Файл: Кочуров Геоэкология - экодиагностика и эколого-хозяйственный анализ территории.pdf

;BDhqmjh\ 

=?HWDHEH=BY 

wdh^bZ]ghklbdZbwdheh]h-

ohayckl\_gguc[ZeZgkl_jjblhjbb 

1999 

Kh^_j`Zgb_ 

<<?>?GB?                                                                                        
Q:KLVWDH>B:=GHKLBD:L?JJBLHJBB 

H;SB?IHEH@?GBY                                                                                                            

WDHEH=BQ?KD:YHP?GD:L?JJBLHJBB                                                                       

Hkgh\gu_ihgylby                      

Ijbjh^gh-eZg^rZnlgZy^bnn_j_gpbZpbyl_jjblhjbb 

:gZebaZgljhih]_gghcgZ]jmadb 

DJBL?JBBHP?GDBWDHEH=BQ?KDBOIJH;E?F     

BKBLM:PBC                                                                                 

DE:KKBNBD:PBYWDHEH=BQ?KDBOIJH;E?F 

BKBLM:PBC                                                                                             

WDHEH=BQ?KDH?D:JLH=J:NBJH<:GB?                     

Kh\j_f_ggh_khklhygb_wdheh]bq_kdh]h 

dZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgby 

KhklZ\e_gb_dZjlwdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbc                              

HP?GD:WDHEH=BQ?KDHCKBLM:PBB<JHKKBB 

B<KHIJ?>?EVGUO=HKM>:JKL<:O                                                   

HIJ?>?E?GB?WDHEH=BQ?KDB;?>KL<?GGUO 

L?JJBLHJBC                                                                                    

IJH=GHABJH<:GB?WDHEH=BQ?KDBOKBLM:PBC                                  

Dhfie_dkgZykbkl_fZijh]ghabjh\Zgby 

wdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbc 

Ijh]ghawdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbbgZl_jjblhjbb 

Jhkkbbbkhij_^_evguo]hkm^Zjkl\ 

J_]bhgZevgucijh]ghawdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbb 

GhjfZlb\gucijh]ghawdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbb 

Q:KLVIIWDHEH=H-OHAYCKL<?GGUC;:E:GKL?JJBLHJBB 

H[sb_iheh`_gby 

L_jjblhjbZevguc[ZeZgkkbkl_fZihdZaZl_e_c 

Ijbjh^gh-Zgljhih]_ggu_kbkl_fu-]_hwdhkhpbhkbkl_fu 

EZg^rZnlgh_ieZgbjh\Zgb_bmkljhckl\hl_jjblhjbb 

Bggh\Zpbhggu_wdheh]bq_kdbhjb_glbjh\Zggu_ijh_dlub 

mklhcqb\h_jZa\blb_j_]bhgh\ 

Ijbjh^gu_dZ^Zklju-bgnhjfZpbhggZyhkgh\ZmijZ\e_gby 

ijbjh^hihevah\Zgb_f 

A:DEXQ?GB?                                                                                   

EBL?J:LMJ:                                                                                     

=?HWDHEH=BQ?KDBCKEH<:JV                                               

<<?>?GB? 

< hkgh\m mq_[gh]h ihkh[by ih ]_hwdheh]bb ho\Zlu\Zxs_c __ hkgh\gu_

jZa^_eu - wdh^bZ]ghklbdm b wdheh]h-ohayckl\_gguc [ZeZgk wdh[ZeZgk iheh

`_gdmjke_dpbcdhlhjucgZijhly`_gbbjy^Ze_lk]qblZ_lkyklm^_g

lZf ]_h]jZnbq_kdbo _kl_kl\_ggh-]_h]jZnbq_kdbo wdheh]bq_kdbo  nZdmevl_lh\

mgb\_jkbl_lh\ i_^Z]h]bq_kdbo bgklblmlh\ b mgb\_jkbl_lh\ Fhkd\u JyaZgb

;_e]hjh^ZKfhe_gkdZZlZd`_kemrZl_eyfbgklblmlh\bnZdmevl_lh\ih\ur_

gbyd\ZebnbdZpbb\lhjh]hh[jZah\ZgbybkhpbZevghcjZ[hluFhkd\uI_jfb

;_j_agbdh\ 

Ihy\e_gb_ gZklhys_c jZ[hlu k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h lhf qlh wdheh]bq_kdb_

