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ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
4
ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ
ɮɨɬɨɧ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɜɧɨɜɶ
ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
Ʉɨɦɩɬɨɧɚ
ɢ
ɬ
.
ɞ
.
ɗɬɨɬ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɟɧ
ɩɪɢ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
γ
-
ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ
0,5-
Ɇɷȼ
.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɚɪɵ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɩɨɡɢɬɪɨɧ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɪɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
γ
-
ɤɜɚɧɬɚ
(>
Ɇɷȼ
).
Ɍɚɤɨɣ
ɤɜɚɧɬ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɫ
ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦ
ɹɞɪɨɦ
ɢ
ɜ
ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɟ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɩɚɪɭ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
-
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɢ
ɩɨɡɢɬɪɨɧ
(
ɪɢɫ
. 2-4).
•
ɟ
-
γ
•
ɟ
+
Ɋɢɫ
. 2-4.
ɋɯɟɦɚ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
-
ɩɨɡɢɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɚɪɵ
.
ɗɬɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ
ɜ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ
ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ
.
ɉɨɡɢɬɪɨɧ
,
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɹ
ɧɚ
ɫɜɨɟɦ
ɩɭɬɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫ
ɧɢɦ
ɢ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
2
ɮɨɬɨɧɚ
(
ɚɧɧɢɝɢɥɹɰɢɹ
).
Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɮɨɬɨɧɵ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɪɟɞɨɣ
ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ
Ʉɨɦɩɬɨɧɚ
ɢɥɢ
ɮɨɬɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ
.
ɇɟɣɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɩɨɬɨɤ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ
.
ɇɟɣɬɪɨɧɵ
ɧɟ
ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɡɚɪɹɞɚ
,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɛɟɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ
ɜɝɥɭɛɶ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ
,
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫ
ɹɞɪɚɦɢ
.
ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
:
-
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɟ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ
;
-
ɧɟɭɩɪɭɝɨɟ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ
;
-
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ
(
ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬ
).
ɉɪɢ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɦ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɢ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɺɬ
ɹɞɪɭ
ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɢ
ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬ
ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(
ɪɢɫ
. 2-5).
əɞɪɨ
,
ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧ
(
ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ
ɹɞɪɨ
ɨɬɞɚɱɢ
),
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ
ɢ
ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɢ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
.
ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
42
n
n
′
p
p
′
Ɋɢɫ
. 2-5.
ɋɯɟɦɚ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɚ
ɧɚ
ɹɞɪɟ
ɚɬɨɦɚ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ
ɞɥɹ
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ
.
ɋɚɦɵɣ
ɜɚɠɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɭɩɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ
-
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ
ɧɚ
ɹɞɪɚɯ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
(
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɚɯ
).
ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɺɬ
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɭ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ
ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɬɨɧɚ
ɨɬɞɚɱɢ
.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɞɥɹ
ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɹ
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɯ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ
(
ɜɨɞɚ
,
ɩɚɪɚɮɢɧ
).
ɉɪɢ
ɧɟɭɩɪɭɝɨɦ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɢ
ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɚ
ɬɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ
ɧɚ
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɹɞɪɚ
ɨɬɞɚɱɢ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ
ɜ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
,
ɢɡɥɭɱɚɹ
ɝɚɦɦɚ
-
ɤɜɚɧɬ
(
ɪɢɫ
. 2-6).
n
γ
n'
Ɋɢɫ
. 2-6.
ɋɯɟɦɚ
ɧɟɭɩɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
.
ɇɟɣɬɪɨɧɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶɫɹ
ɹɞɪɚɦɢ
(
ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬ
).
ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ
ɹɞɪɨ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ
ɜ
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɺɧɧɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɢ
ɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ
ɝɚɦɦɚ
-
ɤɜɚɧɬ
(
ɪɢɫ
. 2-7)
ɢɥɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
(
ɩɪɨɬɨɧ
,
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧ
,
ɚɥɶɮɚ
-
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɭ
).
ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
43
n
γ
Ɋɢɫ
. 2-7.
ɋɯɟɦɚ
ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ
ɦɧɨɝɢɟ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɬɚɤ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɗɬɨɬ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ
ɞɥɹ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ
.
Ʌɭɱɲɢɦɢ
ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɞɦɢɣ
ɢ
ɛɨɪ
.
ɉɪɹɦɨɟ
ɢ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɨɥɢɡ
ɜɨɞɵ
.
Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
.
ɇɚ
ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ
.
