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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

9-сынып курсы үшін әлеуметтік-техникалық, оқу-еңбек және әлеуметтік-мәдениеттік салалары қамтылған оқу бағдарламасына төмендегі оқу тақырыптары енгізілген:

THE ZERO АRTICLE

Артикльдердің қолданылмайтын кездері

Зат есімнің классификациясы

Зат есімдердің көпше түрінің жасалуы

Сын есімнің түрлері

The degree of comparison

Сын есімнің шырайлары

Етістіктензатесімтудыратынжұрнақтар

СЫН ЕСІМ ТУДЫРАТЫН ЖҰРНАҚТАР

Етістіктен сын есім тудыратын жұрнақтар

Зат есімнен сын есім тудыратын жұрнақтар

Сын есімнен етістік тудыратын жұрнақтар

Зат есімнен етістік тудыратын жұрнақтар

Theme № 10 The Pronouns / Eсімдіктері

Есімдік түрлері

Personal pronouns

Possessive pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns

Self-pronouns (Reflexive pronouns)

Many және Much есімдіктері

Each (әрқайсысы) және Every (әрбір) есімдіктері

Theme № 18 The Past Continuous Tense / Жалғаспалы өткен шақ

1. An interrupted action - өткен шақта екі іс-әрекеттің бір уақытта болуы

Theme № 20

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Theme № 24 THE Modal Verbs

SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER модальді етістігі

PARTICIPLE - ЕСІМШЕ (-ING AND –ED FORMS)

Test №27

1. The new job, which has been offered to me lately, seems to be very interesting.

2. He could not recognize the square, which was rebuilt, while he was away.

3. The news, which you've brought to us, is exciting.

4. The things that are left behind by passengers are usually taken to the Lost Property Office.

5. The animals, which were Caught in the morning, struggled furiously.

6. The answer, which had been so long expected, came at last.

Theme №28 Many және Much есімдіктері

Test №28

l)much; 2) many; 3) much; 4) many; 5) much; 6) many; 7) much

1) a lot of; 2) a lot of; 3) much, a lot of; 4) many; 5) a lot of; 6) many; 7) a lot of;

The Theme№ 29 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES / ШАРТТЫ СӨЙЛЕМДЕР

First conditional

Second conditional

Third Conditional (unreal past situations)

Theme № 30 DIRECT AND INDIRECT „REPORTED` SPEECH

The Theme № 31 USED TO DO CONSTRUCTIONS – USED TO DO КОНСТРУКЦИЯЛАР

The Theme №32 Types of the questions

Special questions (WH – questions) – Арнайысұрақ



1.He ………… a financier soon.

a) am

b) was

c) will be
2.The country ………. in a state of economic crisis last year.

a) is

b) was

c) are
3.The contract ……….. signed last week.

a) were

b) is

c) was
4.………. we to offer you the job, would you accept it ?

a) Were

b) Was

c) Have been
5.There ______ much work last week.

a) is

b) are

c) was

d) will be

6.There ______ a conference next week

a) is

b) are

c) was

d) will be
7.There _______ a good crop in Russia this year.

a) is

b) are

c) was

d) will be
8.____ there a telephone in your office?

a) is

b) are

c) was

d) will be
9.There ______ few letters in the mail for you today.

a) is

b) are

c) was

d) will be
10.______ there a store close to our Bank?

a) is

b) are

c) was

d) will be



Leveled exercises № 3

Деңгейлік тапсырма № 3
I level / I деңгей
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences and questions.



at the cinema at work



at home at school
a) Where was Helen yesterday? Helen Was at the cinema..............

b) Where were Yannis and Emma? Yannis and Emma..................

c) Where was Nick? Nick..........................................

d) Where were Liz and Jane? Liz and Jane.....................................

e) Was Helen..................at home yesterday?

Helen ...wasn’t at home......... She was at the cinema
II level

II деңгей
Make questions.

a) Jim/at home/last night Was Jim at home last day?

b) you/at school/on Monday ............................................ ?

c) David/here/yesterday ............................................ ?

d) the cinema/open/on Sunday ............................................ ?

e) Kate and Jane/late/yesterday ............................................ ?

f) you/in the football team/last year ........................................... ?
III level

III деңгей
Make negative sentences, questions
a) Kevin and Mel/at my party Kelvin and Mel weren’t at my party

b) Nick/in class yesterday ............................................

c) It/warm/yesterday ............................................

d) Tina and Jim/late ............................................

e) Jetty/on the bus ............................................

