Ref. p. 187] |
4.1 Frequency conversion in crystals |
141 |
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4.1Frequency conversion in crystals
G.G. Gurzadyan
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.1.1 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1.1.1.1 Symbols |
|
|
|
η |
conversion e ciency |
η (energy) |
energy conversion e ciency |
η (power) |
power conversion e ciency |
η (quantum) |
quantum conversion e ciency |
τp, τ |
pulse duration |
|
α |
angle between interacting beams |
∆ λ |
wavelength bandwidth |
∆ ν |
frequency bandwidth |
∆ θ |
angular bandwidth |
E |
energy |
|
|
f |
laser pulse repetition rate |
I0 |
pump intensity |
Ithr |
threshold intensity |
ϕpm |
phase-matching angle in the XY plane from X axis |
L |
crystal length |
|
λ |
wavelength |
|
n |
refractive index |
no |
ordinary refractive index |
ne |
extraordinary refractive index |
ν |
wave number, frequency |
P |
power |
|
|
θpm |
phase-matching angle from Z axis |
ρ |
birefringence (walk-o ) angle |
T , Tpm |
crystal temperature |
Type I |
o + o → e |
or |
e + e → o |
Type II |
o + e → e |
or |
o + e → o |
ooe |
o + o → e |
or |
e → o + o |
eeo |
e + e → o |
or |
o → e + e |
eoe |
e + o → e |
or |
e → e + o |
oeo |
o + e → o |
or |
o → e + o |
Landolt-B¨ornstein
New Series VIII/1A1
Ref. p. 187] |
4.1 Frequency conversion in crystals |
143 |
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HgGa2S4
α−HIO3
KB5O8 4D2O
KB5O8 4H2O
KD2AsO4
KD2PO4
KH2PO4
KNbO3
KTiOAsO4
KTiOPO4
LiB3O5
LiCOOH H2O
LiIO3
LiNbO3
LiNbO3:MgO
(NH2)2CO
NH4H2AsO4
NH4H2PO4
NO2C6H4NH2
RbH2AsO4
RbH2PO4
RbTiOAsO4
Te
Tl3AsSe3
ZnGeP2
|
Mercury Thiogallate |
|
α−Iodic Acid |
DKB5 |
Potassium Pentaborate Tetradeuterate |
KB5 |
Potassium Pentaborate Tetrahydrate |
DKDA |
Potassium Dideuterium Arsenate |
DKDP |
Potassium Dideuterium Phosphate |
KDP |
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate |
|
Potassium Niobate |
KTA |
Potassium Titanyl Arsenate |
KTP |
Potassium Titanyl Phosphate |
LBO |
Lithium Triborate |
LFM |
Lithium Fomate |
|
Lithium Iodate |
|
Lithium Niobate |
|
Mg:O-doped Lithium Niobate |
|
Urea |
ADA |
Ammonium Dihydrogen Arsenate |
ADP |
Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate |
mNA |
meta-Nitroaniline |
RDA |
Rubidium Dihydrogen Arsenate |
RDP |
Rubidium Dihydrogen Phosphate |
RTA |
Rubidium Titanyl Arsenate |
|
Tellurium |
|
Thallium Arsenic Selenide |
|
Zinc Germanium Phosphide |
4.1.1.2 Historical layout
The pioneering work of Franken et al. [61Fra] on second harmonic generation of ruby laser radiation in quartz and invention of the phase-matching concept [62Gio, 62Mak] generated a new direction in the freshly born field of nonlinear optics: frequency conversion in crystals. Sum frequency generation by mixing the outputs of two ruby lasers in quartz was already realized in 1962 [62Mil, 62Bas]. Zernike and Berman [65Zer] were the first to demonstrate di erence frequency mixing. Optical parametric oscillation was experimentally realized in 1965 by Giordmaine and Miller [65Gio]. First monographs on nonlinear optics by Akhmanov and Khokhlov [64Akh] and Bloembergen [65Blo] greatly stimulated development of the nonlinear frequency converters. At present the conversion of laser radiation in nonlinear crystals is a powerful method for generating widely tunable radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, near, mid, and far IR regions.
For theoretical and experimental details of nonlinear frequency conversions in crystals, see monographs by Zernike and Midwinter [73Zer], Danelyus, Piskarskas et al. [83Dan], Dmitriev and Tarasov [87Dmi], Shen [84She], Handbook of nonlinear optical crystals (by Dmitriev, Gurzadyan, Nikogosyan) [91Dmi, 99Dmi], Handbook of nonlinear optics (by Sutherland ) [96Sut]. For frequency conversion of femtosecond laser pulses, see also [88Akh]. For linear and nonlinear optical properties of the crystals, see [77Nik, 79Kur, 84Jer, 87Nik, 87Che, 96Sut, 99Dmi, 00Cha, 00Sas]. For related nonlinear phenomena, see [96Sut]. For the historical perspective of the nonlinear frequency conversion over the first forty years, see [00Bye]. In the following section, Sect. 4.1.2, we present some basic equations which may be useful for simple calculations of frequency converters.
Landolt-B¨ornstein
New Series VIII/1A1