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ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
80
ɉɨ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡ
ɥɟɝɤɢɯ
ɜɫɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
(
Ɍ
ɛ
)
ɧɚ
ɬɪɢ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
:
Ⱦ
(
ɞɧɢ
),
ɇ
(
ɧɟɞɟɥɢ
),
Ƚ
(
ɝɨɞɵ
).
Ʉ
ɤɥɚɫɫɭ
Ⱦ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
,
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
-
ɝɨ
, 2-
ɝɨ
ɢ
ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ
3-
ɝɨ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ⱦ
.
ɂ
.
Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ
,
ɫ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɝɨɞɚ
,
ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɢɡ
ɥɟɝɤɢɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɞɢ
,
ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ
,
ɡɨɥɨɬɚ
,
ɰɢɧɤɚ
,
ɤɚɞɦɢɹ
,
ɢɬɬɪɢɹ
,
ɚɤɬɢɧɢɹ
,
ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
.
ɑɟɪɟɡ
ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ
ɬɪɚɤɬ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɵ
(
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ
,
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
,
ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɵ
,
ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɝɚɡɵ
,
ɜɫɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
,
ɤɪɨɦɟ
ɛɟɪɢɥɢɹ
).
ɏɭɠɟ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
,
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɰɢɧɤ
,
ɤɚɞɦɢɣ
ɢ
ɪɬɭɬɶ
(
ɬɚɛɥ
.4-5).
Ɍɚɛɥ
.4-5.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦ
ɬɪɚɤɬɟ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞ
(
ɇ
)
,0
Ɇɟɞɶ
(
ɋ
u)
0,5
Ʉɚɥɢɣ
(
Ʉ
)
,0
ɐɢɧɤ
(Zn)
0,5
Ɋɭɛɢɞɢɣ
(Rb)
,0
ɋɬɪɨɧɰɢɣ
(Sr)
0,3
ɐɟɡɢɣ
(
ɋ
s)
,0
Ʉɚɞɦɢɣ
(Cd)
0,
ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ
(
ɋ
)
,0
Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ
(Au)
0,
Ⱥɡɨɬ
(N)
,0
Ɋɬɭɬɶ
(
ɇ
g)
0,4
Ɏɬɨɪ
(F)
,0
ɋɜɢɧɟɰ
(Pb)
0,2
ɏɥɨɪ
(Cl)
,0
ɉɨɥɨɧɢɣ
(Po)
0,
Ȼɪɨɦ
(Br)
,0
Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ
(Al)
0,005
Ƀɨɞ
(I)
,0
ɐɢɪɤɨɧɢɣ
(Zr)
0,002
Ɋɚɞɨɧ
(Rn)
,0
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɢɣ
(Am)
0,00
ɍɪɚɧ
(U)
0,2
ɉɥɭɬɨɧɢɣ
(Pu)
0,0005
ɉɥɨɯɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɵ
(
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɟɧɟɟ
0,0
)
ɩɨɤɢɞɚɸɬ
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ
ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
-4
ɞɧɟɣ
,
ɧɟ
ɭɫɩɟɜɚɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɞɨɡɵ
ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
(
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
,
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ
,
ɩɹɬɨɣ
,
ɥɚɧɬɚɧɨɢɞɵ
,
ɚɤɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ
).
ɗɬɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɵ
ɢ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɢɯ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ
ɜ
ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦ
ɬɪɚɤɬɟ
.
Ɂɚɬɨ
ɬɚ
ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɩɚɥɚ
ɜ
ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
8
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
,
ɩɨ
ɬɢɩɭ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ
ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨ
ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɬɤɚɧɹɯ
.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɞɥɹ
ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ
ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ
ɥɟɬ
.
ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɠɢ
ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ
ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ
,
ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɯ
ɤ
ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ
ɢ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
,
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
,
ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
,
ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ
ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ
.
ȼɨɞɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ
ɢ
ɠɢɪɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɤɨɠɭ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ
,
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɚ
ɫɨ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
-
ɭ
ɣɨɞɚ
-
3
.
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ
ɜ
ɤɨɠɭ
ɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ
ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɚ
,
ɬɪɢɬɢɹ
ɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
I
ɢ
VI
ɝɪɭɩɩ
.