Answers Test 3

Жауаптар Тест № 3


  1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C 6.C 7. C 8. B 9. C 10.A



Answers /Жауаптар
Leveled exercises № 3

Деңгейлік тапсырмалар № 3

I level / I деңгей

a) was at the cinema

b) were at home

c) was at work

d) were at school

e) Was Helen, wasn 'tat home

II level /II деңгей
a) Was Jim at home last night

b) Were you at school on Monday

c) Was David here yesterday

d) Was the cinema open on Sunday

e) Were Kate and Jane late yesterday

f) Were you in the football team last year

III level/ III деңгей
a) Kevin and Mel weren't at my party.

b) Nick wasn't in class yesterday.

c) It wasn't warm yesterday.

d) Tina and Jim weren't late.

e) Etty wasn't on the bus.

Theme № 4 «to do» етістігінің формалары


Forms of To Do

 

Present

Past

Perfect
Form


Continuous
Form


I / you / we / they

do

did

have / had done

are / were doing

he / she / it

does

did

has / had done

is / was doing


As an auxiliary verb do is used with a main verb when forming interrogative or negative sentences, or for adding emphasis. It is also called the dummy operator or dummy auxiliary.

 

Question

Positive Statement (spoken)

Negative Statement (spoken)

Singular

 

 

Do I?

I do

I do not (I don't)

Do you?

You do

You do not (You don't)

Does he/she/it?

He/she/it does

He/she/it does not (He/she/it doesn't)

Plural

 

 

Do we?

We do

We do not (We don't)

Do you?

You do

You do not (You don't)

Do they?

They do

They do not (They don't)



Examples




Do

Does

Question - ?

"Do you always take the bus to work?"

"Does she ever do her homework on time?"

Positive Answer - Yes

"Yes, I do."

"Yes, she does."

Negative Answer - No

"No, I don't."

"No, she doesn't."


The most common question using "do" that you will probably hear whilst learning English is "What do you do?" The person asking simply wants to know what you do for a living.

- See more at: http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbtodo.html#sthash.NdMwv8wY.dpuf

Test № 4/ Тест № 4
1. She ……. most of her writing on a computer.

a) do b) does
2. Machines …….. most of work yesterday.

a) did b) have done
3. ..…….. you have a computer?

a) do b) does
4. He always ……… his job well.

a) do b) does
5. What ……. she want to do?

a) do b) does
6. ……. you speak English?

a) do b) does
7. The company ought …… something about the poor service.

a) to do b) do
8. She …….. economics at Sheffield some years ago.

a) did b) have done
9. She …… well out of the deal today.

a) have done b) has done
10. What ……… you do for a living ?

a) does b) do

Leveled exercises № 4

Деңгейлік тапсырма № 4
I level

I деңгей
Put Do or Does
1. you like chocolate?

2. he go to the beach very often?

3. we have any pens?

4. she know you?

5. it close at 6.30 pm?

6. they smoke?

7. I look funny in these jeans?

8. Bill and Anne like each other?

9. she speak German?

10. you want to go to the movies?

II level

II деңгей
Complete the following sentences by using the right form of to do (do, don't, does, doesn't).
1) The girls love tennis, but they love riding.

2) What Sandra sell?

3) Mr Nelson speaks Spanish, but he speak German.

4) Where your grandparents live?

5) Brenda and Henry bake muffins for their party?

6) Max plays tennis, but he play hockey.

7) Mr Smith teach English?

8) Doris and Eric read comics, but they read books.

III level

III деңгей
A: ........ you play tennis?
B: No, I . I play tennis but my sister Kate ........ it well.
A: What ........you like to play?
B: I love baseball. ......... you know the game?
A: Of course, I......... . As for me I like it much. Baseball is my brother's favourite game.
B: .......... he go in for any baseball club?
A: Oh, no, he............ . He just likes to watch the matches on TV. ...... Kate take you to the tennis-court?
B: Yes, she . She often takes me there. And ....... you like winter sports?


Answers Test № 4

Жауаптар Тест № 4
1B 2A 3A 4B 5B 6A 7A 8A 9B 10B
Answers

Leveled exercises № 4
Жауаптар

Деңгейлік тапсырмалар № 4
I level

I деңгей



1.

Do

2.

Does

3.

Do

4.

