as … as – такий … як (так само … як)

not so … as - не такий … як ,( не так …як)

the more …. the better - чим більше … тим краще

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences:

1. You are taller than me. 2. We started earlier than you. 3. He was more careful than she. 4. This student is the most attentive in our group. 7. Better late than never. 8. She was not so attractive as her mother. 9. His work is as difficult as mine. 10. The more we learn, the more we know.

Exercise 2. Fill in as…as, so …as or than

1. Our house is not … big … yours. 2. The new cinema is much bigger … the old one. 3. This text is easier … that one. 4. The house I live in is … old … yours. 5. My composition is not … long … hers. 6. Mike is … tall … Peter.

I. Practice

Exercise 1. Object to the following sentences as in the model. Use the phrases: I don’t agree with you… On the contrary. It’s not quite so.

This text is as interesting as that one.

1. In Kislovodsk it is as hot as in Sochi. 2. This boy is as tall as that one. 3. The weather is as cold today as it was yesterday. 4. This lesson is as difficult as that one. 5. Our flat is as large as yours. 6. Books in Ukraine are as expensive as books abroad. 7. I am busy today as you are. 8. This story is as long as that one.

XII. Reading and Comprehension

Read and translate the text.

The Seasons and the Weather

There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter- Every season lasts about three months.

Winter usually begins in December and ends in March. It is cold in winter and it often snows. There is much snow on the ground. It gets dark early in the evening. It gets light late in the morning. In winter we have the shortest days and the longest nights. It is difficult and unpleasant to get up early in the morning in winter because it is dark and cold.

But winter is a good time for sports. In winter we can go in for such kinds of sport as skating and skiing. It is very pleasant to go skiing in the country on a bright sunny day. At the end of winter the sun begins to shine as brightly as in spring, but it is not so warm as in spring yet.

Spring comes at the end of March. The sun begins to shine more brightly, the days become longer and the first spring flowers appear everywhere. Everything is so fresh and so beautiful, even the people look younger. Everybody enjoys the beginning of spring. Most people say that spring is the best season of the year.

At the beginning of spring it is still cold, but at the end of it, it gets much warmer. Sometimes it rains. Of course in spring it is much warmer than in winter but it is not so warm as in summer.

Summer is the warmest season of the year. It begins in June and ends in August. In summer it gets light early in the morning and it gets dark late in the evening. In summer we have the longest days and the shortest nights. It often rains but the rain is warm and does not last long. Most people have their holidays in summer and spend a lot of time in the open air. It is not pleasant to stay in town in summer, and most people leave town for the country. We can swim and bathe, we can play tennis and football. We enjoy our holidays if the weather is fine.

After summer comes autumn. Autumn is a beautiful season. Many people say that autumn is the most beautiful season of the year. Autumn is very beautiful at the beginning when it is still warm and the trees are getting yellow and red. They look so beautiful. There are a lot of brown, yellow and red leaves everywhere in the ground. Little by little the days become shorter and the nights become longer. It gets colder and colder. In October and November it often rains. Sometimes it even snows. It gets windy. There appear dark clouds in the sky. Of course it is not so cold as in winter yet, but we know that winter is coming. It is more pleasant to stay inside than to be outside. Some people say that is the worst time of the year.

W hat is the weather like today?

What weather are we having today? - Яка сьогодні погода?

It is raining (snowing).

It is freezing hard.

It is going to rain (to snow).

It is getting warmer (colder).

The weather is fine (bad, warm, cold, rainy, sunny, coldly, windy)

It is warm (cold) today.

It is raining hard (fast).

It looks like rain – Схоже на дощ.

It is cloudly today. - Сьогодні пасмурно

What a lovely day! – Який гарний день .

It keeps fine. - Стоїть хороша погода/

The weather is going to change for the better (worse).

Read the poem by Robert Burns

The flowery Spring leads sunny Summer,

And yellow Autumn presses near,

Then in his turn cmes gloomy Winter,

Fill smiling Spring again appear.

XIII. Practice

Exercise 1. Read, learn and act out the following dialogues:

1. - What is the weather like today?

• Very cold, the temperature is well below zero, a very chilly wind is vlowing.

• I am not going out that case. I hate cold.

• You are right. It was so frosty yesterday that we stayed indoors the whole day.