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ
-
ɷɬɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɢɥɢ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
ɫ
ɧɟɫɩɚɪɟɧɧɵɦ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɦ
ɧɚ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɢ
.
Ɉɧɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ
,
ɬ
.
ɤ
.
ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ
ɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ
ɷɬɨɬ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɫ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɦ
ɜ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɟ
,
ɥɢɛɨ
ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ
ɟɝɨ
ɢɡ
ɚɬɨɦɚ
ɩɭɬɺɦ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɚɤ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
(
ɚɤɰɟɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ
),
ɬɚɤ
ɢ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
(
ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦɢ
).
ȼ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ
ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ
-
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɞɢɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɥɟɠɚɬɶ
2
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ
:
)
ɩɪɹɦɨɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
-
ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ
ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ
ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ
;
2)
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
-
ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɧɟ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ
ɨɬ
ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɣ
,
ɚ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ
ɟɺ
ɨɬ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
.
ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
44
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɠɢɜɚɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹ
ɧɚ
70-90%
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
ɢɡ
ɜɨɞɵ
,
ɬɨ
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ
ɜɨɞɵ
.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɥɟɠɢɬ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɚ
ɛɢɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ
.
ɉɪɢ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜ
ɜɨɞɟ
ɢɞɭɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ
.
ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɡ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɜɵɛɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɚɹ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
:
H
2
O + h
νννν
H
2
O
+
+ e
-
{
}
ȿɫɥɢ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɞɥɹ
ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
,
ɬɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɺɧɧɨɣ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
ɜɨɞɵ
:
H
2
O + h
νννν
H
2
O* {2}
Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ
ɩɪɢ
ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
{
}
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ
ɬɟɪɹɟɬ
ɫɜɨɸ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ
ɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɯɜɚɱɟɧ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɭɸ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɭ
ɜɨɞɵ
:
H
2
O + e
-
H
2
O
-
{3}
ȼɫɟ
ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɫ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ
(H
2
O
+
,H
2
O
-
,H
2
O*)
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɨɧɨɜ
ɢ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ
:
H
2
O
+
H
+
+ OH
••••
{4}
H
2
O
-
H
••••
+ OH
-
{5}
H
2
O* H
••••
+ OH
••••
{6}
Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɜɵɛɢɬɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɤɪɭɠɢɬɶ
ɫɟɛɹ
ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɢ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ
ɜ
ɝɢɞɪɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ
e
-
aq
ɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɯɜɚɱɟɧ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɨɣ
H
2
O
+
ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ
ɜɨɞɵ
:
H
2
O
+
+ e
-
aq
H
2
O*
ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɺɧɧɚɹ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ
ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɵɣ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ
H
•
ɢ
ɋɬɨɠɚɪɨɜ
Ⱥ
.
ɇ
.
ɢ
ɞɪ
.
Ɋɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ
.
45
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ
OH
•
{6}.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɪɭɝ
ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
.
ɗɬɨ
ɜ
ɩɟɪɜɭɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ
H
••••
ɢ
OH
••••
,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɟ
H
2
O*
,
ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
{2}:
H
••••
+ H
••••
H
2
OH
••••
+ OH
••••
H
2
O
2
H
••••
+ OH
••••
H
2
O
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ
ɜ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ
ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ
ɜɨɞɵ
:
H
2
O + H
••••
Ɉɇ
••••
+
ɇ
2
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ
ɜɵɪɵɜɚɬɶ
ɚɬɨɦ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
ɢɡ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ
,
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹ
ɢɯ
ɜ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ
:
R
ɇ
+
ɇ
••••
R
••••
+
ɇ
2
R
ɇ
+
Ɉɇ
••••
R
••••
+
ɇ
2
Ɉ
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
,
ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɱɟɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɧɵɟ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ
,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ
:
ɇ
••••
+
Ɉ
2
ɇɈ
2
••••
(
ɝɢɞɪɨɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɧɵɣ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ
)
;
Ɉ
2 +
e
-
aq
Ɉ
2
••••
(
ɫɭɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ
ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥ
)
;
ȼ
ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɥɢ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬɚ
,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ
.
Ʉ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɢɡɚ
ɜɨɞɵ
:
Ɉɇ
••••
,
ɇ
2
Ɉ
2
,
ɇɈ
2
••••
,
Ɉ
2
••••
;
Ʉ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ
ɇ
••••
, e
-
aq .
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɬɨɤɫɢɧɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɫ
ɯɢɧɨɧɨɦ
ɢ
ɭɛɢɯɢɧɨɧɨɦ
;
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɜ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