Does

5.

Does

6.

Do

7.

Do

8.

Do

9.

Does

10.

Do




II level

II деңгей

1) The girls love tennis, but they don't love riding.

2) What does Sandra sell?

3) Mr Nelson speaks Spanish, but he doesn't speak German.

4) Where do your grandparents live?

5) Do Brenda and Henry bake muffins for their party?

6) Max plays tennis, but he doesn't play hockey.

7) Does Mr Smith teach English?

8) Doris and Eric read comics, but they don't read books.
III level

III деңгей


Do, don`t, don`t, does, do, Do, do, don`t, Does, doesn`t, Does, does, do

Theme № 5 to have етістігінің формасы
Ағылшын тілінде бір затқа ие болу, оны иемдену to have етістігі арқылы

беріледі. Оның осы шақта (Present Indefinite tense) жіктелуі төмендегідей:
Болымды түрі

Жекеше түрі


Көпше түрі:


I have a pen . (Менің қаламым бар)

We have pens. (Біздің қаламдарымыз бар)


You have a pen (Сенің қаламың бар)

You have pens. (Сендердің қаламдарың бар)

He (she, it) has a pen. (Оның қаламы бар)

They have pens. (Олардың қаламдары бар)


Сұраулы түрі:

Жекеше түрі

Көпше түрі:

Have 1 a pen? (Менің қаламым бар ма?)

Have we pens? (Біздің қаламдарымыз бар ма?)

Have you pens? (Сенің қаламың бар ма?)

Have you pens? (Сендердің қаламдарың бар ма?)

Have they pens? (Оның қаламы бар ма?)

Have they pens? (Олардың қаламдары бар ма?)


Болымсыз түрі


Жекеше

Көпше түрі:

I have no pen. ( I have not a pen)

We have no pens.

You have no pen. (You have not a pen)

You have no pens.

He (she, it) has no pen. (He ( she,it) has not a pen)

They have no pens.


To have етістігін осы шақта жіктегенде мына ерекшеліктерге қатар аударған жөн:

To have етістігі 3-жақтың жекеше түрінде has болып өзгереді.

Test 5/Тест № 5


  1. She ……. a day-off every week.

a) have b) has


2. I …… a good job last year.

a) have b) had

3. They ………. orders next week.

a) will have b) have

4. Recently we ………… the acknowledgement of debt.

a) have received b) had received

5. Inflation …….. got out of control.

a) has b) have

6. Do you ……. to travel on business?

a) has b) have

7. He ……. to get up early.

a) has b) have

8. I ……… a holiday last year.

a) haven’t b) didn’t have

9. The decision ……… to be made by senior management.

a) has b) have

10. This system software ………… to be very reliable.

a) has proved b) have prove

Leveled exercises 5

Деңгейлік тапсырма № 5
I level

I деңгей
Put in have or has into the gaps.
1) I ......... a nice room.

2) She ....... a cat.

3) Jack .........a pet.

4) The sisters........ great teachers.

5) He .........an old bike.

6) They ............ a goldfish.

7) Emma .......... lots of friends.

8) We .........a problem.

9) Joe and Philip ............a sister.

10) The family........... two cars.

II level

II деңгей
Put in haven't got or hasn't got into the gaps.
1) I ......your T-shirt.

2) She ........ a workbook.

3) We .......lunch at school.

4) Steve ........a brother.

5) My brother ..........a TV in his room.

6) They ..........a van.

7) Mr Jones ............ a red jacket.

8) The boys ........pink pencil cases.

9) This car ........five doors.

III level

III деңгей
Put in have and got or has and got into the the gaps.
1) .......... you ..... a favourite singer?

2) .........he ......a pen in his pencil case?

3) ........they ....... a garden?

4) ........she ......a yellow bike?

5) ..........your parents..... a stamp collection?

6) .......... Ben ........... a green felt tip?

7) ..........your teacher............. a computer in his room?

8) ...........we ......... milk at home?

9) ..........Anne............ a budgie?

10) Where ........you .......... your headphones?

Answers Test 5

Жауаптар Тест № 5
1B 2A 3A 4A 5A 6B 7A 8B 9A 10A
Answers

Leveled exercises 5
Жауаптар

Деңгейлік тапсырмалар № 5
I level

I деңгей
1) I have got a nice room.

2) She has got a cat.

3) Jack has got a pet.

4) The sisters have got great teachers.