2. - How do you find the climate in Kyiv?

• Oh, I like it very much. It’s rather warm, dry and sunnyhave such weather here?

• Unfortunately not. Last summer was awful.

• And what’s the weather like in Kyiv in winter?

• It’s not usually very cold, though sometimes the temperature in Kyiv is minus 10° - minus 12.

Exercise 2. Role-play the following situations:

Situation 1. Your friend lives in Kharkiv. Ask him questions about the climate in his native town.

Situation 2. Your friend has just come from Italy. Ask him about the climate of this country. Discuss the climatic differences of Ukraine and Italy.

Situation 3. You are going to visit your relatives. You ring them up about your arrival. Spaek about weather forecast for tomorrow.

Exercise 3. 1. Describe your favourite season.

2. Describe the climate of your native town.

Unit 6

Topic: Ukraine

Language: Passive Voice

Text: Geographical position of Ukraine

I. Language

1. Sentence Patterns

K

The President of Ukraine is elected for five years.

Is the President of Ukraine elected for five years?

The President of Ukraine is not elected for five years.

ey examples to be memorized

Illustrative Examples

Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

Is Ukraine washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov?

Yes, it is. No, it isn’t

Ukraine is not washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

What is Ukraine washed by?

Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

2. Vocabulary to be learnt

2 . Grammar

Passive Voice

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Indefinite Tense	The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov wash Ukraine. – Чорне і Азовське море омивають Україну.	Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. – Україна омивається Чорним і Азовським морем.
Past Indefinite Tense	The Ukrainian Parliament proclaimed the Independence of Ukraine on August 24, 1991. – Український парламент проголосив незалежність України 24 серпня 1991 року.	The Independence of Ukraine was proclaimed by the Ukrainian Parliament on August 24, 1991. - Незалежність України була проголошена Українським парламентом 24 серпня 1991 року.

Переклад дієслів в Passive Voice на українську мову

Exercise 1. Give Passive transformation of the following sentences as in the models. Translate the sentences.

M

Population in Ukraine speak Ukrainian and Russian.

1. The Dnipro divides Ukraine into two parts: Right-Bank and Left Bank Ukraine.

2. The teacher showed students many colourful slides of Kiev.

3. Railroads and highways criss-cross the territory of Ukraine.

4. Yesterday the Verkhovna Rada adopted a new law.

5. In 1994 L.Kuchma won the Presidential elections.

The guide told us to visit the Independence Square.

We were told to visit the Independence Square.

1. I invited my friends to Lesya Ukrainka theatre.

2. They took us for the excursion to Sophia Cathedral yesterday.

3. A young man proposed me to join the party New Generation of Ukraine.

4. They asked her to do the report “Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine”.

Exercise 2. Make up sentences of your own using the suggested words. Use the Passive Voice.

M

Foreign language – to teach – 3 year ago

1. The Independence of Ukraine – to proclaim – August 24,1991

2. Ukraine – to wash – the Black Sea – in the south.

3. The day of the Constitution of Ukraine – to celebrate – June,28

4. Ukraine – to divide – the Dnipro - into two parts: Left Bank and Right Bank Ukraine.

5. Music to our national anthem – to write – M.M.Verbitsky.

6. In 1994 – L. Kuchma – to elect – the President of Ukraine.

Exercise 3. Study the verbs with prepositions. Translate the sentences given below into Ukrainian.

to depend on – покладатися на

to insist on (upon) – наполагати на

to look at – дивитися на

to take care of – піклуватися про

to refer to – посилатися на

to speak about – говорити про

1. Ukrainian Government is depended on.

2. The terms of adopting new law were insisted on by the Verkhovna Rada.

3. A rebuilt railway station in Kyiv was looked at with surprise.

4. Our Constitution is often referred to.

5. The future election is much spoken about.

II. Practice

Exercise 4. Express your agreement with the following statements. Use the phrases: Certainly, It is really so. You are right. I agree with you.

Ukraine is situated in the south-eastern Europe.

1. In the south Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.

2. The main part of Ukraine is located in the watershed of the Dnipro River.

3. The territory of Ukraine is criss-crossed by railroads and highways.

4. Great areas of our country are occupied by steppes and forest-steppe regions.

5. The Independence of Ukraine was proclaimed on August 24,1991.

6. L.Kravchuk was elected the first President of Ukraine.

7. Ukraine as democratic state is ruled by the law.

8. New relations with foreign countries are constantly established by Ukraine.

Exercise 5. Object to the sentences. Use the phrases: No, it is not so. I’m afraid you are wrong. I can’t agree with you.

