Файл: DENISENKO1.pdf

213.«Tokyo Story» (1953), Ozu Yasujiro – «Токийская история»

214.«Tommy» (1975), Ken Russel – «Томми»

215.«Towering Inferno, The» (1974), John Guillermin, Irwin Allen – «Ад в поднебесье»

216. «Trip to the Moon, A» (1902), George Melies – «Путешествие на Луну»

217.«Twister» (1996), Jan De Bont – «Смерч»

218.«Umbrellas of Cherbourg, The» (1964), Jac Demi – «Шербургские зонтики»

219.«Unforgiven» (1992), Clint Eastwood – «Непрощенный»

220.«Untouchables, The» (1987), Al Capone – «Неприкасаемые»

221.«Urga”(1992, «a. k. a. Close to Eden»), Nikita Mikhalkov – «Урга»

222.«War and Peace» (1968), Sergei Bondarchuk – «Война и мир»

223.«Waterer and Watered» (1896), Lumiere – «Политый поливальщик»

224.«West Side Story» (1961), Robert Wise, Jerome Robbins – «Вестсайдская история»

225. «Who Framed Roger Rabbit» (1988), Robert Zemeckis – «Кто подставил кролика Роджера»

226.«Wild Bunch, The» (1969), Sam Peckinpah – «Дикая банда»

227.«Wild Strawberries» (1957), Ingmar Bergman – «Земляничная поляна»

228.«Willow» (1988), George Lucas – «Виллоу»

229.«Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree» (1965), Walt Disney Wolfgang Reitherman – «Винни-Пух и медовое дерево»

230.«Winnie-the-Pooh» (1969-1972), Fyodor Khitruk – «Винни-Пух»

231.«Witches of Eastwick, The» (1987), George Miller – «Иствикские ведьмы»

232.«Without Witnesses» (1983), Nikita Mikhalkov – «Без свидетеля»

233.«Wizard of Oz, The» (1939), Victor Flemming – «Волшебник страны Оз»

234.«Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory» (1895), Lumiere – «Выход рабочих с завода Люмьер»

235.«World Is Not Enough, The» (1999), Michael Apted – «И целого мира мало»

236.«World of Apu, The» (1959), Satyajit Ray – «Мир апу»

237.«Wrong Man, The» (1957), Alfred Hitchcock – «Не тот человек»

238.«Young and the Damned, The» (1950), Luis Bunuel – «Забытые»

186

GLOSSARY

Cinema, Picture, Film and Related Words cinema, pictures, movies, flicks

Any of these words can be used in such sentences as:

a./ like going to the cinema / pictures / movies / flicks.

b.We went to the cinema / pictures / movies / flicks last night.

However, there are certain differences of usage between them.

Cinema is now the most common word in Britain. It used to be confined to formal style, but is now used in conversation too.

Cinema denotes:

1.a building for showing films,

e.g. There are over a hundred cinemas in St. Petersburg.

2.films as an art form or entertainment,

e.g. a. / like the cinema better than the theatre.

b. The popularity of the cinema has declined sharply in Britain over the past 25 years.

It occurs in the following expressions: cinema-goer

e.g. a. He's a keen cinema-goer.

b. This film will not appeal to the average cinema-goer.

cinema-going

e. g. Cinema-going has declined in Britain. cinema audience

The word «spectator» is not used with reference to the cinema. cinema programme

e. g. Cinema programmes change once or twice a week in this country. cinema ticket

e. g. How much do cinema tickets cost here? (How much are the tick-

ets?)

187

Pictures is also British English, and more colloquial than cinema. It used to be the most common word in conversation, but its use has declined slightly in favour of cinema during recent years.

Movies (from moving pictures) is American English. Most English people know the word, but practically no one uses it.

Flicks is a slang word for cinema, used in such sentences as: Let's go to the flicks.

film, picture, movie

Film is the most common word in Britain.

e.g. a. Have you seen any good films lately?

b. There's an interesting film on at the Odeon.

It is used in a considerable number of expressions where «КИНО» would be used in Russian.

film actor / actress film star

film director film company

a commercial organization which produces films, e. g. The Rank Organization

film industry

the cinema from a commercial point of view, or film companies collectively

To be in films means «to be employed in the film industry», and to go into films «to enter it, as an actor, designer, director, etc. (работать в ки-

но)».

e.g. a. – What does he do?