ȼ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɤɨɠɭ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚ
,
ɱɟɦ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ
.
ɗɬɨ
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ
ɤ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ
III
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
,
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɤɨɠɭ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
,
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɟɟ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ
ɫ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɢ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ
ɞɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ
ɤɨɠɧɵɯ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɜ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ
.
ɋɚɦɵɣ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ
ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɞɟɡɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ
-
ɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɤɨɠɧɵɯ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɨɜ
ɜɨɞɨɣ
ɢ
ɦɨɸɳɢɦɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ
.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
-
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ
ɢ
ɫɬɪɨɝɨɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨ
ɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ
,
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ
ɢ
ɬɤɚɧɹɦ
.
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ
ɢ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɢɡɨɬɨɩɵ
ɨɞɧɢɯ
ɢ
ɬɟɯ
ɠɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ
ɜɟɞɭɬ
ɫɟɛɹ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɨɧɢ
ɜ
ɨɞɧɢɯ
ɢ
ɬɟɯ
ɠɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ
ɢ
ɬɤɚɧɹɯ
.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
:
•
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ
(
ɋ
s-
37,
ɋ
-
4,
ɇ
-3, Ru-
06);
•
ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɣ
(Sr-90, Zr-95,
ɋ
e-
44,
Ɋ
u-239,
Ⱥ
m-24
, Ra-226,Pb-2
0);
•
ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ
(I-
3
);
•
ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɨ
-
ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
(
Ɋ
u-239,
Ⱥ
m-24
, Zn-65, Fe-55);
•
ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ
(U-238, Pb-2
0, Be-7).
ȼ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɟ
.
Ɍɚɤ
,
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ
,
ɟɫɥɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɚ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ
.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ
ɬɢɩ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ
ɞɥɹ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
I
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
, II
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
, III
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Ⱦ
.
ɂ
.
Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ
,
ɡɚ
ɢɫɤɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
82
ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ
,
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɜ
ɩɟɱɟɧɶ
ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ
.
ȼɫɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
II
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɢ
III
ɩɨɛɨɱɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ
-
ɨɫɬɟɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɵ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɥɚɧɬɚɧɨɢɞɵ
ɢ
ɚɤɬɢɧɨɢɞɵ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɨ
ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɨɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɬɢɩɭ
.
Ⱦɥɹ
ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɤɚɤ
ɜɢɫɦɭɬ
,
ɭɪɚɧ
,
ɤɚɞɦɢɣ
,
ɦɵɲɶɹɤ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ
ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ
ɬɢɩ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
.
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ
ɬɢɩɵ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
ɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɬɨɣ
ɞɨɥɢ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ
ɜ
ɤɪɨɜɶ
.
ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ
ɢɧɨɣ
ɬɢɩ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢ
ɢɯ
ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ
.
ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ
(
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɮɚɡɟ
,
ɚ
ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
),
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵ
ɜ
ɥɟɝɤɢɯ
.
ɂɡ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜɵɛɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢ
ɚɜɚɪɢɢ
ɧɚ
ɑȺɗɋ
ɜ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ
ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɝɪɭɩɩɭ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɞɨɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞɨɜ
:
-
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ
-
4 (
ɋ
-
4);
-
ɬɪɢɬɢɣ
(
ɇ
-3);
-
ɰɟɡɢɣ
-
37 (Cs-
37);
-
ɣɨɞ
-
3
(I-
3
);
-
ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɣ
-95 (Zr-95);
-
ɩɥɭɬɨɧɢɣ
-239 (
Ɋ
u-239);
-
ɪɭɬɟɧɢɣ
-
06 (Ru-
06);
-
ɚɦɟɪɢɰɢɣ
-24
(
Ⱥ
m-24
);
-
ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɣ
-90 (Sr-90);
- "
ɝɨɪɹɱɢɟ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
".
-
ɰɟɪɢɣ
-
44 (
ɋ
e-
44);
ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ
-
4.
ɉɨ
ɫɜɨɢɦ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɟɬɚ
-
ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɦ
.
Ɍ
/2
- 5730
ɥɟɬ
.