Kherson is situated on the bank of the Dniester.

No, it is not so. Kherson is not situated on the bank of the Dniester.

1. Taras Shevchenko is buried in the town of Kharkiv.

2. The National Scientific Library, the Central Botanical Garden, and the Main Astronomical Observatory are located in Kherson.

3. The water resources of Ukraine are limited.

4. “Zeleny Swit” was organized as the Ukrainian society to support the development of nuclear power.

5. Kyiv Rus was a weak feudal state before it was destroyed by Tatar-Mongols.

6. The national holiday, Independance Day, is celebrated on June 28.

Exercise 6. Express your surprise and give short affirmative (negative) answers as in the Model .

M

The President is elected for a period of 5 years.

1. The liberation war of Ukrainian people in 1648-1654 was headed by Bogdan Khmelnitsky.

2. The beauty of Ukraine was praised in folk songs.

3. A great deal of water in Ukraine is used for the industrial and agricultural purpose.

4. The problem of environmental pollution in our region was discussed yesterday at the meeting.

5. All Ukrainian students are lectured in their native tongue.

6. The deputies of the Verkhovna Rada are elected for a period 4 years.

Exercise 6. Ask your friend all possible questions to the following sentences.

Ukraine is situated in south-eastern Europe.

1. State power in Ukraine is based on the division of the power into legislative,

executive and judicial.

2. Judicial power in Ukraine is led by the Supreme Court .

3. The problem of environmental pollution in our region was discussed yesterday at the meeting.

4. The Independence of Ukraine was proclaimed on August 24,1991.

5. The Day of the Constitution of Ukraine is celebrated on June, 28.

Exercise 7. Say it in English.

1. Величезна кількість цукрового буряку, картоплі, соняшника вирощується на Україні.

2. Президента України обирають строком на 5 років.

3. Нам запропонували відвідати деякі історичні місця Києва.

4. Всі предмети в навчальних закладах України викладаються українською мовою.

5. Майдан Незалежності було реконструйовано в 2001 році.

6. День Конституції України святкують 28 червня.

III. Reading and comprehension

Look through Text A about geographical position of Ukraine. Be ready to answer the following questions:

1. What is Ukraine’s population?

2. What area does Ukraine cover ?

3. What countries does Ukraine border on?

4. What seas is Ukraine bounded by?

5. What makes Ukraine ideal for the development of agriculture?

6. What river divides Ukraine into two parts?

7. What are the main industrial centers in Ukraine?

Repeat after the speaker. Learn the words.

to be located - бути розташованим

to be criss-crossed - перехрещувати

to ensure - забезпечувати, гарантувати

highways - автошляхи

watershed – басейн (ріки)

pipelines - трубопровід

high-voltage transmission lines - високовольтні лінії

above sea level - над рівнем моря

depth – глибина

deposit – родовище

Swityaz – Світязь (озеро)

The Carpathian Mountains – Карпати

Hoverla Говерла (найвищий пік Карпатських гір)

Chornohora massif Чорногорський масив

The Crimean Mountains Кримські гори

Roman Kosh (найвищий пік Кримських гір)

up-to-date – сучасний

equipment – устаткування

synthetic diamonds - штучні діаманти

machine building – машинобудівний

fuel - паливний

Text A

Geographical position of Ukraine

Ukraine is a rich farming, industrial and mining region in south-eastern Europe. Its population is about 49 mln people. The capital of Ukraine is Kyiv.

Ukraine covers about 603.700 sq.km being larger than any country in Western Europe. It borders on Belarus and Russia in the north and in the east. In the south it is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In the west Ukraine is bounded by Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland. Great areas are occupied by steppes and forest-steppe regions.

Ukraine is in an ideal geographical position for the development of its resources, lying between 44 and 52 latitude north , on the same latitude as the USA, Britain, China and Japan. The climate is mild and warm, with a long summer and a short winter. The fertile black soil and the favourable climate give a good opportunity for the growth of agriculture in Ukraine. Ukraine is one of the most important producers of grain and sugar beet, flax, sunflowers, vegetables.