–He's in films.

b. (Speaking of an actor) – He used to be on the stage, but then he went into films.

188

Film may also be used as a verb, meaning «to make into a film». e. g. «War and Peace» has been filmed three times.

Picture is sometimes used in Britain instead of film. e. g. There's a good picture on at the Odeon.

However, this is less common than film and is becoming rather old-fashioned.

Motion picture is used in the film industry, especially by Americans. Movie is used by Americans in such sentences as We went to a movie.

Performance, Programme, Show

performance

Performance is used in the sense of «сеанс».

e. g. a. / ' // meet you outside the cinema ten minutes before the performance.

b.Let's go to the eight o'clock performance.

c.When's the first / last performance?

d.Seats for evening performances are more expensive than for matinees.

Cinema, not film, is generally used with performance.

e. g. Cinema performances begin at 10 a. m. in St. Petersburg.

Continuous performance denotes the system, widespread in England, whereby one film is shown continuously throughout the day, with only a very short interval between each showing, and people can come and go whenever they like (although naturally most people do so between showings).

Performance is also used in the sense of исполнение, as in the theatre.

e. g. Alec Guiness gave a marvellous performance of the king in «Cromwell».

programme

Programme is used in two senses:

1. films being shown at a cinema (репертуар),

189

e.g. a. (Cinema) programmes change once or twice a week.

b. Programmes are varied, and include both Russian and foreign

films.

Note that repertoire / repertory are not generally used in the cinema.

2. what is shown at a particular performance (программа),

e. g. The programme usually includes a full-length feature film, a newsreel and a short documentary.

Cinema programmes in Britain generally used to include not only a fulllength feature film and a newsreel (sometimes called the news), but also a short feature film. There was an interval before the main film (sometimes called the big film). The complete programme therefore lasted about three hours, and people went to the cinema for a whole evening's entertainment. Since the rise of television, however, this system has disappeared; instead one full-length feature film is shown, often but not always with a short documentary or cartoon. As a result of this tendency, the distinction between programme in its second sense and performance is not always clear-cut, and in some cases they are more or less synonymous.

Programme may therefore be used as an alternative to performance as «сеанс».

show

As a noun, show is little used in the cinema. Its main use is in the expression film show, which, however, generally denotes not a regular performance in a cinema, but something occasional, special. For example, film shows are sometimes arranged at clubs, conferences, on board ship.

Showing is sometimes used substantially, as in the explanation of continuous performance above:

«...with only a very short interval between each showing.

...Most people do so (–come and go) between showings».

Show as a verb is very common in the cinema, and needs no explanation, since it corresponds to показывать. Note that there is no synonym for show with reference to films, like the Russian демонстрировать. The verb «demonstrate» is not used when we speak about cinema.

190

Release

When a film appears first, it is usually shown at one central cinema for a certain period, after which it is released (выпущен на экран), that is, it is made available to any cinema.

General release occurs in such sentences as:

a.– Have you seen «The Godfather»?

–No, I’т waiting for it to go on general release.

b.It's on general release now.

These expressions are much less common now in Britain than they used to be, since many cinemas, especially in the suburbs, have closed, and there are hardly any cinemas left at which «released» films can be shown.

Those Who Work in the Cinema

Note that there is no general expression denoting a person who works in the cinema, like the Russian «работник кино». In some cases, however, we can use «to be in films».

Director, Producer, Manager and Related Words

The usage of director, producer and manager in the cinema is much simpler and more uniform than in the theatre. This can be explained as follows:

1.the cinema is a much more recent art than the theatre, and American influence was dominant from the very beginning of its development. The British cinema therefore simply adopted American usage, having no traditions of its own.

2.the cinema in Britain and America is entirely commercial, not a mixture of commercial and subsidized activity, like the theatre.

director, direct

The director is the person responsible for the artistic side of a film. He directs the film, that is, he chooses the actors, supervises rehearsals, shooting, and so on. Director corresponds to the Russian as «режиссер».

Director and direct are widely used in such sentences as:

a.Who's the director?

b.Who's it directed by?

c.He's a brilliant director / one of our best directors.

d.What films has he directed?