ȼ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ
ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ
ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ
ɹɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɨɪɭɠɢɹ
ɤɚɤ
ɤɨɫɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞ
ɢ
ɫ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ
Ⱥɗɋ
.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɟɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ
,
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ
ɬɪɚɤɬ
,
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɥɺɝɤɢɟ
.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ
.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɤɨɥɨ
200
ɞɧɟɣ
.
ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ
-
4
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɬɪɚɧɫɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
:
ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɹɫɶ
ɜ
ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬ
,
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ
ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɚɡɨɬ
-
4,
ɱɬɨ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɯ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ
,
ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɱɟɝɨ
ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɞɚ
.
ɗɬɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɪɟɩɚɪɚɰɢɢ
,
ɢ
ɢɯ
ɞɨɥɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
0%
ɨɬ
ɜɫɟɯ
ɦɭɬɚɰɢɣ
.
ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
83
ɐɟɡɢɣ
-
37.
ɉɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ
ɤ
ɛɟɬɚ
-
ɢ
ɝɚɦɦɚ
-
ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦ
.
Ɍ
/2
- 30
ɥɟɬ
.
Ɉɱɟɧɶ
ɥɟɬɭɱ
,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɥ
ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɜ
ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɢ
ɜ
ɦɢɪɟ
ɜ
ɰɟɥɨɦ
.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɟɝɨ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ
.
ȼ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɀɄɌ
.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
-
ɦɨɥɨɤɨ
,
ɦɹɫɨ
,
ɨɜɨɳɢ
.
ɉɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
ɩɨɯɨɠ
ɧɚ
ɤɚɥɢɣ
,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɟɝɨ
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ
.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ
.
ɐɟɡɢɣ
ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ
ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɢ
ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
(
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɺɦɚɦɢ
),
ɧɨ
ɜ
ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ
ɩɨɱɜɚɯ
ɨɧ
ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɟɧ
,
ɬ
.
ɟ
.
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ
ɟɝɨ
ɜ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ
.
ȼ
ɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ
ɢ
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɰɟɡɢɹ
ɢɞɭɬ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟɟ
,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɜ
ɪɵɛɟ
ɨɧ
ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ
.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
:
ɞɥɹ
ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ
-
00
ɞɧɟɣ
,
ɭ
ɞɟɬɟɣ
ɞɨ
5
ɥɟɬ
- 50
ɞɧɟɣ
,
ɞɨ
5
ɥɟɬ
-
20
ɞɧɟɣ
.
ɋɬɪɨɧɰɢɣ
- 90.
Ɋɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ
ɬɢɩɭ
ɛɟɬɚ
-
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ
ɹɞɟɪ
.
Ɍ
/2
- 29
ɥɟɬ
.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ
-
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɢɬɬɪɢɣ
-90,
ɬɨɠɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɟɬɚ
-
ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɦ
,
ɧɨ
ɫ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ
ɩɨɥɭɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ
- 64
ɱɚɫɚ
ɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
.
ɋɬɪɨɧɰɢɣ
-90
ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɥɟɬɭɱ
,
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɥ
ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ
.
Ʉɚɤ
ɢ
ɰɟɡɢɣ
,
ɩɥɨɯɨ
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɱɜɚɦɢ
.
ɂɦɟɹ
ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ
,
ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɣ
ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɜɵɦɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɡ
ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɢ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ
ɜ
ɜɨɞɨɺɦɵ
,
ɝɞɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɝɢɞɪɨɛɢɨɧɬɚɦɢ
.
ɉɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
ɛɥɢɡɨɤ
ɤ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɸ
,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɡɨɧɚɯ
ɪɨɫɬɚ
ɤɨɫɬɟɣ
,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ
ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɥɹ
ɞɟɬɟɣ
.
ɉɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ
ɪɹɞɚ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
:
-
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ
(
ɭ
ɞɟɬɟɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɵɲɟ
);
-
ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ
(
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɥɚɤɬɚɰɢɢ
);
-
ɩɪɢɟɦɚ
ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɚ
D (
ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧ
ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ
);
-
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
Ca;
-
ɩɨɥɚ
(
ɭ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ
ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ
).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ
ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɣ
-
ɰɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɦɨɥɨɤɨ
,
ɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ
ɛɭɥɶɨɧɵ
,
ɡɥɚɤɨɜɵɟ
,
ɪɵɛɚ
.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
-
ɨɤɨɥɨ
20
ɥɟɬ
.