ij_^klZ\e_gby \ gZmd_ b h[s_kl\_ b wdheh]baZpby kh\j_f_ggh]h h[jZah\Zgby

ijhgbdZxl\k_]em[`_ho\Zlu\Zxlgh\u_kn_juq_eh\_q_kdhc^_yl_evghklbb

klZgh\ylkyijbhjbl_lgufb\jZa\blbbq_eh\_q_kdhcpb\bebaZpbb 

P_evdmjkZ-^Zlvp_ehklgh_ij_^klZ\e_gb_h]_hwdheh]bbdZdbgl_]jZpbb

^\mo gZmd - ]_h]jZnbb b wdheh]bb bamqZxs_c ijhkljZgkl\_ggh-\j_f_ggu_

hkh[_gghklb\aZbfh^_ckl\by h[s_kl\Zb ijbjh^ubihdZaZlv]_h]jZnbq_kdmx

dZjlbgmijhy\e_gbywdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_fbkblmZpbcgZl_jjblhjbbJhkkbbb

kljZgKG=Djhf_lh]h\Z`gufy\ey_lkyihdZaZlvqlhwdheh]bq_kdZyhp_gdZb

dZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgb_-wlhbgnhjfZpbhggZyhkgh\Z^eymklhcqb\h]hwdheh]bq_kdb

[_ahiZkgh]hjZa\blby 

Hkgh\gu_aZ^ZqbdmjkZ 

- 

hagZdhfe_gb_kihgylbyfb ijbgpbiZfbbf_lh^Zfbwdheh]b

q_kdhchp_gdbbdZjlh]jZnbjh\Zgbyy\eyxsbfbky]eZ\gufbkhklZ\

gufbqZklyfb]_hwdheh]bb 

- 

bamq_gb_gZb[he__hkljuowdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_fk\yaZgguo

kZgljhih]_ggufbbaf_g_gbyfbijbjh^ghckj_^u 

- 

hp_gdZbijh]ghawdheh]bq_kdhckblmZpbbgZl_jjblhjbbJhk

kbbbkhij_^_evguo]hkm^Zjkl\ 

- 

ijbgpbiu b hkgh\Zgby \u^_e_gby wdheh]bq_kdb [_^kl\_gguo

l_jjblhjbc 

- 

^Zlv ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[ wdheh]h-ohayckl\_gghf [ZeZgk_ l_jjb

lhjbb 

- 

eZg^rZnlgh_ieZgbjh\Zgb_bmkljhckl\hl_jjblhjbb 

- 

bggh\Zpbhggu_ijhp_kkubj_r_gb_wdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_f 