5) He has got an old bike.

6) They have got a goldfish.

7) Emma has got lots of friends.

8) We have got a problem.

9) Joe and Philip have got a sister.

10) The family has got two cars.
II level

II деңгей
1) I haven't got your T-shirt.

2) She hasn't got a workbook.

3) We haven't got lunch at school.

4) Steve hasn't got a brother.

5) My brother hasn't got a TV in his room.

6) They haven't got a van.

7) Mr Jones hasn't got a red jacket.

8) The boys haven't got pink pencil cases.

9) This car hasn't got five doors.

III level

III деңгей

1) Have you got a favourite singer?

2) Has he got a pen in his pencil case?

3) Have they got a garden?

4) Has she got a yellow bike?

5) Have your parents got a stamp collection?

6) Has Ben got a green felt tip?

7) Has your teacher got a computer in his room?

8) Have we got milk at home?

9) Has Anne got a budgie?

10) Where have you got your headphones?
Theme № 6 The Plural of The Nouns / Зат есімдердің көпше түрі
Зат есім – заттардың, нәрселердің атын, табиғаттағы және қоғамдағы құбылыстарды, уақиғаларды, ұғымдар мен түсініктерді білдіретін сөз табы. Зат есімдер жалқы және жалпы болып екіге бөлінеді.

Proper Nouns (Жалқы есімдер) белгілі бір затты, нәрсені арнайы, даралай айтады.

Кісі аттары:

Aygerim, Amanat, Almas.

Географиялық атаулар: қала, өзен, көл, тау аттары

Алматы - Almaty

Астана - Astana

Common Nouns (Жалпы есімдер) әр алуан деректі және дерексіз заттар мен ұғымдарды білдіретін зат есімдер.

Жалпы есімдер санауға санауға келетін (countable) және санауға келмейтін (uncountable) болып екіге бөлінеді.

Countable (cанауға келетін) яғни заттарды санауға болатын зат есімдер:

I have bought a book. I have bought two books.

There are many libraries in Astana.

Uncountable (cанауға келмейтін) зат есімдер тобы:



Food: rice, sugar, fruit, milk, bread, butter, cheese

Fluids: blood, water, oil, coffee, tea, gasoline

Raw materials: wood, paper, glass, iron, silver, wool

Gases: oxygen, nitrogen, air, pollution, steam

General: furniture, mail, money, traffic, equipment

Groups: jewelry, machinery, luggage, clothing, cash

Languages: English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish

Academic subjects: chemistry, mathematics, psychology

Abstract things: education, health, intelligence, beauty, knowledge, sleep, hope, music, time



Зат есімнің классификациясы


Негізгі зат есім (Simple Nouns). Негізгі зат есімге ешқандай жұрнақ жалғанбайды.

Мысалы: a table, a room, a girl, a ship.

Туынды зат есім (Derivate Nouns) Зат есімге жұрнақ жалғану арқылы жасалған зат есім. Туынды зат есім жасайтын жұрнақтар:

  • er: teacher, writer

  • ment: development, government

  • ness: sadness, kindness

  • ion: restriction, connection

  • dom: freedom, wisdom

  • hood: childhood, neighbourhood

  • ship: leadership, friendship


Күрделі зат есім (Compound nouns) Екі немесе бірнеше зат есімнен құралған зат есім. A class, a postman, an airport


Зат есімдердің көпше түрінің жасалуы




Ереже Rules

Жекеше түрі

Singular

Көпше түрі Plural

Есте сақтаңыз Remember

Зат есімнің түрін жасау үшін түбірге

-s жалғауы жалғанады.

a table a dog a cat

two tabls two dogs two cats



Зат есімдер –ch, -s,

-ss, sh, tch, -x әріптеріне

аяқталса, - es жалғауы жалғанады.

a dish

a match a class a box

two dishes

two matches two classes two boxes



Зат есім –у әрпіне аяқталып, оның

алдында дауыссыз тұрса -es жалғауы

жалғанады да, әрпі –i әрпіне айналады.

a story

a city

two stories

two cities






Егер зат есім жекеше түрде –у әрпіне аяқталып, оның алдында

дауысты әріп

тұрса, онда –у әрпі

өзгермейді, көпше түрде тек –s жалғауы жалғанады.

a key a day

two keys two days



Зат есім жекеше түрде -f немесе -fe әріптеріне

аяқталса әрпі v

әрпіне өзгереді де, -es жалғауы жалғанады.

