-ä³ðêîâîãî ïåðåõîäó (p-n ïåðåõîäó) ..... 20
Êîíòðîëüí³ çàïèòàííÿ ......................................................................................... 23
ÐÎÇÄ²Ë 2. ÍÀϲÂÏÐβÄÍÈÊβ ÏÐÈËÀÄÈ ÒÀ ¯Õ ÑÒÈÑËÀ
ÕÀÐÀÊÒÅÐÈÑÒÈÊÀ ........................................................................ 24
2.1. Êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâèõ ïðèëàä³â ................................................ 24
2.2. Íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâ³ ðåçèñòîðè ...................................................................... 24
2.3. Íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâ³ ä³îäè ............................................................................... 25
2.4. Á³ïîëÿðí³ òðàíçèñòîðè ................................................................................. 31
2.4.1. Ïîáóäîâà òà ïðèíöèï 䳿 òðàíçèñòîðà ................................................ 31
2.4.2. Îñíîâí³ ñõåìè âìèêàííÿ ³ ñòàòè÷í³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè
á³ïîëÿðíîãî òðàíçèñòîðà ................................................................... 34
2.4.3. Á³ïîëÿðíèé òðàíçèñòîð ÿê àêòèâíèé ÷îòèðèïîëþñíèê
(h-ïàðàìåòðè)...................................................................................... 39
2.4.4. Îñíîâí³ ðåæèìè ðîáîòè á³ïîëÿðíîãî òðàíçèñòîðà .......................... 41
2.4.5. Ñêëàäåí³ òðàíçèñòîðè .......................................................................... 44
2.4.6. Îäíîïåðåõ³äíèé òðàíçèñòîð ............................................................... 46
2.5. Óí³ïîëÿðí³ (ïîëüîâ³) òðàíçèñòîðè ............................................................... 47
2.5.1. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³ ............................................................................... 47
2.5.2. Ïîëüîâ³ òðàíçèñòîðè ç êåðóþ÷èì p-n ïåðåõîäîì............................. 47
2.5.3. ѲÒ-òðàíçèñòîðè .................................................................................. 51
2.5.4. Ïîëüîâ³ òðàíçèñòîðè ç ³çîëüîâàíèì çàòâîðîì (ÌÄÍ-òðàíçèñòîðè) ... 52
2.5.5. Á³ïîëÿðí³ òðàíçèñòîðè ç ³çîëüîâàíèì çàòâîðîì (ÁÒ²Ç) .................... 54
2.6. Ïåðåìèêàþ÷³ íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâ³ ïðèëàäè (òèðèñòîðè) .............................. 56
2.6.1. Äèí³ñòîðè ............................................................................................ 57
2.6.2. Òðèí³ñòîð (êåðîâàíèé ä³îä) ................................................................ 59
2.6.3. Ñïåö³àëüí³ òèïè òèðèñòîð³â (ñèì³ñòîð, ôîòîòèðèñòîð,
äâîîïåðàö³éíèé òèðèñòîð, îïòðîííèé òèðèñòîð)............................. 63
2.6.4. Åëåêòðîñòàòè÷í³ òèðèñòîðè ................................................................ 65
2.6.5. Çàï³ðíèé òèðèñòîð ç ÌÎÍ-êåðóâàííÿì ............................................ 66
4
2.7. ²íòåãðàëüí³ ì³êðîñõåìè ................................................................................ 66
2.7.1. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³................................................................................ 66
2.7.2. óáðèäí³ ²ÌÑ ....................................................................................... 67
2.7.3. Íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâ³ ²ÌÑ ....................................................................... 69
2.7.4. Ïðèçíà÷åííÿ ³ ïàðàìåòðè ²ÌÑ ........................................................... 69
2.8. Ñó÷àñíèé ñòàí ³ òåíäåíö³¿ ðîçâèòêó êåðîâàíèõ ñèëîâèõ
íàï³âïðîâ³äíèêîâèõ ïðèëàä³â ....................................................................... 72
Êîíòðîëüí³ çàïèòàííÿ ......................................................................................... 81
ÐÎÇÄ²Ë 3. ϲÄÑÈËÞÂÀײ ÅËÅÊÒÐÈ×ÍÈÕ ÑÈÃÍÀ˲Â.