- 

^Zlvk\_^_gbyhdZ^ZkljZoijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\ 

LZdbfh[jZahfkh^_j`Zgb_mq_[gh]hdmjkZhljZ`Z_lhjb_glZpbxwdheh

]bq_kdh]hh[jZah\ZgbygZj_r_gb_wdheh]bq_kdboijh[e_fgZih^]hlh\dmki_

pbZebklh\kihkh[guoj_rZlvwlbijh[e_fu 

Ij_^eh`_gbybih`_eZgbyijbkueZcl_ihZ^j_km 

Fhkd\ZKlZjhfhg_lguci_jBgklblml]_h]jZnbbJ:G 

Q:KLVWDH>B:=GHKLBD:L?JJBLHJBB 

H;SB?IHEH@?GBY 

 
Ijh^he`Zxs__ky mom^r_gb_ khklhygby hdjm`Zxs_c ijbjh^ghc kj_^u

^_]jZ^Zpbyijbjh^guokbkl_f`bag_h[_ki_q_gbyZlZd`_\hagbdgh\_gb_g_]Z

lb\guol_g^_gpbc\wdhghfbq_kdhfjZa\blbbbf_^e_ggu_hl\_lgu_^_ckl\by

h[s_kl\Zijb\_ebdj_ZevghchiZkghklbwdheh]bq_kdh]h[_^kl\by 

<gZklhys__\j_fyfbjh\h_khh[s_kl\hijbagZ_lgZebqb_gZA_fe_djZcg_

g_[eZ]hihemqghc wdheh]bq_kdhc h[klZgh\db Wlh ih^l\_j^beZ <lhjZy dhgn_

j_gpby HHG ih hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_ b jZa\blbx Jbh-^_-@Zg_cjh  gZ

dhlhjhc ijyfh ]h\hjbehkv qlh q_eh\_q_kl\h \iehlgmx ijb^\bgmehkv d \ha

fh`ghklbwdheh]bq_kdhcdZlZkljhnu 

:gZeh]bqgZykblmZpbygZ[ex^Z_lkyb\JhkkbbHlkmlkl\mxlq_ldb_kljZ

l_]bq_kdb_blZdlbq_kdb_hjb_glbjuih\u\h^mkljZgubhl^_evguoj_]bhgh\

ba djZcg_  g_[eZ]hijbylghc wdheh]bq_kdhc kblmZpbb GZaj_eZ hkljZy g_h[oh

^bfhklv baf_g_gby kljZl_]bb jZa\blby j_]bhgh\ i_j_hjb_glZpbb bo k [_am

^_j`gh]hbkihevah\Zgbyijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\bwg_j]bb\_^ms_]hdmgbqlh`_

gbx hkgh\ `bag_h[_ki_q_gby gZ mklhcqb\mx kbkl_fm  ijbjh^hihevah\Zgby

Wlhihlj_[h\Zeh\k\hxhq_j_^vkf_guwdheh]bq_kdhciZjZ^b]fugZjm[_`_;;