The main part of Ukraine is located in the watershed of the Dnipro River, which divides Ukraine into two parts: Right-Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine.

The territory of our country has an astonishing variety of landscapes. We have high mountains, endless forests, beautiful rivers and lakes. The largest lake of Ukraine is Swityaz, its total area is 24.2 sq.km and the depth is 58.5 metres.

Within the boders of Ukraine we find the Carpathian Mountains with the highest peak Hoverla (2061) which is located in the Chornohora massif.

The Crimean Mountains stretch in three parallel ranges. The Main Range is the highest, rising to 1500 m above sea level. Its highest peak is Roman Kosh (1545 m.).

Ukraine is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. Ukraine is rich in iron ore, natural gas, coal, oil, salt and other mineral resources. The country has a big metallurgical, machine-building, fuel and power base; it is a producer of chemical and agricultural raw materials. One of the most important branches of national economy is the power industry. Besides, Ukraine produces planes and ocean-liners, tractors and combines, excavators and cars, up-to-date instruments and equipment, electronic microcomputers and TV sets, computers and synthetic diamonds.

There are many large cities in Ukraine, among them are Kharkiv, a former capital of Ukraine, an important industrial and cultural centre; Donetsk, a coal-mining centre; Odessa, a big sea port and a resot city; Lviv, a large indu­strial, scientific and cultural centre; Zaporizhya, a metallur­gical centre of Ukraine; Dnipropetrovsk, a large machi­ne-building and important metallurgical centre and many others.

The territory of Ukraine is criss-crossed by railroads and highways, oil and gas pipelines and high-voltage transmission lines – all of which ensure close economic ties with Eastern and Western Europe.

IV. Practice

Exercise 1. Speak on the topic “Geographical Position of Ukraine”. Use the chart.

Agriculture

main products: grain, sugar beet, flax, sunflowers; potato

V. Reading and comprehension

Read and translate the text B

Political System of Ukraine

Ukraine is a sovereign state. On June 16, 1990 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine. On August 24,1991, Ukraine’s independence and the formation of the independent state of Ukraine was proclaimed by the Ukrainian Parliament.

On December 1,1991, an all-Ukrainian referendum was held , involving 84.18 percent of citizens.

Winning 61.6 percent of the votes, L.Kravchuk, the former head of the Verkhovna Rada, was elected President of Ukraine.

In 1994 L.Kuchma won the Presidential elections and became the new President of Ukraine.

A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. It is a democratic state, which is ruled by the law. It includes 24 administrative regions and the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea. Ukraine has its own Constitution, which was adopted in 1996. The Constitution of Ukraine consists of 15 chapters (161 articles). The day of its adoption (June, 28, 1996) is a state holiday – the Day of the Constitution of Ukraine.

The political system of Ukraine is really democratic. The powers of the Government are divided into legislative, executive and judicial. The President is the head of the state. He is elected for a term of five years. The highest body of the executive power is the Cabinet of Ministers. It is responsible to the President and is accountable to the Verkhovna Rada. It carries out domestic and foreign policy of the state.

The Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) is the only body of the legislative power in Ukraine. It includes 450 deputies who are elected for a term of four years. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget and controls the execution of it.

Judicial power in Ukraine is led by the Supreme Court.

There are very many political parties in Ukraine. The main parties are: the Social Democratic Party, the People’s Rukh of Ukraine, the Batkivshchyna, the Communist Party, the Women of Ukraine.

The National Emblem of Ukraine is a Golden Tryzub (trident) on a blue shield. The National Flag of Ukraine is a rectangular cloth with two horizontal stripes of equal width, the upper colored blue and the lower golden yellow. The National Anthem has been performed since January 1992 (music by M.M.Verbytsky).

The National Holiday, Independence Day, is celebrated on August 24.

Now Ukraine establishes new relations with countries throughout the world. It sets direct contacts with them signing agreement and treaties.

Exercise 1. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following:

• to elect

• to divide

• to rule

• to carry out

• the Supreme Court

• the national anthem

• domestic policy

• to be accountable to

• foreign policy

Exercise 2. Give English equivalents for the following:

• суверенна держава

• незалежність

• президентські вибори

• законодавча влада

• виконавча влада

• судова влада

• приймати (про закон)

• державне свято

• проголошувати