Drugs-addiction has a very wide range. All types of people get addicted to drugs. Drug addicts are to be round among the young and the old, men and women, students and sportsmen, actors and singers, writers and poet. drugs-addiction is more common in big cities than in small towns. A recent survey has revealed that twenty-five percent of the youth of our country are drug-addicts. No collage hostel or university campus is free from the abuse. It has become a fashion to take drugs. They are available in every hostel. There are secret agents who carry on the illicit trade of supplying drugs. They throw dust into the eyes of the law and dig the graves of the youth of our country.

Drugs abuse has become a fashion among the young people. There are parties where drugs are several. Those who refuse to take the pill or powder are looked down upon. Women claim equality with men in the use of drugs. Some pretend that they take drugs to forget the worries of the world. Some try them for fun and soon become addicts. Youngsters use them out of curiosity. Some try them out of a sense of adventure. In fact, there is no valid reason for taking drugs. A person soon becomes an addict. A drug addict cannot do without the drugs. He pines for it day and night. If he fails to get it in time, he suffers from pangs, fits and convulsions. His body and mind stop working. He is unable to think and act. There is no energy left in his body and his will power become week. The addict becomes a physical, mental, moral and financial wreak.

Opium, hashish, heroin, cocuine, morphia and brown sugar are some of the common narcotic drugs. All of them have harmful effect on the body and mind. drugs-addicts are lazy and lathargic people. They are mentally ill. They become too much dependent on drugs. They are lost to the world and the world is lost to them. They become desperate, when they do not get the supply of drugs. In such a state, they can rob, steal and commit any crime in order to get a dose of the drugs. Bright and brilliant youngmen and women waste there talents in their craze for drugs. they ruin their lives and shatter the hopes of their parents.

Drug-trafficking is a profitable business carried on by international gangs of smugglers. They promise their business by encouraging the youth to take drugs. They popularise the drugs to make more and more money. They have highly influential people at their back. They carry on this illicit trade without any fear. Money makes the mare go. Bribe saves them from harm. They cross international borders and carry the drugs from one country to another. They keep up the supply line at great personal risk. These drug dealers are death dealer. They have their distribution points in towns and cities. Sometimes they are caught and killed in encounters. Often they get off scot free because they pay regular allowance to the police. Drug-traffickers carry on their nefarious activities with the knowledge and connivance of the police. Our police is expert in turning a blind eye to such things.

Mahatma Gandhi ( an Indian men who fight with peace and love ) dreamed of an India or world which would be free from the curse of drinks and drugs. There should be no room for drugs in the land of the Buddha, Guru Nanak and Mahatma Gandhi. Drug smuggling must be stopped at all costs. Drastic action should be taken against drug trafficker . Mere laws cannot solve the problem. An awareness against narcotic drugs should be created among the people parents can also play a vital role in checking this malady. They most come closer to their children and understand their problems. They must give a lot of love and affection to the children for which they crave. Neglected children turn to drugs. Mass media can also play a constructive role by means of a regular compaign against this evil. No big gun behind the drug smugglers should be spared. Only then India and world will be free from the evil of drugs-addiction.

Task 3

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)

The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the Parties to the Treaty,

Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security of peoples,

Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war, In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider dissemination of nuclear weapons,

Undertaking to co-operate in facilitating the application of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities,

Expressing their support for research, development and other efforts to further the application, within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system, of the principle of safeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissionable materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain strategic points,

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Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Parties to the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-weapon States,

Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty are entitled to participate in the fullest possible exchange of scientific information for, and to contribute alone or in co-operation with other States to, the further development of the applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes,

Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measures in the direction of nuclear disarmament,

Urging the co-operation of all States in the attainment of this objective,

Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water in its Preamble to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and to continue negotiations to this end,

Desiring to further the easing of international tension and the strengthening of trust between States in order to facilitate the cessation of the manufacture of nuclear weapons, the liquidation of all their existing stockpiles, and the elimination from national arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery pursuant to a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,

Recalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States must refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations, and that the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security are to be promoted with the least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources,

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices.

Article II

Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.

Article III

1. Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to accept safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated and concluded with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Agency’s safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of the fulfilment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a view to preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Procedures for the safeguards required by this Article shall be followed with respect to source or special fissionable material whether it is being produced, processed or used in any principal nuclear facility or is outside any such facility. The safeguards required by this Article shall be applied on all source or special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such State, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere.

2. Each State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to provide: (a) source or special fissionable material, or (b) equipment or material especially designed or prepared for the processing, use or production of special fissionable material, to any non-nuclear-weapon State for peaceful purposes, unless the source or special fissionable material shall be subject to the safeguards required by this Article.

3. The safeguards required by this Article shall be implemented in a manner designed to comply with Article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid hampering the economic or technological development of the Parties or international co-operation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities, including the international exchange of nuclear material and equipment for the processing, use or production of nuclear material for peaceful purposes in accordance with the provisions of this Article and the principle of safeguarding set forth in the Preamble of the Treaty.

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4. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall conclude agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency to meet the requirements of this Article either individually or together with other States in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Negotiation of such agreements shall commence within 180 days from the original entry into force of this Treaty. For States depositing their instruments of ratification or accession after the 180-day period, negotiation of such agreements shall commence not later than the date of such deposit. Such agreements shall enter into force not later than eighteen months after the date of initiation of negotiations.

Article IV

1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty.

2. All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall also co-operate in contributing alone or together with other States or international organizations to the further development of the applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world.