b ;;, \_dh\ hl dhgp_ipbb hojZgu ijbjh^u ]hkih^kl\mxs_c gZ ijhly`_gbb

ihke_^gbo ^_kylbe_lbc ddhgp_ipbb [_ahiZkghklbb jbkd-dhgp_ipbbgZijZ\

e_gguogZjZajZ[hldmkbkl_fuwdheh]bq_kdhc[_ahiZkghklbbaZsblugZk_e_gby

bijb_fe_fh]hjbkdZ 

<gZklhys__\j_fyhq_gvjZkijhkljZg_ggufy\e_gb_f\kZfuojZaebqguo

kn_jZo `bagb \ lhf qbke_ b \ h[jZah\Zgbb klZeZ wdheh]baZpby K h^ghc

klhjhgu\wlhfijhy\ey_lky\k_\hajZklZxs__\gbfZgb_q_eh\_q_kdh]hh[s_

kl\Zdwdheh]bq_kdbfijh[e_fZfk^jm]hc\hagbdZ_lhiZk_gb_dZd[ug_ijh

n_kkbhgZevgufih^oh^hfg_bkdZablvkms_kl\hkZfh]h\hijhkZ>_eh\lhfqlh

\ h^ghqZkv_ fgh]b_ klZeb gZau\Zlv k_[y wdheh]Zfb iehoh ij_^klZ\eyy q_f

aZgbfZ_lkywdheh]bydZdgZmdZbklhjbx__\hagbdgh\_gbybjZa\blby 

<k\yabkbaeh`_ggufg_h[oh^bfhhij_^_eblvdhfie_dkgucbkbgl_lbq_

kdbc oZjZdl_j wdheh]bbb__ ijh[e_f gZijZ\e_gghklv wdheh]bq_kdh]h h[jZah

\Zgbybijb\_klb\khhl\_lkl\b_ihgylbcgh-l_jfbgheh]bq_kdbcZiiZjZl 

AZjh^b\rbkv \ g_^jZo [bheh]bb [bheh]bq_kdZy  wdheh]by [bhwdheh]by

knhjfbjh\ZeZkv dZd gZmdZ h aZdhghf_jghklyo \aZbfh^_ckl\by [bheh]bq_kdbo

kbkl_fkhdjm`Zxs_ckj_^hc>Zevg_cr__jZa\blb_wdheh]bbijb\_ehdh[jZah

\Zgbxwdheh]bbq_eh\_dZbkhpbZevghcwdheh]bblh_klvbamq_gbx\aZbfh^_c

kl\bykhkj_^hcjZaebqguokhpbZevguokbkl_f 

M]_h]jZnbb\k\yabkwdheh]baZpb_cgZmdbihy\bebkv[eZ]hijbylgu_i_j

ki_dlb\ug_ lhevdh khojZgblv k\hbihabpbbgh b ij_\jZlblvky\[eb`Zcr_f

[m^ms_f \ gZmdm kbgl_lbq_kdmx hibjZykv ij_`^_ \k_]h gZ g_h[uqZcgmx _f

dhklvihgylbywdheh]byJ_qvb^_lhkhojZg_gbbhdjm`Zxs_cq_eh\_dZijb

jh^ghckj_^ukh\k_fb__k\hckl\ZfbbjZaghh[jZab_fZbamq_gb_ijhkljZgkl

\_ggh-\j_f_gguo Zki_dlh\ \aZbfh^_ckl\by h[s_kl\Z b ijbjh^u g_ihkj_^kl

\_gghhlghkblkydkn_j_]_h]jZnbbAZ^Zqbf_klhbjhev]_h]jZnbb\j_r_gbb

wdheh]bq_kdbo ijh[e_f \ gZmqghc ebl_jZlmj_ \ ^hklZlhqghc kl_i_gbjZkkfhl

j_gu <i_j\u_ h[jZlbe \gbfZgb_ gZ jhev ]_h]jZnbq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc \ j_

r_gbb wdheh]bq_kdbo ijh[e_f ZdZ^_fbd <;KhqZ\Z >@ :dZ^_fbd

GI=_jZkbfh\ >@hij_^_ebewdheh]bq_kdbcih^oh^\dZq_kl\_h[s_gZmq

gh]h ^ey \k_o dhgkljmdlb\guo ]_h]jZnbq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc := BkZq_gdh