191

Make may be used instead of direct in sentences like (d) above, but it is not a synonym. It is a more general word than direct and may be applied also to producers, actors and film companies.

producer, produce, production

The producer is the person or group or company who finances a film and therefore exercises general control over it. The word «producer» is generally transliterated as «продюсер».

Produce is used in two senses:

1.to finance, be a producer, as explained above,

e.g. «Oh Lucky Man» has an English director, English actors and is set in England, but one of the producers is an American.

2.to create, make,

e.g. This is one of the best films produced in Britain during the 1950s.

In the second sense it may be used of the Russian cinema, e. g. The film is produced / made by Mosfilm.

Production is also used in two senses, corresponding to those of produce given above.

e.g. 1. «Oh Lucky Man» is an American production.

2.This is one of the best productions of the British cinema in the

1950s.

With reference to the Russian cinema, we may say, for example, a Mosfilm production.

Joint production is used when two film companies, often from different countries, cooperate to make a film (совместное производство).

manager

The manager is the person who runs a cinema (meaning the building), maintaining the premises, hiring films, arranging for them to be shown, etc.

Management is used as a collective noun denoting the manager and his

staff.

Production manager can be used to translate the Russian «директор»

(картины).

192

Scriptwriter, Scenario, Screenplay

Scriptwriter corresponds to «сценарист». What a scriptwriter writes is called the screenplay.

The difference between scenario and screenplay is as follows:

The scenario (Br. E., Am. E.) is the first stage: simply an outline, a sketch, scene by scene, but with no dialogues, directions, etc.

The screenplay is the full text, with dialogues, descriptions of characters and setting, directions about movements, etc.

In many cases the scenario or screenplay is based on a novel or short

story.

e.g. a. The film is based on a short story by A. Sillitoe.

b. «The Godfather» is based on the novel of the same name / title.

A scenario or screenplay which is not based on a book, but invented by the scriptwriter, or director, may be called an original scenario / screenplay.

Film Actors and Actresses

Star is more widely used in the cinema than the theatre. It occurs both as a noun and a verb, especially in advertisements and film reviews.

e.g. a. Barbra Streisand is the star of / in «Funny Girl». b. FUNNY GIRL, starring BARBRA STREISAND.

an advertisement

c. Tom Cruise has starred in many successful films.

Co-star may be used if there are two main characters played by stars.

e. g. Laurence Olivier co-starred with Vivien Leigh in «Waterloo Bridge».

Make a film may be used of actors and actresses, in the sense of «сниматься» (в фильме).

e. g. Johnny Depp is making a new film.

Make used in this way generally implies an important part.

193

Apart from make, we can use appear or simply be, if the film is already finished. Appear is formal style.

e.g. a. Brad Pitt has appeared / been in many successful films. b. – I went to see «Titanic» yesterday.

– Oh yes? Who's in it?

or: Leonardo DiCaprio is in that, isn't he?

Another way of introducing actors' names is by using with... as..., or with...

in the role of...

e. g. «The Mask» has been filmed with Jim Carrey as (or in the role of)

Stanley Itkis.

Cast is used of the actors and actresses appearing in a film, in the same way as in the theatre. Here, however, there is no contrast with company.

(Film) extra is used to denote a person, often not a trained actor, who is engaged to take a minor part in a film, especially in crowd scenes (статист, -ка, актер массовки).

e.g. a. They needed hundreds of extras for the battle scene. b. Susan worked as a film extra for a few days.

Designer, Sets, Scenery

The designer is the person who designs the sets and the costumes, if they need designing (художник).

In the cinema, sets is generally preferable to scenery, in the sense of «декорации», because «scenery» may also mean natural scenery such as real fields, hills, rivers, etc., seen in a film (пейзажи). Since many films are shot out-of-doors, «scenery» often has this second meaning.

e. g. There's some beautiful scenery in the film.

On location is used to mean in a natural setting, either out of doors or in some building, as opposed to in the studio. It corresponds to «на натуре». e. g. The scenes in Paris were shot on location. The film was made /

shot on location.

Cameraman, Camerawork

The cameraman is the person responsible for the photography or, as it is often called, the camerawork.

194