a knife

a shelf

two knives two shelves

Ереже бағынбайтын кейбір зат есімдер:

a cuff-cuffs

a handkerchief- handkerchiefs

a roof - roofs

a safe- safes ▪ a belief – beliefs

a chief - chiefs

a cliff – cliffs

Жекеше түрде зат есім –о әрпіне

аяқталса және –о әрпінің алдында дауыссыз әріп

тұрса, онда зат есімге

es жалғауы жалғанады.

a tomato

a hero zero

volcano tornado mosquito

two tomatoes two heroes

zeroes / zeros

volcanoes / volcanos

tornadoes / tornados

mosquitoes / mosquitos

a kilo – kilos

a photo - photos ▪ a piano – pianos

radio - radios

a video - videos

a zoo - zoos

a hippo - hippos

tattoo – tattoos

a rhino – rhinos

Күрделі зат есімдерге көптік жалғау басты

мағыналы сөзге жалғанады.

customhouse

hotel – keeper

mother-inlaw manservant

custom-houses

hotel – keepers

mother-in-laws man-servants



Кейбір зат есімдердің көпше түрі ешқандай

ережеге бағынбай,

сөздегі дауыстыны өзгерту арқылы жасалады.

a man

a woman a foot

a mouse a tooth a goose

men

women feet

mice

teeth geese



Кейбір зат есімдердің жекеше түрі мен көпше түрі бірдей.

a deer

a species

a sheep a fish

deer

species

sheep fish



Латын, грек және француз тілінен

енген зат есімдер сол тілдердегі көпше түрінің формасын сақтайды.

a formula a datum

a bureau an index

hypothesis thesis

bacterium cactus

formulae data

bureaux indices

hypotheses theses

bacteria cacti







Test №6/Тест № 6


1.His _____ was the smallest among the _______

  1. mice, mice

  2. mouse, mousse

  3. mouse, mice

d) mouses, mouses

e) mice, mouse
2. Find the plural form of “Fish”

  1. Fish

b) Fishs

c) Fishis

d) Fishes

e) Fishies
3. Find the plural form of “Mouse”

  1. mousies

  2. mousis

  3. mise

d) mousse

e) mice
4.Find the correct plural form.

My friend has three_____

a) childs

b)child

c)a child

d)a children
5.Choose the right variant. My parents` parents are my _____

  1. grandmothers

  2. grandfathers

  3. grandparents

d) grandchildren

e) great-grandparents
6. Choose the right variant:

“ A woman”

  1. woman

  2. womens

  3. women

d) womans
7.Choose the right variant.

Nick wants the money. Please give_____ to him

a) them

b) these

c) those

d) it

e)they
8. Find the uncountable noun

a) Meat.

b) Address.

c) Goose.

d) Cap.

e) Table.
9. Find the uncountable noun:

a) apple

b) dolla

c) glass

d) toy

e) air
10. Find the noun using only in single form:

a) knowledge

b) cat.

c) photo.

d) pencil.

e) picture.



Leveled exercises № 6

Деңгейлік тапсырма № 6
I level / I деңгей
Write the plural of the following nouns:

Piano, shelf, army, potato, safe, wolf, cliff, wife, schoolboy, schoolchild, leaf, life, factory, knife, man, roof, photo, toy, tomato, class, room, copy, book, note, house, wife, news, paper, home, land, mother, country, student, typist, writer, pilot, doctor, officer, architect, actor, actress, painter, sailor, dentist, teacher, mechanic, locksmith, driver, composer, shop-assistant.
II level / II деңгей
Put the following nouns in the plural form:
1. What is that child`s name? 2. The cat has caught a mouse. 3. There was a lady, a gentleman, a boy and a girl in the room. 4. In the farm-yard we could see an ox, a sheep, a cow and a goose. 5. Is this worker an Englishman or a German? – He is a Frenchman. 6. Why don`t you eat this potato? 7. This strawberry is still green. 8. The withered leaf has fallen to the ground. 9. Can you see a bird in that tree? 10. Does your tooth still ache? 11. I held up my foot to the fire to warm it. 12. His child studies very well.
III level / III деңгей
Open the brackets put the nouns in the plural or in the singular forms:



  1. I met some interesting _________ at the meeting. (man)

  2. I need some ________ the light the fire. (match)

  3. The baby got two new _______ . (tooth)

  4. The farmer loaded his cart with _______ (box) of fresh vegetables to take to market. His cart was pulled by two _______ (ox)

  5. Alex saw some _______ running across the floor. (mouse)

  6. The north side of the island has no ____. There are only ________ steep. No one can climb these steep walls of rock. (beach, cliff).