ϲÄÑÈËÞÂÀײ ÍÀÏÐÓÃÈ Ç̲ÍÍÎÃÎ ÑÒÐÓÌÓ ........................ 83
3.1. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³ ïðî ï³äñèëþâà÷³ òà ¿õ êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ ............................... 83
3.2. Îñíîâí³ ïàðàìåòðè ³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ï³äñèëþâà÷³â ................................... 85
3.3. Ïðèíöèïè ïîáóäîâè ï³äñèëþâà÷³â .............................................................. 87
3.4. Îñíîâí³ ðåæèìè (êëàñè) ðîáîòè ï³äñèëþâà÷³â ........................................... 89
3.5. Êîëà çì³ùåííÿ ï³äñèëþþ÷èõ êàñêàä³â ......................................................... 90
3.6. Òåìïåðàòóðíà ñòàá³ë³çàö³ÿ ï³äñèëþâà÷³â ...................................................... 92
3.7. Êàñêàäè ïîïåðåäíüîãî ï³äñèëåííÿ ................................................................ 94
3.7.1. Êàñêàä ïîïåðåäíüîãî ï³äñèëåííÿ íà á³ïîëÿðíîìó òðàíçèñòîð³ ç ÑÅ ... 94
3.7.2. ϳäñèëþþ÷èé êàñêàä ç ÑÊ (åì³òåðíèé ïîâòîðþâà÷) ............................ 99
3.7.3. ϳäñèëþþ÷èé êàñêàä ç ÑÁ................................................................... 101
3.8. Êàñêàäè ïîïåðåäíüîãî ï³äñèëåííÿ íà ïîëüîâèõ òðàíçèñòîðàõ .................. 103
3.8.1. ϳäñèëþþ÷èé êàñêàä ç ÑÂ................................................................. 103
3.8.2. ϳäñèëþþ÷èé êàñêàä ç ÑÑ................................................................. 105
3.8.3. Çâîðîòí³ çâÿçêè ó ï³äñèëþâà÷àõ ...................................................... 107
3.9. Áàãàòîêàñêàäí³ ï³äñèëþâà÷³ ....................................................................... 111
3.9.1. Áàãàòîêàñêàäí³ ï³äñèëþâà÷³ ç ðåçèñòèâíî-ºìí³ñíèìè
ì³æêàñêàäíèìè çâÿçêàìè ................................................................ 111
3.9.2. Áàãàòîêàñêàäí³ ï³äñèëþâà÷³ ç òðàíñôîðìàòîðíèìè çâÿçêàìè ....... 114
3.9.3. Áåçòðàíñôîðìàòîðí³ âèõ³äí³ êàñêàäè ï³äñèëåííÿ ............................ 118
3.9.4. Âèá³ðêîâ³ ï³äñèëþâà÷³ ....................................................................... 120
Êîíòðîëüí³ çàïèòàííÿ ....................................................................................... 122
ÐÎÇÄ²Ë 4. ϲÄÑÈËÞÂÀײ ÏÎÑÒ²ÉÍÎÃÎ ÑÒÐÓÌÓ ..................................... 123
4.1. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³ ...................................................................................... 123
4.2. ϳäñèëþâà÷ ïðÿìîãî ï³äñèëåííÿ ............................................................... 124
4.3. Áàëàíñí³ ÏÏÑ .............................................................................................. 126
4.4. Äèôåðåíö³éíèé ÏÏÑ ................................................................................. 128
4.5. ϳäñèëþâà÷³ ç ïîäâ³éíèì ïåðåòâîðåííÿì ................................................. 129
5
4.6. Îïåðàö³éí³ ï³äñèëþâà÷³ ............................................................................. 129
4.6.1. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³ ............................................................................. 129
4.6.2. ²íâåðòóþ÷èé ï³äñèëþâà÷ .................................................................. 136