Article V

Each Party to the Treaty undertakes to take appropriate measures to ensure that, in accordance with this Treaty, under appropriate international observation and through appropriate international procedures, potential benefits from any peaceful applications of nuclear explosions will be made available to non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty on a non-discriminatory basis and that the charge to such Parties for the explosive devices used will be as low as possible and exclude any charge for research and development. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall be able to obtain such benefits, pursuant to a special international agreement or agreements, through an appropriate international body with adequate representation of non-nuclear-weapon States. Negotiations on this subject shall commence as soon as possible after the Treaty enters into force. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty so desiring may also obtain such benefits pursuant to bilateral agreements.

Article VI

Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.

Article VII

Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of States to conclude regional treaties in order to assure the total absence of nuclear weapons in their respective territories.

Article VIII

1. Any Party to the Treaty may propose amendments to this Treaty. The text of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary Governments which shall circulate it to all Parties to the Treaty. Thereupon, if requested to do so by one-third or more of the Parties to the Treaty, the Depositary Governments shall convene a conference, to which they shall invite all the Parties to the Treaty, to consider such an amendment.

2. Any amendment to this Treaty must be approved by a majority of the votes of all the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The amendment shall enter into force for each Party that deposits its instrument of ratification of the amendment upon the deposit of such instruments of ratification by a majority of all the Parties, including the instruments of ratification of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any other Party upon the deposit of its instrument of ratification of the amendment.

3. Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order to review the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that the purposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being realised. At intervals of five years thereafter, a majority of the Parties to the Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to the Depositary Governments, the convening of further conferences with the same objective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty.

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Article IX

1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which does not sign the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

3. This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States, the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty, and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of their instruments of ratification. For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967.

4. For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession.

5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or of accession, the date of the entry into force of this Treaty, and the date of receipt of any requests for convening a conference or other notices.

6. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article X

1. Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security Council three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.

2. Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference shall be convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force indefinitely, or shall be extended for an additional fixed period or periods. This decision shall be taken by a majority of the Parties to the Treaty.1

Article XI

This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Depositary Governments. Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized, have signed this Treaty.

DONE in triplicate, at the cities of London, Moscow and Washington, the first day of July, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight.

Translate from Russian into English

Task 1.

ДОГОВОР № 3

НА ПОСТАВКУ ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ

г. ________________ «_____»_____________ 20__ г.

_____________(наименование организации), Россия, именуемом ниже Покупатель, в лице__________ (должность, Ф.И.О.), действующего на основании Устава с одной стороны, и Фирма __________ (наименование фирмы, страна), именуемая ниже Продавец, в лице Главного Представителя _________(ФИО), действующего на основании Устава, с другой стороны, заключили настоящий договор о нижеследующем:

1. Предмет договора

1.1. Продавец продал, а Покупатель купил на условиях _______ (указать место, где будет монтироваться Оборудование) оборудование в соответствии с Приложением No.1, которое является неотъемлемой частью настоящего Договора.

2. Цена и общая стоимость договора

2.1. Общая стоимость оборудования составляет _______долларов США.

2.2. Цена оборудования включает расходы, связанные с экспортной упаковкой, доставкой до ___________, погрузкой, хранением, таможенными пошлинами и таможенной «очисткой» груза в месте назначения, производимой в таможне на складе в г._______ Продавцом.

2.3. Цены являются окончательными и не изменяются в течение действия Договора. Договор вступает в силу после подписания обеими сторонами.

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3. Сроки и условия поставки

3.1. Оборудование по настоящему Договору должно быть поставлено в течение _________ после подписания настоящего договора. Датой поставки считается дата монтажа оборудования Продавцом и письменного уведомления Продавцом Покупателя о готовности передачи оборудования по приемо-сдаточному акту в месте поставки по настоящему договору.

3.2. Особым условием поставки оборудования по настоящему договору является право Покупателя в течение ____ месяцев (начиная с момента поставки по настоящему договору) безвозмездно эксплуатировать поставляемое оборудование в целях исследования его эксплуатационных качеств и выявления потребности в его приобретении. Пользование оборудованием будет осуществляться на основании отдельного договора, который заключается одновременно с настоящим договором и является его неотъемлемой частью.

3.3. Не позднее срока, указанного в п. 3.2 настоящего договора, Покупатель обязан либо вернуть оборудование Продавцу, либо перечислить денежные средства в размере, указанном в п. 2.1 настоящего договора, на банковский счет Продавца. Платежи осуществляются Покупателем по следующим реквизитам: __________.

3.4. Покупатель имеет право в течение срока указанного в п.3.2 настоящего договора отказаться от приобретения оборудования и вернуть его Продавцу. Отказ должен быть выполнен в письменной форме. Если Покупатель в течение срока, указанного в п.3.2 настоящего договора, не заявит об отказе от приобретения оборудования, то это будет свидетельствовать о его готовности оплатить Продавцу договорную цену, и к нему могут быть применены штрафные санкции за просрочку оплаты в соответствии с условиями настоящего договора.

3.5. Письменное уведомление об отказе от приобретения Оборудования направляется Покупателем заказным письмом (телеграммой) по следующим адресам: __________________

4. Переход права собственности

4.1. Право собственности на оборудование переходит от Продавца к Покупателю после перевода последним денежных средств обусловленных настоящим договором на банковский счет Продавца. Риск случайной гибели или порчи оборудования лежит на владельце оборудования.

5. Качество оборудования

5.1. Качество поставляемого оборудования должно полностью соответствовать техническим спецификациям, прилагаемым к настоящему договору.

5.2. Гарантийный срок на поставляемое оборудование составляет _______ с даты поставки.

6. Разногласия и споры

6.1. Все споры, противоречия и разногласия, которые могут возникать между сторонами и/или в связи с настоящим Договором, подлежат окончательному урегулированию арбитражным судом г._________. Вынесенное арбитражным судом решение является окончательным и обязательным для сторон.

6.2. Применимым правом по данному договору является законодательство РФ.

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