>@ kqblZ_l qlh ]_h]jZnby [hevr_ ^jm]bo gZmd ih^]hlh\e_gZ d jZajZ[hld_

wdheh]bq_kdhcdhgp_ipbb 

Kl_q_gb_f\j_f_gbwdheh]bq_kdbcijbgpbi\]_h]jZnbbklZeaZ\h_\u\Zlv

\k_[he__rbjhdb_ihabpbbb\i_j\mxhq_j_^vijbbkke_^h\Zgbb[bhluwdh

kbkl_f[bhp_gljbq_kdbcih^oh^beZg^rZnlh\wdheh]byeZg^rZnlh\Ijb

f_gbl_evghdihke_^g_fmhg[he__ba\_kl_gdZd]_hp_gljbq_kdbcih^oh^>jm

]hc\Z`ghcjZagh\b^ghklvxwdheh]bq_kdh]hijbgpbiZy\ey_lkyZgljhihp_gljb

q_kdbcZgljhihwdheh]bq_kdbcih^oh^dh]^ZjZkkfZljb\Z_lky\aZbfh^_ckl\b_

q_eh\_dZkhdjm`Zxs_cijbjh^ghckj_^hc 

H[t_^bg_gb_ mkbebc ]_h]jZnbb b wdheh]bb ^ey j_r_gby ijh[e_f hdjm

`Zxs_cijbjh^ghckj_^uZlhqg__ijhkljZgkl\_ggh-\j_f_gguohkh[_gghkl_c

\aZbfh^_ckl\byhj]Zgbafh\b\lhfqbke_q_eh\_dZkhkj_^hc\ua\Zehihy\

e_gb_ l_jfbgZ ]_hwdheh]by b _]h rbjhdh_ lhedh\Zgb_ < gZklhys__ \j_fy

^hklZlhqghih^jh[ghjZkkfhlj_gukmlvbnhjfu]_hwdheh]bq_kdboij_^klZ\e_

gbc \ gZmd_ dhlhju_ \ agZqbl_evghc kl_i_gb hkgh\u\Zxlky gZ kbkl_fguo b

Zgljhihwdheh]bq_kdboih^oh^Zo\]_h]jZnbbjZajZ[Zlu\Z_fuo\ihke_^gb_-

e_l 

<hlebqb_hlwdheh]bb\]_h]jZnbbb]_hwdheh]bbq_eh\_djZkkfZljb\Z_l

ky\khpbZevghcdmevlmjghcwdhghfbq_kdhcl_ogh]_gghckj_^Zobnhjfbjm_

fuo bfb ]_hkbkl_fZo ]_hwdhkhpbhkbkl_fZo qlh l_kgh k\yau\Z_l ]_hwdheh

]bx k khpbZevghc wdheh]b_c bkke_^mxs_c hlghr_gby f_`^m h[s_kl\hf b

hdjm`Zxs_ckj_^hc=jZgbpuf_`^mgbfbq_ldhg_h[hagZq_gublhevdhijb

f_gy_fuc]_h]jZnbq_kdbcl_jjblhjbZevgucih^oh^iha\hey_l\g_klbhij_^_

e_ggmxykghklv 

G_h[oh^bfh kh]eZkblvky k <KIj_h[jZ`_gkdbf dhlhjuc ]h\hjbl h ]_h

wdheh]bbdZd]b[jb^_^\mofZl_jbgkdbogZmd-]_h]jZnbbbwdheh]bbbqlh

ihkl_i_ggh gZqbgZ_l \ujbkh\u\Zlvky g_dhlhjh_ gh\h_ ^h -80-o ]h^h\ ;;

\_dZajbfhg_\uy\ey\r__kyh[s__bkke_^h\Zl_evkdh_ihe_k\h_h[jZagucwdh

lhg gZmqguo bgl_j_kh\ > k@ LZdbf ³bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbf ihe_f´ fh`_l

klZlvZgZebawdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbc-]_h]jZnbywdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbc 

< jZfdZo ]_hwdheh]bb ]_h]jZnby wdheh]bq_kdbo kblmZpbc ^he`gZ aZgb

fZlvky jZajZ[hldhc p_ehklghc kbkl_fu ijhkljZgkl\_ggh-\j_f_ggh]h ZgZebaZ

wdheh]bq_kdbo ijh[e_fbkblmZpbcijbqbgbo\hagbdgh\_gbyl_jjblhjbZev

gh]h jZkij_^_e_gby b \ul_dZxsbo ba ZgZebaZ kihkh[h\ bo deZkkbnbdZpbb

hp_gdbbdZjlh]jZnbjh\ZgbyZlZd`_hij_^_e_gb_fiml_cj_r_gbywdheh]bq_

kdboijh[e_f<ijbdeZ^ghfieZg_]_h]jZnbxwdheh]bq_kdbokblmZpbcfh`gh

jZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdk\h_h[jZagmxwdh^bZ]ghklbdml_jjblhjbbdhlhjZygZijZ\

e_gZ gZ \uy\e_gb_ b bamq_gb_ ijbagZdh\ oZjZdl_jbamxsbo kh\j_f_ggh_ b

h`b^Z_fh_ khklhygb_ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u wdhkbkl_f b eZg^rZnlh\ Z lZd`_

jZajZ[hldm f_lh^h\ b kj_^kl\ h[gZjm`_gby ij_^mij_`^_gby b ebd\b^Zpbb

g_]Zlb\guowdheh]bq_kdboy\e_gbcbijhp_kkh\ 

<hijhkudijZdlbdmfm