4.6.3. Íå³íâåðòóþ÷èé ï³äñèëþâà÷ .............................................................. 138
4.6.4. Ïåðåòâîðþâà÷ ñòðóìó ó íàïðóãó..................................................... 139
4.6.5. ²íâåðòóþ÷èé ñóìàòîð ....................................................................... 140
4.6.6. Íå³íâåðòóþ÷èé ñóìàòîð ................................................................... 140
4.6.7. ²íòåãðóþ÷èé ï³äñèëþâà÷ (³íòåãðàòîð) .............................................. 142
4.6.8. Äèôåðåíö³þþ÷èé ï³äñèëþâà÷ (äèôåðåíö³àòîð) .............................. 143
4.6.9. Êîìïàðàòîðè (ñõåìè ïîð³âíÿííÿ) ...................................................... 143
4.6.10. ϳäñèëþâà÷ çì³ííîãî ñòðóìó íà ÎÏ ç îäíîïîëÿðíèì æèâëåííÿì... 144
4.6.11. Çá³ëüøåííÿ ïîòóæíîñò³ âèõ³äíîãî ñèãíàëó ÎÏ ................................ 145
4.6.12. Ïðåöèç³éíèé âèïðÿìëÿ÷ .................................................................. 145
Êîíòðîëüí³ çàïèòàííÿ ....................................................................................... 147
ÐÎÇÄ²Ë 5. ²ÌÏÓËÜÑͲ ÏÐÈÑÒÐί ................................................................. 148
5.1. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³ ïðî ³ìïóëüñí³ ïðèñòðî¿. Ïàðàìåòðè ³ìïóëüñ³â .......... 148
5.2. Åëåêòðîíí³ êëþ÷³ òà íàéïðîñò³ø³ ñõåìè ôîðìóâàííÿ ³ìïóëüñ³â ............. 151
5.3. Ìóëüòèâ³áðàòîðè ........................................................................................ 154
5.3.1. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³ ............................................................................. 154
5.3.2. Ìóëüòèâ³áðàòîð ç êîëåêòîðíî-áàçîâèìè çâÿçêàìè
ó àâòîêîëèâàëüíîìó ðåæèì³ ............................................................ 155
5.3.3. Ìóëüòèâ³áðàòîð íà ÎÏ ..................................................................... 160
5.3.4. Îäíîâ³áðàòîð ç êîëåêòîðíî-áàçîâèìè çâÿçêàìè
(÷åêàþ÷èé ìóëüòèâ³áðàòîð) ............................................................. 162
5.3.5. Îäíîâ³áðàòîð íà ÎÏ ......................................................................... 164
5.4. Áëîê³íã-ãåíåðàòîðè .................................................................................... 165
Êîíòðîëüí³ çàïèòàííÿ ....................................................................................... 170
ÐÎÇÄ²Ë 6. ËÎò×Ͳ ÅËÅÌÅÍÒÈ ..................................................................... 171
6.1. Àëãåáðà ëîã³êè ............................................................................................ 171
6.2. Ðåàë³çàö³ÿ ïðîñòèõ ëîã³÷íèõ ôóíêö³é. Ëîã³÷í³ åëåìåíòè .......................... 173
Êîíòðîëüí³ çàïèòàííÿ ....................................................................................... 178
ÐÎÇÄ²Ë 7. ÒÐÈÃÅÐÈ ......................................................................................... 179
7.1. Çàãàëüí³ â³äîìîñò³ ïðî òðèãåðè òà ¿õ ïðèçíà÷åííÿ ................................... 179
7.2. Òðèãåð íà á³ïîëÿðíèõ òðàíçèñòîðàõ
(ñèìåòðè÷íèé òðèãåð ç ë³÷èëüíèì çàïóñêîì) .......................................... 179
7.3. Òðèãåðè íà ëîã³÷íèõ åëåìåíòàõ ................................................................. 182