Ɍɪɢɬɢɣ
.
Ɇɹɝɤɢɣ
ɛɟɬɚ
-
ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɶ
ɫ
Ɍ
/2
-
ɛɨɥɟɟ
2
ɥɟɬ
.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ
ɫɥɨɹɯ
ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
84
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ
ɤɚɤ
ɤɨɫɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ
ɪɚɞɢɨɧɭɤɥɢɞ
,
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɪɦɨɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ
.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɢɬɢɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ
.
ȼ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ
ɬɪɚɤɬ
,
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɥɺɝɤɢɟ
.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ
.
Ȼɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
-
0
ɫɭɬɨɤ
ɞɥɹ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɬɪɢɬɢɹ
, 450
ɫɭɬɨɤ
-
ɞɥɹ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ
.
Ʌɟɬɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɡ
-
ɡɚ
ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɦɟɧɚ
.
Ƀɨɞ
-
3
.
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ
ɫ
ɛɟɬɚ
-
ɢ
ɝɚɦɦɚ
-
ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦ
ɫ
Ɍ
/2
ɨɤɨɥɨ
8
ɞɧɟɣ
.
ȼ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ
ɜɫɟɦɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ
-
ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ
-
ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ
ɬɪɚɤɬ
,
ɥɟɝɤɢɟ
,
ɧɟɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɺɧɧɭɸ
ɤɨɠɭ
.
Ʌɟɝɤɨ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɥɚɰɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ
ɛɚɪɶɟɪ
,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ
ɞɨɡɵ
ɧɚ
ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ
ɠɟɥɟɡɭ
ɩɥɨɞɚ
.
Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ
-
ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɜ
ɨɜɨɳɢ
,
ɹɝɨɞɵ
,
ɦɨɥɨɤɨ
,
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɫɥɢ
,
ɪɵɛɭ
.
ɇɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ
ɠɟɥɟɡɟ
.
ɇɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ
ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɣɨɞɚ
.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
-
38
ɫɭɬɨɤ
.
ɉɥɭɬɨɧɢɣ
- 239.
Ɋɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨ
ɬɢɩɭ
ɚɥɶɮɚ
-
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ
ɹɞɟɪ
.
Ɍ
/2
- 24000
ɥɟɬ
.
Ɂɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ
ɛɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ
ɩɥɭɬɨɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɩɪɢ
:
-
ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
,
ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɹɞɟɪɧɨɟ
ɝɨɪɸɱɟɟ
;
-
ɩɪɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
Ⱥɗɋ
;
-
ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɢ
ɹɞɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɨɪɭɠɢɹ
.
ɉɥɭɬɨɧɢɣ
ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɡɨɬɨɩɨɜ
.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɥɭɬɨɧɢɹ
ɢɡ
ɱɟɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ
ɫɟɞɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ
ɜ
30-
ɤɦ
ɡɨɧɟ
ɢ
Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɵ
Ȼɪɚɝɢɧɫɤɢɣ
,
ɋɜɟɬɥɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɣ
ɢ
Ɋɨɝɚɱɺɜɫɤɢɣ
ɪɚɣɨɧɵ
.
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɥɭɬɨɧɢɹ
ɩɥɨɯɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ
.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ
ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ
,
ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
,
ɢɧɝɚɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɩɭɬɟɦ
,
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ
ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ
ɧɚ
ɥɺɝɤɢɟ
ɡɚ
ɫɱɺɬ
ɚɥɶɮɚ
-
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
.
Ɍɢɩ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
-
ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɣ
,
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ
-
ɜ
ɥɢɦɮɨɭɡɥɚɯ
,
ɩɟɱɟɧɢ
.
ɉɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɭɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
-
97
ɥɟɬ
.
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɢɣ
- 24
.
Ɋɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ
ɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɟɦ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɚɥɶɮɚ
-
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
.
Ɍ
/2
- 433