  7. If a houseplant is given too much water, its lower ________ turn yellow. (leaf)

  8. Before Marie signed the contract, she talked to two ______ (attorney)

  9. New scientific _ are made every day in __ throughout the world, (discovery, laboratory)

  10. I caught several ________ in the lake (fish)

  11. On our trip in the mountainous countryside, we saw some ________ , _________ , and wild _______ (wolf, fox, deer, sheep)

  12. When we spoke in the cave, we could hear _________ of our voices. (echo)


Answers Test № 6

Жауаптар Тест № 6
1С 2A 3E 4B 5C 6C 7A 8A 9E 10A
Answers

Leveled exercises № 6
Жауаптар

Деңгейлік тапсырмалар № 6
I level

I деңгей
Pianos, shelves, armys, potatoes, safes, wolves, cliffs, wives, schoolboys, schoolchildren, leaves, lifes, factories, knives, men, roofs, photos, toys, tomatos, classes, rooms, copies, books, notes, houses, wives, news, papers, homes, lands, mothers, countries, students, typists, writers, pilots, doctors, officers, architects, actors, actress, painters, sailors, dentists, teachers, mechanics, locksmiths, drivers, composers, shop-assistants.
II level

II деңгей
1. What is those childrens` names? 2. The cats have caught a mouse. 3. There were ladies, agentlemen, boys and girls in the room. 4. In the farm-yard we could see oxen, sheep, cows and geese. 5. Are these workers Englishmen or Germen? – They are Frenchmen. 6. Why don`t you eat these potatoes? 7. These strawberries is still green. 8. The withered leaves have fallen to the ground. 9. Can you see birds in that tree? 10. Does your teeth still ache? 11. I held up my feet to the fire to warm it. 12. His children study very well.
III level

III деңгей


  1. men

  2. matches

  3. teeth

  4. boxes, oxen

  5. mice

  6. beaches, cliffs

  7. leaves

  8. attorneys

  9. discovery, laboratories

  10. fish

  11. wolves, foxes, deers, sheep

  12. echo

Theme № 7 The Degrees of Comparison of Adjective / Сын есімнің шырайлары
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   26

Сын есімнің түрлері




Simple adjective

(Негізгі сын есім)

Derived adjective

(Туынды сын есім)

Compound adjective

(Күрделі сын есім)

Qualitative adjective

(Сапалық сын есім)

Relative adjective

(Қатысты қ сын есім)

Green, nice, small, good

Useful, helpless, famous, formal

Well-known

Red, big, cold, black

Woolen, golden, wooden.


The degree of comparison

Сын есімнің шырайлары




Absolute Жай шырай

Comparative Салыстырмалы шырай

Superlative Күшейтпелі шырай

nice hot long

nicer hotter longer

nicest hottest longest

easy simple

easier simpler

the easiest the simplest

interesting beautiful comfortable serious

more interesting more beautiful more comfortable more serious

the most interesting the most beautiful the most comfortable the most serious

Кейбір сын есімдердің салыстырмалы және күшейтпелі шырайлары ережеге бағынбайды.

good bad

little many

far

better worse less

much-more

farther -further

the best the worst the lest the most the farthest the furthest

Кейбір сын есімдердің салыстырмалы және күшейтпелі шырайлары –er, -est жұрнақтарымен және more, (the) most сөзі арқылы жасала береді: clever, common, cruel, gentle, pleasant, polite, quite, simple, stupid, tired.

Сын есімдердің шырайларының жасалу жолдары



-er, -est ының алдында -y (егер оның алдында дауыссыз тұрса) –I –ға өзгереді.

Lazy – lazier – the laziest

Funny –funnier- thefunniest

Егер сын есім дауыссызға аяқталып, оның алдында қысқа дауысты тұрса, онда дауыссыз қосарланады.

Sad-sadder-the saddest

Fat-fatter-the fattest

Big-bigger-the biggest

Егер сын есім –е жалғауына аяқталса, -er, -est жалғаулары жалғанғанда, бұл жалғау түсіп қалады.

Nice-nicer-the nicest